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Collection Highlights

Quarantine East European Jewish Immigrants and the New

York City Epidemics of 1892 Howard Markel

Quarantine East European Jewish Immigrants and the New

York City Epidemics of 1892 2nd Edition Howard Markel

The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages

Geraldine Heng

Holly Jolly Lycan Christmas True Mates Standalone 1st

Edition Alicia Montgomery
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Applied Screenwriting: How to Write True Scripts for

Creative and Commercial Video 1st Edition Carey Martin

Microbiome Thyroid 1st Edition Raphael Kellman

World Literature and Hedayat s Poetics of Modernity

Execution Giordano Bruno 6 1st Edition S J Parris
Markus Krah
American Jewry and the Re-Invention of the East European Jewish Past
New Perspectives on
Modern Jewish History

Edited by Cornelia Wilhelm

Volume 9
Markus Krah
American Jewry
and the Re-Invention
of the East European
Jewish Past
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Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck
Cover illustration: Hasidic Jews in a shtetl near Stanislawow (Poland), ca. 1928, photograph by
Marian Jerzy Sitarski (Courtesy of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, photograph #07087).
♾ Printed on acid-free paper
Printed in Germany

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Contents
Illustrations VIII
Acknowledgments XI

Introduction 1
Obsessively Engaged: Postwar American Jewry and the East
European Past 3
A Community Coming of Age – by Trying on a Usable Past 5
Jews in Postwar America: a Not-So-Golden Era? 7
State of the Field 10
From Yiddish to English: a Multiplicity of Sources 12
Methodology and Discipline: Discourse Analysis and Cultural
History 14
Chapter Overview 16
Larger Patterns: Memory in American and Jewish Contexts 18

1 The Search for New Modes of Jewishness in Postwar America 21

Interwar Years: Yiddishkayt in the Urban Ghetto – Doomed
to Decline 22
Mourning the World of East European Jewry – Claiming American
Legitimacy 25
American Crisis and Jewish Inclusion 30
Suburbia as Uncharted Territory – Synagogues Marking
Jewishness 34
Jewishness Redux – the Wounded Jewish Soul and the East
European Medicine 42

2 Launching a Discourse: YIVO’s Bridge From the Old World

to the New 47
Weinreich Puts Adolescent American Jewry on Freud’s Couch 53
YIVO: Research Institute, Myth, or Instrument of
Self-Expression? 60
Forging an American Jewishness – on Yiddish Terms 65

3 New (York) Jewish Intellectuals: The Past as Culture 71

New York Jewish Intellectuals: Refashioning Their Jewishness Out
of the Past 75
Bridging the Gap Between the Intellectuals and the
Community 80
VI Contents

Dialectics of Jewish Pastness and American Presentness 86

Accepting Ambivalence – Vis-à-Vis Eastern Europe
and America 89
Translating the East European Past for the American Jewish
Present 93

4 Religious Culture as an Antidote to Liberal Judaism and Secular

Jewishness 96
Judaism: Eastern Europe as a Resource for a Broader Concept
of Judaism 97
Heschel’s Apotheosis of Ashkenazic Jewish Life 103
Soloveitchik: Bringing “Halakhic Man” from Lithuania
to America 110

5 Spiritual Needs, the Past, and the Denominational Landscape 119

Reform: Taking a New Look at a Distant Past 119
Conservative Judaism: East European Jewishness as ersatz
Yiddishkayt 126
Orthodoxy: Silencing, Historicizing, Idolizing the Recent East
European Past 132
Renewing American Judaism on Religious Terms Found
in the Past 143

6 From East European Radicalism to Postwar American

Progressivism 144
Journalistic Infighting Over Communism and Jewishness 147
American Jews: Mindlessly Assimilating, or Forming a New Spiritual
Center? 151
East European Folk Culture as Part of Jewish Leftists’ Political
Project 154
Memory as Content, From a Means to an End 158
Preserving the Heritage – Sacred Duty in the Service
of Continuity 163

