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 An Analysis of

David C. Kang’s
China Rising
Peace, Power, and Order
in East Asia

Matteo Dian
with
Jason Xidias

0182 Kang BOOK.indb 1 09/06/2017 15:45

 Copyright © 2017 by Macat International Ltd
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Notice
The information in this book is designed to orientate readers of the work under analysis,
to elucidate and contextualise its key ideas and themes, and to aid in the development
of critical thinking skills. It is not meant to be used, nor should it be used, as a
substitute for original thinking or in place of original writing or research. References and
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information contained within.

0182 Kang BOOK.indb 2 09/06/2017 15:45

 CONTENTS

WAYS IN TO THE TEXT

Who Is David C. Kang? 9
What Does China Rising Say? 10
Why Does China Rising Matter? 12

SECTION 1: INFLUENCES
Module 1:The Author and the Historical Context 15
Module 2: Academic Context 19
Module 3:The Problem 24
Module 4:The Author’s Contribution 28

SECTION 2: IDEAS
Module 5: Main Ideas 34
Module 6: Secondary Ideas 38
Module 7: Achievement 44
Module 8: Place in the Author’s Work 48

SECTION 3: IMPACT
Module 9:The First Responses 53
Module 10:The Evolving Debate 58
Module 11: Impact and Influence Today 62
Module 12:Where Next? 67

Glossary of Terms 73
People Mentioned in the Text 79
Works Cited 84

0182 Kang BOOK.indb 3 09/06/2017 15:45

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0182 Kang BOOK.indb 4 09/06/2017 15:45

 CRITICAL THINKING AND CHINA RISING
Primary critical thinking skill: CREATIVE THINKING
Secondary critical thinking skill: EVALUATION

David C. Kang’s China Rising is a fine example of an author making use of

creative thinking skills to reach a conclusion that flies in the face of traditional
thinking.

The conventional view that the book opposed, known in international

relations as ‘realism,’ was that the rise of any new global power results in global
or regional instability. As such, China’s development as a world economic
powerhouse worried mainstream western geopolitical scholars, whose
concerns were based on the realist assumption that individual countries will
inevitably compete for dominance. Evaluating these arguments, and finding
both their relevance and adequacy wanting, Kang instead turned traditional
thinking on its head by looking at Asian history without preconceptions, and
with analytical open-mindedness.

Producing several novel explanations for existing evidence, Kang concludes

that China’s neighbors do not want to compete with it in the way that realist
interpretations predict. Rather than creating instability by jockeying for
position, he argues, surrounding countries are happy for China to be
acknowledged as a leader, believing that its dominant position will stabilize
Asia, and give the whole region more of a hand in international relations.

Though critics have taken issue with Kang’s conclusions, his paradigm-shifting
approach is nevertheless an excellent example of developing fresh new
conclusions through creative thinking.

0182 Kang BOOK.indb 5 09/06/2017 15:45

 ABOUT THE AUTHOR OF THE ORIGINAL WORK
Born in 1965, David C. Kang is a political scientist specializing in East
Asia, and China and Korea in particular. He was raised in California, the
son of early-wave Korean immigrants, and– having previously been a
visiting professor at universities in the United States, Europe, and Asia–is
currently professor of international relations and business, and director of
the Korean Studies Institute, at the University of Southern California.
Kang has authored four books, and has published numerous scholarly and
popular articles. His collaborations with colleagues who have
fundamentally opposing views, such as his dialogue with political scientist
Victor Cha, demonstrate his commitment to conversation and
cooperation across ideological divides.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS OF THE ANALYSIS

Dr Matteo Dian holds a PhD in international relations from the Scuola
Normale Superiore di Pisa, where he research focused on the evolution of
the US-Japanese alliance after World War II. He is currently a research fellow
at the University of Bologna, where he continues to work on international
relations with a special focus on the place of China in world politics.

Dr Jason Xidias holds a PhD in European Politics from King’s College

London, where he completed a comparative dissertation on immigration
and citizenship in Britain and France. He was also a Visiting Fellow in
European Politics at the University of California, Berkeley. Currently, he is
Lecturer in Political Science at New York University.

