What is Science?
Ensuring a steady and sustainable
food supply is crucial. This involves
Science (from the Latin word studying crop yields, sustainable
scientia, which means farming practices, and developing
"knowledge") technologies for efficient food
production.
Is a systematic body of
knowledge that is based on 5. Renewable Energy and Sustainable
facts, observations, and Practices: Transitioning to cleaner
experimentations. energy sources and adopting
sustainable practices in areas like
Issues and Concerns in Our transportation and construction are
Community That Involve important for mitigating climate
change.
Science
6. Waste Management and Recycling:
Science has been helpful to humanity. Proper waste disposal and recycling
However, there are also issues and methods are essential for reducing
concerns in our communities that environmental impact and conserving
involve science. resources.
1. Air Quality and Pollution: 7. Natural Disaster Preparedness and
Understanding and mitigating air Response: Science plays a key role in
pollution is a critical concern. This understanding and preparing for
involves monitoring levels of natural disasters like hurricanes,
harmful gases and particles in the earthquakes, and wildfires.
air and finding ways to reduce 8. Biodiversity and Conservation:
emissions from sources like Studying ecosystems and wildlife
vehicles and factories. helps in preserving biodiversity and
2. Water Quality and Access: protecting endangered species.
Ensuring clean and safe drinking water 9. Technology Access and Digital
for all is a vital issue. This involves Divide: Ensuring equitable access to
studying water sources, monitoring technology and the internet is vital for
pollution levels, and implementing education, employment, and
filtration and treatment methods. participation in the modern world.
3. Public Health and Disease Control: 10. Mental Health and Well-Being:
Addressing health concerns such as Utilizing scientific approaches to
infectious diseases, vaccinations, and understand and address mental
health-care access requires scientific health issues is essential for the well-
research and medical expertise. being of individuals and communities.
4. Food Security and Agriculture:
11. Education and STEM (Science, Scientific Method
Technology, Engineering, and
The scientific method is a process of
Mathematics) Literacy: Promoting
solving problems systematically and
science education and literacy is
scientifically.
crucial for building a knowledgeable
Using this method helps you find and
and skilled workforce.
evaluate possible solutions to some of
Science Process Skills the problems in the community
1. Identifying the
1. Observing
problems
Observing is a basic process
skill that involves the use of the five 2. Formulating
senses. Hypothesis
2. Comparing 3. Test Hypothesis
Comparing is a process skill through experiment
of pointing out the similarities and
differences in the properties. 4. Interpreting the
3. Measuring data
Measuring is the process of 5. Create Conclusion
expressing a quantity using a standard 6. Report the Findings
called a unit. Tools, equipment, and
7. Create Conclusion
other devices are used to find out
exactly the length, mass, temperature, conclusion Designing
volume, and time of objects.
an experiment to test
4. Predicting
a hypothesis
Predicting is the process of
making a forecast based on observed Scientific Attitudes
events.
Scientific attitudes are the traits needed
5. Inferring by scientists to accomplish their tasks
successfully.
An inference is a tentative
explanation that is based on Curiosity is a strong desire to know or
observation. learn something new, often driven by a
sense of wonder and a questioning
6. Communicating
mind.
Communicating is a science
Open-mindedness is the willingness to
process skill which refers to the ability
consider and accept different
to effectively convey and share
viewpoints.
information.
Skepticism involves questioning and
critically evaluating information before
7. Investigating accepting it as true.
Investigating is a science Critical thinking is the ability to
process skill which refers to the analyze, evaluate, and synthesize
systematic and organized approach information.
scientists use to explore and Patience and persistence are the
understand natural phenomena. abilities to remain calm and endure
8. Classifying challenges or setbacks.
A science process skill of Ethical consideration involves thinking
grouping or sorting objects. about the moral implications of
scientific research and practices.
Teamwork and collaboration involve
working effectively with others
towards a common scientific goal. research laboratory in the University of
the Philippines, Medicine Department.
Passion for discovery is a deep-seated
enthusiasm and excitement for Fe del Mundo: 1911-2011
uncovering new knowledge or solving
She made significant contributions to
scientific puzzles. pediatrics and child health
Some Famous Scientists She is credited with studies that led
to the invention of an improved
Galileo Galilei: 1564-1642
incubator.
Galileo is one of the greatest scientists
Arturo Alcaraz: 1916-2001
in history.
Arturo Alcaraz was a Filipino
He was considered the "Father of volcanologist known for his work in the
Astronomy," "Father of Physics," and field of physical chemistry.
"Father of Modern Science"
He made significant contributions to
Sir Isaac Newton: 1643-1727 the study of molecular spectra
Newton was not only an astronomer but behavior of molecules at high
also a physicist and mathematician temperatures.
Albert Einstein: 1879-1955 Angel Alcala: Born 1929
Most iconic and influential scientists of Angel Alcala is a prominent Filipino
the 20th century. biologist and environmentalist
His theory of relativity, particularly the
equation E = mc². He is known for his work in marine
biology and conservation, particularly
Charles Darwin: 1809-1882 in the field of coral reef ecology
Naturalist and biologist known for his
The Three States of Matter
theory of evolution by natural
selection.
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies
His groundbreaking book "On the space. It exists in three main states:
Origin of Species" • Solid – Has a definite shape and volume. Its
particles are tightly packed and organized.
Louis Pasteur: 1822-1895
Example: chairs, rocks.
a French chemist and microbiologist • Liquid – Has a definite volume but no
known for his revolutionary definite shape. It takes the shape of its
discoveries in the field of medicine container. Particles are close but not as tight
and microbiology. as solids. Example: water, juice.
• Gas – Has no definite shape or volume.
He is renowned for developing the
Particles are far apart and move freely.
process of pasteurization.
Example: air, steam.
Filipino Scientists
2. Properties of Matter
Gregorio Y. Zara, D.Sc. Physics: 1902-1978
Made two-way television-telephone Properties are characteristics we can observe
videophone and discovered electrical using our senses, like shape, size, color,
kinetic resistance known as the Zara weight, and texture.
effect.
There are general properties (present in all
He also invented an airplane engine matter: solid, liquid, gas) and special
that makes use of alcohol instead of properties (unique to certain types of matter).
aviation fuel.
Paulo C. Campos, MD: 1921-2007 3. Mass
• The amount of matter in an object.
Outstanding scientist by the Philippine
• Unit: grams (g), milligrams (mg), or
Association for the Advancement of
kilograms (kg).
Science (PAAS),
• Measuring:
Paulo C. Campos established the first
• Solids – measured using weighing scales or
balances.
• Liquids – measured by weighing the empty
container, adding the liquid, then subtracting
the empty container’s mass.
• Gases – also have mass, but measuring
them is more complex.
4. Volume
• Definition: The amount of space an object
occupies.
• Solids – For regular shapes, multiply:
Volume = length × width × height
• Liquids – Measured using beakers,
measuring cylinders, or other containers.
• Gases – The volume is the space of the
container they are in.
Key Points to Remember
• Solids – fixed shape & volume.
• Liquids – no fixed shape, fixed volume.
• Gases – no fixed shape & no fixed volume.
• Mass – amount of matter.
• Volume – amount of space matter takes up.