7 Presenting a Rich Jewish Culture: The Eternal Light and Life

Is with People 167
The Eternal Light: East European Spiritual Jewishness Made
Audible 169
Aestheticizing Judaism – On a “High Church” Note 176
 Contents VII

Life Is with People: Ethnography Presents a Rich East European

Jewish Culture 179
“Sex, Taboo, and Superstition:” Attracting American Jewish Interest
in the Shtetl 184

8 Making Jewishness Meaningful: In School and in Hasidism 189

Textbook Cases: Spiritual Culture as a Source of Fortitude in the
Face of Persecution 194
Hasidism: Everyone’s Third Way 200
Hasidic Wholeness, Antinomianism, Ethical Judaism, and Proto-
Socialism 205

9 Tevye in Kasrilevke, the Fiddler in America: East European Jewishness

in Literature 212
Maurice Samuel Applies Sholem Aleichem to America 212
Affirmation or Alienation: The Jewishness of Cultural
Translators 217
Isaac Rosenfeld: From Alienation to the Affirmation of a Cultural
Jewishness 219
A Sacred Treasure: Anthologizing East European Yiddishkayt
for American Jews 224
The Postwar Shtetl: Re-Invention of “the Greatest Invention
of Yiddish Literature” 227
Isaac Bashevis Singer and the Subversive Spirituality of East
European Judaism 230
Final Curtain: Fiddler on the Roof 234

10 Conclusion: Re-Inventing Jewishness Out of Memory 241

A New Idea Out of Many Failing Ones 246
Community of Memory 249
Re-Inventing the Past to Re-Invent Jewish Ethnicity 254
Epilogue 258

Bibliography 261
Index 285
Illustrations

Fig. 1 Front page Yiddish Forverts, March 20, 1940

Fig. 2 Hasidic Jews in a shtetl near Stanislawow (Poland), ca. 1928 (Photograph by Marian Jerzy
Sitarski. Courtesy of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, photograph #07087)
Fig. 3 Rosh Hashanah service at military Camp Blanding, St. Augustine, FL, 1945 (Courtesy
of The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio at
americanjewisharchives.org)
Fig. 4 Scholars at 1947 Conference on Science, Philosophy, and Religion, Philadelphia
(Courtesy of The Library of The Jewish Theological Seminary, image #1964)
Fig. 5 Congregation Beth Sholom, Elkins Park, suburban Philadelphia, September 1959
(Courtesy of Congregation Beth Sholom)
Fig. 6 Exhibit commemorating American Jewish “Tercentenary,” Cincinnati, 1954 (Courtesy
of The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American JewishArchives, Cincinnati, Ohio at
americanjewisharchives.org)
Fig. 7 YIVO’s New York headquarters, 1048 Fifth Avenue, not dated (Courtesy of
The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio at
americanjewisharchives.org)
Fig. 8 Three Jewish youth share a daily Yiddish newspaper, Lithuania 1939-41 (Courtesy of
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, photograph #21314)
Fig. 9 Max Weinreich teaching Yiddish at City College New York, not dated (Courtesy of the
Archives of the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, RG 121)
Fig. 10 Irving Howe, not dated (Courtesy of Robert D. Farber Archives & Special Collections
Department, Brandeis University)
Fig. 11 Martin Buber, 1957 (Courtesy of Robert D. Farber Archives & Special Collections
Department, Brandeis University)
Fig. 12 Abraham Joshua Heschel, 1972 (Courtesy of the Library of The Jewish Theological
Seminary, image #68)
Fig. 13 Joseph B. Soloveitchik, not dated (Courtesy of The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the
American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio at americanjewisharchives.org)
Fig. 14 Orthodox journal Jewish Life, 1951
Fig. 15 Telegram from head of Brooklyn-based Mir Yeshivah to a student of the prewar
yeshivah, 1946 (Courtesy of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, photograph #67028)
Fig. 16 Members of the Socialist Bund march in a May Day parade in Bialystok (Poland), 1934
(Courtesy of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, photograph # 63632)
Fig. 17 Morris Schappes, not dated (Courtesy of The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American
Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio at americanjewisharchives.org)
Fig. 18 Protagonists of The Eternal Light radio program at the 1950 ceremony of the Annual
Brotherhood Award (Courtesy of The Library of The Jewish Theological Seminary, image #1065)
 Illustrations IX

