Unit 12

Math 6th
Exercise 12a
Q.1. Nadeem rolled a fair dice. What is the probability that he obtained?
i. A five ii. A three iii. An even number iv. A multiple of 3 v. A number
less than 6

Solution: Let's calculate the probabilities for each part. When rolling a fair six-
sided die, the possible outcomes are: {1,2,3,4,5,6}. The probability 𝑃 of an event
is calculated using the formula:
Number of favorable outcomes 𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃(𝐸) = =
Total number of outcomes 𝑛(𝑆)

i. Probability of getting a five:

Favorable outcome: {5} ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 1, Total possible outcomes: 6 ⟹

𝑛(𝑆) = 6
1
𝑃( five ) = 𝑃( E ) =
6
ii. Probability of getting a three:

Favorable outcome: {3} ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 1, Total possible outcomes: 6 ⟹

𝑛(𝑆) = 6
1
𝑃( three ) =
6
iii. Probability of getting an even number:

Favorable outcomes: {2, 4, 6} ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 3, Total possible outcomes: 6 ⟹

𝑛(𝑆) = 6
3 1
𝑃( even number ) = =
6 2
iv. Probability of getting a multiple of 3:
 Favorable outcomes: {3,6} ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 2, Total possible outcomes: 6 ⟹
𝑛(𝑆) = 6
2 1
𝑃( multiple of 3) = =
6 3
v. Probability of getting a number less than 6:

Favorable outcomes: {1,2,3,4,5} ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 5, Total possible outcomes: 6

⟹ 𝑛(𝑆) = 6
5
𝑃( number less than 6) =
6
Q.2. A jar contains 10 red counters and 20 blue counters. A red counter taken at
a random from the jar. What is the probability that it is?
i. Red ii. Blue iii. Green

Solution:
Let's calculate the probabilities for each part. The total number of counters in the
jar is 10 red and 20 blue. So, the total counters = n(S) = 10 + 20 = 30
i. Probability of drawing a red counter:

Favorable outcome: 10 red counters ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 10, Total possible outcomes: 30

counters⟹ 𝑛(𝑆) = 30
10 1
𝑃( red ) = =
30 3
ii. Probability of drawing a blue counter:

Favorable outcome: 20 blue counters⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 20, Total possible outcomes: 30

counters ⟹ 𝑛(𝑆) = 30
20 2
𝑃( blue ) = =
30 3
iii. Probability of drawing a green counter:

There are no green counters in the jar, so the probability is 0 .

 𝑃( green ) = 0

Q.3. Take a card at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. What is the
probability that the card is:
i. A red king ii. A queen or a king iii. A 5,6 or 7 iv. A diamond v. Not a club

Solution: Let's calculate the probabilities for each part. There are 52 cards in a
standard deck, and the probability 𝑃 of an event is calculated using the formula:
Number of favorable outcomes 𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃(𝐸) = =
Total number of outcomes 𝑛(𝑆)

i. Probability of getting a red king:

There are 2 red kings in the deck (one in hearts and one in diamonds). Total
possible outcomes: 52
2 1
𝑃( red king ) = =
52 26
ii. Probability of getting a queen or a king:

There are 4 queens and 4 kings, making a total of 8 favorable outcomes. Total
possible outcomes: 52
8 2
𝑃( queen or king ) = =
52 13
iii. Probability of getting a 5, 6, or 7:

There are 4 cards each for 5, 6, and 7, making a total of 4 × 3 = 12 favorable

outcomes. Total possible outcomes: 52
12 3
𝑃(5, 6, or 7) = =
52 13
iv. Probability of getting a diamond:

There are 13 diamonds in the deck. ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 13, Total possible outcomes: 52
⟹ 𝑛(𝑆) = 52
13 1
𝑃( diamond ) = =
52 4
v. Probability of not getting a club:

There are 13 clubs, so the number of favorable outcomes (not a club) is 52 −

13 = 39. ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 39
Total possible outcomes: 52 ⟹ 𝑛(𝑆) = 52.
39 3
𝑃( not a club ) = =
52 4
Q.4. The faces of a regular tetrahedron are numbered 1 to 4. When it is rolled it
lands face down on one of these numbers. What is the probability that this
number is?
i. 1,2 or 3 ii. 3 iii. 2 iv. An even number

Solution:

i. Probability of getting 1, 2, or 3: ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 3, Total outcomes: 4 ⟹ 𝑛(𝑆) = 4

3
𝑃(1,2, or 3) =
4
ii. Probability of getting a 3:

Favorable outcome: {3} ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 1, Total outcomes: 4 ⟹ 𝑛(𝑆) = 4

1
𝑃(3) =
4
iii. Probability of getting a 2:

Favorable outcome: {2} ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 1, Total outcomes: 4 ⟹ 𝑛(𝑆) = 4

1
𝑃(2) =
4
iv. Probability of getting an even number:

Favorable outcomes: {2,4} ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 2, Total outcomes: 4 ⟹ 𝑛(𝑆) = 4

2 1
𝑃( even number ) = =
4 2
Q.5. The results of two spinners are added together. Calculate.
a. 𝑷(𝟏𝟎) b. P(odd) c. P(squre number) d. 𝑷( multiple of 3)

Solution: The two spinners have the following numbers: First spinner: 2, 4, 6,
Second spinner: 1,3,5.

We need to calculate the results when these numbers are added together. List is
shown below of all possible outcomes of the sum of the two spinners.