ABOUT MACAT
GREAT WORKS FOR CRITICAL THINKING
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promote the development of enhanced critical thinking skills.
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influential works ever written across a wide variety of academic disciplines.
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at the influences that shaped their authors, as well as the responses they
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challenge their ideas, rather than simply accepting them.

0182 Kang BOOK.indb 6 09/06/2017 15:45

 ‘Macat offers an amazing first-of-its-kind tool for
interdisciplinary learning and research. Its focus on works
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Professor William Tronzo, University of California at San Diego

0182 Kang BOOK.indb 7 09/06/2017 15:45

0149 Bandura BOOK.indb 8 09/06/2017 15:19
 WAYS IN TO THE TEXT
KEY POINTS
• David C. Kang (b. 1965) is an American political scientist
specializing in East Asia, especially China and Korea.
• He argues that as a result of shared Asian history and
identity, neighboring countries see China’s ascent as
natural and legitimate, and essential for peace and
stability in the region.
• China Rising links particularities of Asian history and
identity to international relations theory—theoretical
explanations of the interactions between nation states*—
to argue that China’s increasing global influence is a
positive development.

Who Is David C. Kang?

David C. Kang, the author of China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in
East Asia (2007), is an American political scientist specializing in East
Asia, with a particular focus on China and Korea. Son of Korean
immigrants, he grew up in California, and embarked on an impressive
academic career, receiving his BA in anthropology and international
relations from Stanford University in 1988, and his MA and PhD in
political science from the University of California at Berkeley in 1995.
From 1996 to 2007, he taught government and business at Dartmouth
College in New Hampshire, and since 2009 he has been professor of

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 Macat Analysis of David C. Kang’s China Rising

international relations and business at the University of Southern

California. At USC, he is also the director of the Korean Studies
Institute. He has been a visiting professor at Seoul National University,
Korea University, the University of Geneva, Yale University, and the
University of California, San Diego.
Kang has built his reputation through his innovative research into
economic development, security, and the historical basis of
contemporary international relations. At the time of writing, he has
authored four books, edited one, and published numerous articles in
academic journals, including International Organization, International
Security, and the European Journal of International Relations. His latest
book is East Asia before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute (2010).
Kang also reaches a general audience beyond the academic world
as a frequent contributor to the popular press, with opinion pieces on
the foreign affairs of the United States, South Korea, North Korea,
China, and Japan published in the New York Times, the Financial Times,
the Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times, in addition to a monthly
column in Korean for the Joongang Ilbo (Central Times).
Finally, Kang is on numerous academic editorial boards, including
Pacific Affairs, Political Science Quarterly, and Political Research Quarterly.

What Does China Rising Say?

China Rising presents two main arguments. It begins by proposing a
theoretical alternative to realism*—a school of thought in the field of
international relations that argues individual countries are the primary
actors in international affairs, and they seek to maximize their power
and security against other states in an environment where there is no
effective presiding global authority or world government body.
In contrast to realist theory, Kang argues that national and regional
identity is key for understanding the relations between countries.
Drawing from the German political scientist Alexander Wendt’s*
Social Theory of International Politics, Kang claims that states have a

10

0182 Kang BOOK.indb 10 09/06/2017 15:45

 Ways In to the Text

relatively stable understanding of themselves and others.1 This

influences their perception of the outside world, and determines
whether they consider other states to be potential partners or
adversaries, and whether they support the rise and leadership of one
major power in a region (in this case, China).
This theoretical position leads to Kang’s second main argument:
that East Asian countries have largely welcomed China’s ascent toward
superpower status. Kang attributes this to two factors. First, China’s rise
helps all East Asian nations to grow economically; second, East Asian
countries consider China’s regional leadership as legitimate because of
their shared history and identity—a “Sinocentric”* view,
acknowledging China’s long history of regional dominance. The
prevailing view is that an economically and militarily strong China has
never been a source of instability or conflict; on the contrary, the Asian
continent has suffered greater instability and war when China has been
weak, as was the case, for example, during the period between the end
of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries.
Most East Asian states define their identity in relation to the
Sinocentric system—a kind of regional hierarchy* operating between
1300 and 1900 within which China, holding the superior position,
received tributes from other states. China was at the center of an
integrated international system in which trade, which it promoted,
flourished, and in which war between Asian states was rare; it did not
attempt to conquer its neighbors by military force. As a result, Kang
shows, East Asian nations never sought to form an alliance to balance,
contain, or oppose China’s power.
East Asian states considered the Sinocentric system both legitimate
and advantageous in terms of stability and economic growth.
Therefore, according to Kang, they do not fear the economic and
military rise China has enjoyed since 1979. Instead, they see it as
China’s natural return to leadership and an essential engine of regional
development.

