How do aircraft fly?

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 ACFT
AIRCRAFT

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 AIRCRAFT

LIFT
DRAG

THRUST

GRAVITY /
WEIGHT

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 HELICOPTER = CHOPPER

ROTARY-WING
AIRCRAFT

FIXED-WING
AIRCRAFT

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 ROLL

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 PITCH

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 YAW
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 What are the parts of the aircraft
and what are they used for?

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 What is it?
What is it used for?

It is used for absorbing the

impact on landing.

It is used to support the

aircraft weight on the ground.
It is the landing gear.
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Aircraft characteristics

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 G S
IN
W
HIGH WING MIDDLE WING

LOW WING DELTA WING

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 E ENGINE COWLING

G IN
EN

JET-POWERED

PROPELLER-POWERED

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 G E
L A
S E
F U

WIDE BODY
NARROW BODY

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 I L
TA

CONVENTIONAL TAIL

T-TAIL

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LANDING GEAR

FIXED LANDING GEAR

RETRACTABLE
LANDING GEAR

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 TEXT I – AIRCRAFT BASICS
PARTS OF AN AIRPLANE

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SCHOOL OF AERONAUTICS SPECIALISTS
 C
B
F
D
E
A

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 The diferences between small fighters and large cargo planes are obvious. But all fixed-wing
aircraft require the same basic structures.
wings fuselage cockpit
Every airplane has ______________ attached to the _____________________. The ____________ sits
nose
behind the _____________, vertical
and the tail supports the _______________ horizontal
and ___________________
stabilizers
_____________________. ailerons
Rudders, __________________ elevators
and ___________________ control direction.
Flaps
______________ landing
provide lift. Aircraft roll on _________________ gear
________________ during the take off
and landing.
But not all airplanes have the same type of engine. Most modern military airplanes have
_______________
turbine engines
___________________. Other airplanes use turbopropellers. These are more
eficient for medium-sized transports.

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a) The ________________________
ailerons roll planes from side to side.
b) The pilot can’t turn because the ___________________
rudder is broken.
c) __________________________
Turbine engines
move planes at high speeds.
d) Aircraft need _____________________________________
horizontal stabilizers to keep the nose
level.
e) ___________________________
Wings
create lift and store fuel.
f) The __________________________
elevators
guides planes up and down.
g) Airplanes are ____________________________
fixed-wing aircraft.

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 Listen to the description of a C-130 and write the parts you

hear.

turboprop
1. ________________________________
tail
2. ________________________________
cockpit
3. ________________________________
nose
4. ________________________________
fuselage
5. ________________________________
landing gear
6. ________________________________

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 This airplane is the C-130, Hercules. As you can see, it’s a
turboprop
___________________________ plane. It can transport almost anything to
almost anywhere. It can hold helicopters and small armored vehicles.
tail
They are loaded through a cargo door beneath the _____________. Two
cockpit
pilots sit in the ____________________ nose
above the ________________ and as
many as 128 combat troops can sit in the main
fuselage
________________________. The ________________________________
landing gear is very
land
strong; so it can _________________ or ____________________
take off on rough dirt
and even ice.

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 MULTI-ENGINE

SINGLE-ENGINE

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 INSPECTION PLATES / PORTS /
PANELS

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 LANDING WHEEL WELL

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What is the fuselage and its function?

How is the fuselage constructed?

Talk about a single-engine fuselage.