First Second
Sum
Spinner Spinner

2 1 3

2 3 5

2 5 7

4 1 5

4 3 7

4 5 9

6 1 7

6 3 9
 6 5 11
The possible sums are: 3, 5, 7, 5, 7, 9, 7, 9, 11

.
a. Probability of getting a sum of 10, 𝑃(10):

There is no sum of 10 in the outcomes. ⟹ 𝑛(𝐸) = 0, Thus, the probability is: ⟹

𝑛(𝑆) = 9
0
𝑃(10) = = 0
9
b. Probability of getting an odd number 𝑃( odd ):

The odd sums are: 3 ,5, 7, 5, 7, 9, 7, 9, 11 ( 9 out of 9 outcomes are odd).

Thus, the probability is:
9
𝑃( odd ) = =1
9
c. Probability of getting a square number 𝑃 (square number):

The square numbers from the sums are: 9 (appears 2 times).

Thus, the probability is:
2
𝑃( square number ) =
9
d. Probability of getting a multiple of 3𝑃 (multiple of 3 ):

The multiples of 3 from the sums are: 3, 9, 9 (appears 3 times).

Thus, the probability is:
3 1
𝑃( multiple of 3) = =
9 3
 Review Exercise 12
Q.1. Choose the correct option from the given four option of each part.

Solution: (i) d (ii) a (iii) a (iv) a (v) d (vi) b (vii) b (viii) a (need to
correct the statement 1 or 5) (ix) d

Q.2. Give short answers for the following questions.

i. Define probability.

Probability is the measure of the likelihood of an event happening. It is expressed

as the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number of possible
outcomes. The formula is:
Number of favorable outcomes
𝑃( event ) =
Total number of possible outcomes

ii. What is an outcome?

An outcome is the result of a single trial of an experiment, such as rolling a die or

flipping a coin. For example, when a die is rolled, the possible outcomes are
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
iii. What is a trial?

A trial refers to a single attempt or instance of an experiment, such as rolling a die

once or flipping a coin once. Each trial produces an outcome.
iv. What is sample space?
Sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment. For
example, in rolling a die, the sample space is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
v. What are equally likely events?

Equally likely events are events that have the same probability of occurring. For
example, when rolling a fair die, each number (1 through 6 ) is equally likely to
1
occur, with a probability of .
6
vi. What are not equally likely events?
Not equally likely events are events that do not have the same probability of
occurring. For example, drawing a red card from a deck of cards is not equally
likely as drawing a face card, because the number of red cards (26) is greater than
the number of face cards (12).
vii. What is the probability of an even prime number if a die is rolled once?

The only even prime number is 2. The total possible outcomes when rolling a die
are 6, and the favorable outcome is 1 (rolling a 2).
1
𝑃( even prime number ) =
6
viii. What is the probability of all prime numbers if a die is rolled once?

The prime numbers on a die are 2, 3, and 5. The total possible outcomes are 6,
and the favorable outcomes are 3 (rolling a 2, 3, or 5).
3 1
𝑃( prime numbers ) = =
6 2
ix. What is the probability of three tails if a coin is tossed thrice?

When a coin is tossed three times, the possible outcomes are

{𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}

There are total outcomes are 8. Only one outcome is all tails (TTT).

1
𝑃( three tails ) =
8
𝒙. Write the probability of all even primes if a die is rolled twice.

The only even prime number is 2 . When a die is rolled twice, there are 6 × 6 =
36 possible outcomes. The favorable outcomes (getting a 2 on both dice) are
{(2, 2)}, which is just 1 outcome.
1
𝑃( even prime on both dice ) =
36
xi. Calculate the total number of outcomes for a die when it is rolled three
times.

When a die is rolled three times, the total number of possible outcomes is
calculated as:
 6 × 6 × 6 = 63 = 216

xii. What is the difference between equally likely and not equally likely events?

Equally likely events: Events are equally likely if each has the same probability of
occurring. For example, when a fair die is rolled, each number ( 1 to 6 ) has the
1
same probability of .
6
Not equally likely events: Events are not equally likely if they have different
probabilities of occurring. For example, drawing a red card from a deck (26 red
cards) is more likely than drawing a king (4 kings), as they have different
probabilities.
Q.3. If two dice are thrown together, what is the probability of getting an even
number on one die and an odd number on the other die?
For each die, there are 3 even numbers {2, 4, 6} and 3 odd numbers {1, 3, 5}. The
probability of getting an even number on the first die and an odd number on the
second die is:
3 3 9 1
𝑃( even on one die, odd on other ) = × = =
6 6 36 4
Q.4. In a box there are 7 white, 8 orange, and 6 blue beads. If a bead is picked
up randomly, what is the probability that it is neither orange nor blue?
Total number of beads = 7 + 8 + 6 = 21. The number of favorable outcomes
(white beads) = 7
The probability of picking a white bead (neither orange nor blue) is:
7 1
𝑃( white ) = =
21 3
Q.5. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability of getting two numbers
whose product is even?
The product will be even if at least one of the numbers is even. Probability of
3 1
rolling an even number on a die = = . Probability of rolling an odd number on
6 2
3 1
a die = =
6 2
Probability of getting two numbers whose product is even is the complement of
getting two odd numbers:
 1 1 1 3
𝑃( even product ) = 1 − 𝑃( odd product ) = 1 − ( × ) = 1 − =
2 2 4 4
Q.6. If a number is selected at random from the first 40 natural numbers, what
will be the probability that the selected number is a multiple of 3 and 4?
The least common multiple (LCM) of 3 and 4 is 12. The multiples of 12 up to 40
are {12, 24, 36}. So, there are 3 numbers.
Total numbers from 1 to 40 = 40.
The required probability is:
3
𝑃( multiple of 3 and 4) =
40