11

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 Macat Analysis of David C. Kang’s China Rising

China Rising is an original contribution to international relations,

making a novel connection between international relations theory
and interstate politics in Asia. Kang presents a clear understanding of
China’s rise and leadership in Asia, and argues that we must see this as a
positive and stabilizing development. Furthermore, he advises the
United States and other powers such as Japan and South Korea to
avoid conflict and to cooperate with China.This, he argues, is the best
strategy if greater economic growth and global peace are to be
achieved.

Why Does China Rising Matter?

Since 1991, the close of the long period of global nuclear tension that
defined the Cold War,* American presidential administrations have
struggled to find the right mix of engagement and confrontation with
China. While the administration of President Bill Clinton* (1993–
2001) worked toward including China in the World Trade
Organization (WTO),* a global institution based in Switzerland that
addresses the rules of international trade, it also confronted China,
even threatening force during the Taiwan Strait Crisis* in 1996 (a
series of conflicts between China and Taiwan over disputed territory).2
The administration of George W. Bush* (2001–9) adopted a similarly
mixed approach, encouraging commercial cooperation while
pressuring China to reform its policies in several areas, including
human rights;3 while the administration of Barack Obama* (2009–
16) initially seemed favorable to a policy of engagement and
partnership, it soon shifted toward a more competitive, confrontational
approach, seeking to expand its commercial and military ties with
other Asian states.4
China Rising is a timely attempt to frame China’s ascent as an
opportunity rather than a threat for the United States, and for the West
more broadly.The text speaks to academics, policy-makers, and readers
with a general interest in current international relations. Kang puts

12

0182 Kang BOOK.indb 12 09/06/2017 15:45

 Ways In to the Text

forward a credible alternative to the image of China as a revisionist

power*—a state that aggressively seeks to alter the international order.
He advances a comprehensive and well-articulated argument in favor
of the inclusion of China as a productive partner within the present
economic and political global order, claiming that this will bring about
greater global peace and stability.
The core of Kang’s argument is that America’s attempt to use its
influence in the Asian region to contain China’s ascent through things
such as alliances, and so on, has the potential to create serious instability,
and compel Asian states to choose between Washington and Beijing,
rather than being strong partners of both.
On the other hand, if America, and other major powers, cooperate
with China and seek to better integrate it into the existing international
order, this could prevent it from being aggressive, and consequently
ensure greater political and economic stability for all. Even in making
this argument, Kang shows that he also understands the fear of many
policy-makers in Washington that an unchallenged China could
undermine American power, influence, and security both in the East
Asian region and globally.

NOTES
1 Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1999).
2 Ramon H. Myers, Michael Oksenberg, and David Shambaugh, Making China
Policy: Lessons from the Bush and Clinton Administrations (Lanham, MD:
Rowman & Littlefield, 2001); Robert S. Ross, “The 1995–96 Taiwan Strait
Confrontation: Coercion, Credibility, and the Use of Force,” International
Security 25, no. 2 (2000): 87–123.
3 David Shambaugh, “Coping with a Conflicted China,” The Washington
Quarterly 34, no. 1 (2011): 7–27.
4 Daniel Drezner, “Does Obama Have a Grand Strategy? Why We Need
Doctrines in Uncertain Times,” Foreign Affairs 90, no. 4 (2011): 57–62.

13

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 SECTION 1
INFLUENCES

0182 Kang BOOK.indb 14 09/06/2017 15:45

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