Fig. 19 Congregation Emanu-El B’ne Jeshurun, Milwaukee, WI, 1952-53 (Courtesy of

The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio at
americanjewisharchives.org)
Fig. 20 The (seventh) Lubavitcher Rebbe, Menahem Mendel Shneerson and a group of
Hasidism, not dated (Courtesy of The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish
Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio at americanjewisharchives.org)
Fig. 21 Sholem Aleichem with prominent members of the Jewish community of the Polish
shtetl of Bedzin, 1905-13 (Courtesy of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, photograph
#17966)
Fig. 22 Postcard by the Y. L. Peretz Library, commemorating Yiddish writer Mendele Mokher
Sforim, 1936 (Courtesy of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, photograph #39492)
Fig. 23 Isaac Bashevis Singer, not dated (Courtesy of The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the
American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio at americanjewisharchives.org)
Acknowledgments

This book has been inspired, guided, and shaped by many scholars, mentors,
and colleagues who have advised and helped me in different ways. It is a great
pleasure to express, however insufficiently, my gratitude and acknowledge their
contributions. All the help and advice I received notwithstanding, I bear the sole
responsibility for whatever faults and idiosyncrasies remained in this work.
The book is a revised version of the doctoral dissertation I wrote at the Grad­
uate School of the Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) in New York. It bears the
imprint of my advisor, Jack Wertheimer. His knowledge, sensitivity, curiosity,
and passion for the subject matter are on every page, as are his respect for my
approach to it and his patient support for my particular perspective. I could not
have asked for a better advisor.
I thank the other members of my committee who in different roles guided the
dissertation and helped me turn it into a book. David Fishman (JTS) introduced
me to East European Jewish history and kindled my fascination, which led me to
integrate it into my passion for the American Jewish experience. Ismar Schorsch,
former Chancellor of JTS, has been model of a mentor and scholar in his commit­
ment to the discipline of history and its value, and a mentsh. This book would not
be what it has become without his advice. Alan Mittleman bears large responsi­
bility for my coming to JTS, so it is fitting that he saw me out with a dissertation
that, while not in his field of Jewish Thought, reflects many ideas and perspec­
tives he shared with me over the years.
Hasia Diner, of New York University, took an interest in my project early on
and supported me in many ways. Though I have never been an academic orphan,
I am grateful that she adopted me and invested so much time and energy into
advising me. David Roskies (JTS) has inspired me by his passionate engagement
with the scholarly subject of East European Jewish culture ever since I met him
before coming to JTS.
I received advice on my research from many outstanding scholars at my alma
mater, JTS: Aryeh Davidson, Arnold Eisen, Benjamin Gampel, Stephen Garfinkel,
Shira Kohn, Alan Mintz z”l, Bruce Nielsen, and Shuly Rubin Schwartz. Other
scholars from various institutions shared their insights with me in individual
meetings, at conferences and workshops, and in other ways. I thank each of
them and ask for understanding that I merely list them in alphabetical order and
without their academic affiliations: Jonathan Brent, Gennady Estraikh, Jeffrey
Gurock, Samuel Heilman, Edward Kaplan, Eli Lederhendler, Julian Levinson,
Michael Meyer, Thomas Meyer, Tony Michels, Deborah Dash Moore, Jonathan