 FUSELAGE

STRUCTURE

WHEEL

ENGINE

SIZE

CARGO
Unscramble the words and make sentences

1. and equipment. / is / constructed / and

provides / for / cargo, / The fuselage / in
sections / spaces / passengers

1. The fuselage is constructed in sections and

provides spaces for cargo, passengers and
equipment.
Unscramble the words and make sentences

2. power plant / the fuselage / single-engine /

aircraft, / stores / In

2. In single-engine aircraft, the fuselage stores

the power plant.
 Unscramble the words and make sentences

3. the fuselage / is distributed / The weight of /

an aircraft / all / along

3. The weight of an aircraft is distributed all

along the fuselage.
Unscramble the words and make sentences

4. varies / in size / compartments / of the /

different / The fuselage / arrangements / and

4. The fuselage varies in size and different

arrangements of the compartments.
AIRCRAFT DAMAGES
INCIDENTS
ACCIDENTS
 Depressurization
Decompression
Explosive decompression
TAIL

REAR
 METAL
FATIGUE
CABIN CREW
MAINTENANCE
PERSONNEL
 PILOT CO-PILOT
OR OR
FIRST
CAPTAIN OFFICER
 FAULTY LOCK

INCORRECT LOCK
 BUCKLED / BENT CORRODED

DENTED

CRACKED SHATTERED
 TORN OFF
TORN

PUNCTURED
SMASHED
TWISTED
 CRACKED WINDSHIELD
SPOILER TORN AWAY
CARGO DOOR BLOWN OUT
CORROSION
METAL FATIGUE
BUCKLED TAIL
DENTED LEADING EDGE
SMASHED INSTRUMENT PANEL

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 DECOMPRESSION – INCIDENTS –
WINDSHIELD – CAPTAIN – MAINTENANCE
– REAL INCIDENTS – REAR CARGO –
DEPRESSURIZATION – TAIL PLANE –
EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION –
CORROSION – METAL FATIGUE – PART OF
THE FUSELAGE – COMMUNICATION –
CABIN CREW – NOSE GEAR

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BUCKLED
PUNCTURED
SHATTERED
CORRODED
SMASHED
CRACKED
TORN
DENTED
TWISTED

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 1. What does the trainer think about the tiny crack incident?

a) They could have continued the flight.

b) The best thing to do was to wait for the windshield to be repaired.

2. Why did the rear cargo door blow off the DC-10?

a) The lock on the door was not working properly.

b) The door hadn’t been closed properly.

3. What happened to the Boeing 737 on landing?

a) The nose gear worked correctly.

b) The nose gear buckled and caused more damage.

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In combat, the flight crew’s lives depend on their aircraft. A _________________
mechanical failure could
mean death, so military aircraft require __________________
regular maintenance to keep them functional
and in good condition. Before and after every flight, maintenance personnel perform
preventative ______________.
inspections This assures that aircraft are fully mission capable
(FMC). They check every aspect of the aircraft from __________ fuel levels to
___________________.
hydraulic fluid If they find a problem, it must be repaired before Clearing the
aircraft for flight.
Aircraft maintenance is a great responsibility. It requires _____________ mechanical
electrical
and_____________ knowledge. Maintenance personnel also receive special
_______________
training from expert mechanics before and during every deployment. Pilots
may get all the Glory, buth they would have no aircraft without skilled maintenance
___________
crews on the ground.

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 FMC
Aircraft that are not ________________________ will not be declared for flight.
Hydraulic fluid
_____________________ allows pilots to adjust flaps without struggling.

Preventative
_____________________ inspections ensure that problems are fixed before a flight.

fuel
Tankers provide ______________ in flight.

Good ______________
maintenance prevent accidents.

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Maintenance personnel check the aircraft before and after flight. T

Maintenance personnel repair problems during flights. F – before the flight

Maintenance personnel receive training before deployment. T

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What’s the state of that MH-60? condition

The aircraft failed an evaluation. inspection

Is that rotor working properly? functioning

The rudder needs to be fixed. repaired

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C-130 CA-122 is not _______. FMC There is a _______
LEAK HYDRAULIC LINE
in the ____________________. We
could try toFIX______________it,
/ PATCH / REPAIR but that might not fix the problem. I recommend that
we _____________
REPLACE the line. That will ensure the aircraft is safe to fly.

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There is a four-_______
engine ______
jet aircraft in a very clean and tidy hangar. There are
maintenance _________
__________ engineers doing an inspection of number three engine. The fan
____________
cowlings are open and there’s somebody in the intake inspecting the fan _____
blades using a very bright light. It could be a new engine being installed, but there is
______
lifting
no ____________ _______________,
equipment so it looks more like a regular maintenance
_______________.
inspection There’s what looks like a computer screen on the table, which looks
as if it’s ____________
connected to the engine, and this indicates tahta they are doing some sort
of diagnostic ________.
tests The colored lights are strange, maybe to detect particular
__________
_____________,
problems I don’t know. It could be that they have fibre optic __________
cables into the
back end of the engine to inspect the ___________
turbine blades
_________.

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What systems could the engineers be checking?

De acordo com o texto, está sendo instalado um novo motor na

aeronave. Você concorda com essa sentença?

Qual tipo de problema foi detectado nessa aeronave?

 APU – AUXILIARY
POWER UNIT

MEL – MINIMUM
EQUIPMENT LIS
 AIRCRAFT DISPATCHER

DISPATCH OFFICER

FLEET
 LEG

DISPATCH RELEASE
 SORT OUT = SOLVE
REFUSE

JUMPSEAT
 What are they talking about?

a) Flying with inoperative equipment

b) Complaints about inoperative equipment
c) Which equipment is most often inoperative

Write T or F

a) One aircraft APU has been inoperative for some time. T

b) One of the pilots recently flew multiple legs without a functioning autopilot. T
c) DB stopped flying due to medical reasons. F – THE COMPANY BOUGHT A NEW FLEET
d) DB had been a military pilot. T
e) DB didn’t mind pilots complaining about inoperative equipment. F – I FLEW 12,000 HOURS WITHOUT NA
AUTOPILOT AND YOU CAN’T FLY TO ROME BACK?
f) Once, a captain didn’t accept an aircraft because of the refreshments on board. T
mechanic – release – inoperative – refuse –
sort out – hangar – install - MEL
SMOOTH MOVEMENT
 TUBES

HOSE

T-CONNECTOR / Y-CONNECTOR
FITTING CROSS-CONNECTOR

VALVE
 GASKET
CLAMP
RELIEF VALVE

SHUT-OFF VALVE
Executive 56 has _______
LOW pressure in their hydraulic system. It is difficult
for the crew to control the _______
BANK and the pitch of the aircraft. They can
only make _________
BIG turns and they are usingASYMMETRICAL
_____________ to turn. They
THRUST
would like to try and go ________
WEST of the aircraft for a _______
LONG final.
 RUDDER

PUMP

BRAKE

VALVE

TANK
AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEM TO STORE FUEL TO REFUEL

AUXILIARY FUEL TANK FUEL PUMP

TO DRAIN FUEL
TO DEFUEL
 BOOSTER PUMP LOW-WING / HIGH WING CROSSFEEDING OPERATION

FUEL UNBALANCE LANDING GEAR COWL FUEL NOZZLE

FUEL IMBALANCE
COMBUSTION CHAMBER AIRFIELD HOSE / PIPE

HANDLER / PERSONNEL

HIGH-VISIBILITY CLOTHING WINGTIP

DAY-GLOW CLOTHING
What are the most common fuel-related incidents in aviaton?

• What was the origin of the incident?

• What was the fuel-related incident?

• How did the pilot solve the problem?

• What was the consequence of the fuel-related incident?