DOI 10.1515/9783110499438-202
XII Acknowledgments

Sarna, Mel Scult, Eugene Sheppard, Nancy Sinkoff, Daniel Soyer, Beth Wenger,
Stephen Whitfield, and Steven Zipperstein.
Several fellow doctoral students commented on my work at various conferen­
ces, workshops, or in other ways, greatly expanding my horizon and providing
peer encouragement. Among them are Allan Amanik, Rachel Deblinger, Josh
Furman, Rachel Rothstein, Jason Schulman, and Brian Smollett. Two fellow JTS
students in particular accompanied me in many ways through graduate school
and beyond: Zach Mann provided intellectual companionship, advice, and
friendship from start to end. Sonia Isard, close companion and friend from day
one at JTS, read and edited every sentence of the dissertation, out of which this
book grew.
My understanding of the New York intellectual scene in the 1940s to ‘60s was
greatly improved by conversations with Neal Kozodoy and Norman Podhoretz,
both former editors of Commentary. On the other end of the ideological spectrum,
David Twersky z”l, then Washington correspondent of the Jewish Daily Forward
was the first to introduce me to the fascinating world of American Jewry.
Researching this study was made smooth and pleasurable by a number of
professionals in libraries and archives who generously gave of their time and
expertise in support of my project. Among them are Sarah Diamant, Hector
Guzman, and Jerry Schwarzbard at JTS; Fruma Mohrer and Leo Greenbaum at
the YIVO Archives; Zachary Loeb of the American Jewish Historical Society; Dana
Herman, Kevin Proffitt, and Gary P. Zola of the American Jewish Archives in Cin­
cinnati. I am grateful to several archives and their (photo) archivist for providing
the images that illustrate this book: Sharon Liberman Mintz of the Library of The
Jewish Theological Seminary; Chloe Morse­Harding of the Robert D. Farber Uni­
versity Archives & Special Collections at Brandeis University; Joe Weber of the
American Jewish Archives; and Vital Zajka of the Archives and Library of YIVO.
Special thanks to Congregation Beth Sholom in Elkins Park, PA, for a historical
image of their synagogue. I am particularly thankful to the United States Holo­
caust Memorial Museum for allowing me to use a photo from its collection for the
book cover and several other ones to illustrate the text.
My graduate work and this dissertation were funded by several institu­
tions, which generously awarded me fellowships and grants, or invited me to
workshops and conferences. JTS awarded me a Revson Fellowship and other
forms of funding throughout my graduate work. YIVO named me their Rose and
Isidore Drench and Dora and Mayer Tandler Fellow in American Jewish History. I
received an International Dissertation Fellowship from the Memorial Foundation
for Jewish Culture. The Herbert R. Bloch Jr. Memorial Fellowship allowed me to do
research in the American Jewish Archives. Additional support came from Targum
Shlishi and the American Academy for Jewish Research. I also benefited from the
 Acknowledgments XIII

invitation by Martin Treml to spend time as a fellow at the Center for Literary and
Cultural Research in Berlin.
The Potsdam School of Jewish Theology, where I have been teaching since its
founding in 2013, generously supported the publication of this book by defray­
ing costs for the use of images; I am very grateful for this and the other ways
in which it has supported my scholarship. I also thank the Potsdam Graduate
School (PoGS) for its support.
I thank my colleagues at the School of Jewish Theology at Potsdam University
for having my back in the final stages of the writing process. And I am grateful for
the continuing mentorship and friendship of Berndt Ostendorf, my M.A. advisor
and emeritus in American Studies at Ludwig­Maximilians­University Munich
where I first pursued my interest in American Jewish history. I thank Cornelia
Wilhelm for accepting my book into her series at de Gruyter, and to Julia Brauch,
my editor there, and the entire team for smoothly turning my original text into
this book. My indefatigable copy editor, Anne Popiel, improved the text of this
book in innumerable ways.
Closer to home, more people kept me company during various important
stages of my life prior to, during, and since my time in New York. My parents,
Gisela and Willi Krah, stayed remarkably calm, when they learned that their son
would give up a permanent job as a journalist to go to graduate school to get a
Ph.D. in Modern Jewish Studies, and they supported me throughout in every way
they could. Only Ulrike Fleischer herself knows how much she contributed to this
project and the present book resulting from it. I am indebted to her beyond words.
My former boss in journalism, Andreas Krieger, learned more about American
Jewry over countless dinners than he ever would and kept me sane and straight
in many ways.
Mirjam Thulin has come to play an ever greater role in this book project and,
more importantly, my life beyond it. I dedicate this book to her.
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