a) A machine that uses the energy from liquid fuel or steam to produce movement. ENGINE
b) A substance which is used to provide heat or power, usually by being burned. FUEL
c) A group of people who work together especially all those who work on and operate a ship, aircraft, etc. CREW
d) The small closed space where the pilots sit in an aircraft. COCKPIT
e) To put more fuel into an aircraft, ship, etc, so that it can continues its journey. REFUEL
f) The height of something. LEVEL
g) A board or surface which has controls and other device on it for operating an aircraft or other large machine. PANEL
1 – refueled
2 – large airfield
3 – underground
4 – vehicle
5 – connect
6 – disconnect
7 – pipe
8 – wing
9 – handler
10 – airports
11 – wingtip
SUMP
 PASSENGERS on board the Premair A380s have
The latest aircraft produced by airbus is the Amazing A380. But __________________
PROBLEMS
had to wait a bit longer before being able to fly on them due to recurring ________________ with the aircraft’s fuel
TANK
_____________ NUMBER of the fleet’s A380 aircraft. The problems _________
systems which have affected a ____________ BEGAN last
week when two of the airline’s A380s were grounded at Boston airport after experiencing fuel-related problems. One is
SERVICE
due to return to _______________ at 5.40 p.m. tonight and the other tomorrow. In related incident, the airline’s
DELAYED
flagship was_______________ TO GO
yesterday in Dallas, before eventually being cleared ___________ to Paris. However, on
LEAKING fuel and experienced a nose wheel
arrival at Charles de Gaulle airport it was again found to be l_____________
UNSERVICEABLE In the latest development, Premair was forced to
steering issue, and was declared _________________.
DECLARE
_________________ another of the aircraft ‘unserviceable’ last night, after scores of passengers had waited more than
REPAIRED
12 hours for a fuel leak to be _______________. A spokeswoman for Premair said it was natural to expect ‘teething
AIRBUS
problems’ with a new aircraft and the airline was working with ___________ to resolve the issues. She said their
ENGINEERS are currently working on the____________
______________ AIRCRAFT and they hope to have them back in service very soon. She
WORKING very closely with Airbus and remain committed to the A380 as the
went on to say that they are _____________
GENERATION and they apologize to their customers. Is the A380 worth the wait?
cornerstone of their new _______________,
Contact us with your views.
UNSERVICEABLE

REFUEL

TANK

LEAK

LINE

PUMP

RECURRING

BLOCK
 UNSERVICEABLE

RECURRING

LINE BLOCKED

LEAK

TANK
REFUELING
BEING PUMPED
AERIAL REFUELING / AIR-TO-AIR REFUELING / AIR REFUELING

MULTI-POINT REFUELING SYSTEM

FLYING BOOM METHOD

PROBE AND DROGUE

WINGTIP POD

DEBRIS
1. unserviceable
2. recurring
3. line
4. blocked
5. leak
6. tank
7. refueling
8. pumped
1 – AIRCRAFT TANKERS
2 – REFUELING
3 – PURPOSE
4 – TYPE
5 – AERIAL REFUELING
6 – OPERATOR
7 – SYSTEMS
8 – FLYING BOOM
9 – WINGTIP
10 – CHALLENGING
11 – DISCONNECT
12 - REFUELING
Aircraft range is only limited by fuel capcity. F – human capacity

The flying boom method allows multiple aircraft to refuel at the

same time. F – probe and drogue (MPRS)

Automated systems make refueling less dangerous. T

 MPRS

Drogue

Automatic Load Alleviation System

Wingtip pods

Independent Disconnect System

BOOM OPERATOR

TANKER

DROGUE

FLYING BOOM

REFUEL
LANDING GEAR ARRANGEMENTS
 FLOATS / PONTOONS
LANDING GEAR COWLING / FAIRING BALLOON GONDOLA

TAIL DRAGGER
SKIDS SKIS
REAR DECREASE / DAMPEN INCREASE

RETRACTABLE

EXTENDABLE
 ROTOR BLADE

COWLING
TAIL BOOM
TAIL ROTOR

SKID
SYNCHRONIZED ELEVATORS

TAIL SKID
SWASHPLATE

STABILIZER BAR

MAST
MOTOR MOUNT
 T

F – TAKES OFF AND LAND IN

ALMOST ANY AREA

F – TAIL SKIDS PROTECT THE TAIL BOOM

F – HOLDS THE ENGINE IN PLACE

F – COVERS THE ENGINE

 The mast

The rotor blades

Swashplate

The tail rotor and stabilizer bar

Skids or landing gear

The tail skid

The motor mount

The cowling