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Volume 104
Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and
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Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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The Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics covers in a
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series/411
Frank B. Rosmej, Valery A. Astapenko and Valery S. Lisitsa
Plasma Atomic Physics
1st ed. 2021
Frank B. Rosmej
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
Valery A. Astapenko
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
Valery S. Lisitsa
National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
ISSN 1615-5653 e-ISSN 2197-6791
Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics
ISBN 978-3-030-05966-8 e-ISBN 978-3-030-05968-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05968-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018964256
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
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Pour Geneviève
To the memory of
A. Ya. Faenov
and
L. A. Vainshtein
Preface
The emission of light is one of the most fascinating phenomena in
nature. Everybody feels the beauty when looking at the colors
appearing at sunset, when a bolt of lightning illuminates the night, or
when the emission of the aurora moves like magic in the dark heaven.
And since the discovery of the spectral analysis, no one doubted that
the problems of describing atoms and matter would be solved once we
had learned to understand the language of atomic spectra and the
emission of light.
The book is devoted to the various aspects of light emission and the
analysis of the radiative properties of matter and, in particular, the
emission and absorption properties of atoms and ions in plasmas. It is
based on lectures that we have given at the Sorbonne University in
France and the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and the
National Research Nuclear University in Russia.
The purpose of the presented material is to assist students and
scientists investigating the complex atomic processes in different kinds
of plasmas, by developing relatively simple but effective models. These
models allow more generalized considerations and make it possible to
extract also universal dependences (e.g., scaling laws) including both
atomic and plasma parameters.
A characteristic feature of this book, therefore, is that, along with
the presentation of strict quantum theories for the various
electromagnetic and collisional processes, considerable attention is
paid to a number of qualitative models that allow one to obtain an
adequate comprehensive description, appealing more to physical
intuition than to mathematical formalism. A distinctive feature of the
approaches presented is the wide use of qualitative analogies, which
makes it possible to transfer techniques and methods developed for
particular processes to other phenomena that are important but have
rarely been studied due to their complexity. There are a number of
examples: the generalized quasi-classical Kramers approach for
radiation transition probabilities, the Enrico Fermi method of
equivalent photons as a unification of radiative and collisional
processes, the local plasma frequency approximation (the so-called
plasma atom) for multi-electron atomic processes, the Born–Compton
model in the theory of ionization of an atom by electron impact, the
quasi-classical methods for population kinetics of Rydberg atomic
states and the very recent fascinating developments of quantum
kinetics in dense plasmas. The advantage of these simplified models
lies not only in the fact of a transparent presentation of the essential
physical phenomena but also makes it possible to calculate atomic
processes along with their necessary combination of a complex
environment like plasma structure, transport, and turbulence.
The monograph also presents recent trends in atomic processes
such as reduced population kinetics for the huge numbers of radiative–
collisional transitions between autoionizing atomic states, the quantum
mechanical interference effects in dense plasma atomic kinetics, hot
electron effects, ionization potential depression in near-solid-density
plasmas, description of exotic atomic states induced via the interaction
of XFEL radiation with solid matter (warm dense matter, hollow ions,
etc.) and the interaction of radiation with nanoparticles.
We believe that a description of both the general methods, the
specific application and the presentation of a large number of
experimental data, will be useful for wide readership including
postgraduate, masters, and undergraduate students. The book will also
be an important text and reference for teachers and scientists.
Frank B. Rosmej
Valery A. Astapenko
Valery S. Lisitsa
Paris, France
Moscow, Russia
Contents
1 Introduction to Atomic Physics in Plasmas
1.1 Atomic Physics and Plasma Physics
1.1.1 General Characteristics of Radiation Processes
1.1.2 Interrelation Between Radiation and Matter
1.1.3 Radiative Emission and Volume Plasma Radiative
Losses
1.1.4 Radiation Trapping and Plasma Radiation Losses in
the General Case
1.1.5 Excited Atoms Under Plasma Perturbations
1.2 Structure of Atoms and Ions
1.2.1 Symmetry Properties of the Coulomb Field
1.2.2 Allowed and Forbidden Transitions
1.2.3 Properties of Highly Charged Ion Spectra
1.3 Autoionizing Atomic States
1.3.1 Excitation of Core Hole States
1.3.2 The Interaction of Discrete States with a Continuum:
Fano resonances
1.4 Rydberg Atomic Autoionizing and Non-Autoionizing States
in Plasmas
1.4.1 Rydberg Atomic States
1.4.2 Autoionizing Rydberg Atomic States
1.4.3 Dielectronic Satellite Accumulation in ns-Laser-
Produced Plasmas
1.4.4 Transient Three-body Recombination of Dielectronic
Satellite Emission
1.5 Plasma Spectroscopy
1.5.1 Spatial Properties of Dielectronic Satellite Emission
1.5.2 Stark Broadening Analysis of Rydberg Dielectronic
Satellites
1.5.3 Nonlinear Interference Effects in Stark Broadening of
Multi-electron Configurations
1.5.4 Hollow Ion X-Ray Emission in Dense Plasmas
References
2 Radiative Characteristics of Polarized Atoms and Ions
2.1 Oscillator Strengths
2.2 Classical and Quantum Expressions for Einstein Coefficients
2.3 Dynamic Polarizability of Atoms
2.4 General Relations of Atomic Polarizability
2.5 Static Polarizability of Atoms and Ions
2.6 Local Plasma Frequency Model of Polarizability of Many
Electron Systems
2.7 Dynamic Polarizability of Nanoparticles
References
3 Probabilities of Radiative Transitions
3.1 Radiative Transition Cross Sections
3.2 Spectral Line Shapes of Atomic Radiative Transitions
3.3 Quasi-classical and Quantum Radiative Transition
Probabilities
3.3.1 Kramers Electrodynamics
3.3.2 Discrete Energy Spectrum
3.4 Radiative Recombination
3.4.1 Kramers Photorecombination Cross Section
3.4.2 Radiative Recombination Rates
3.4.3 Radiative Losses
3.4.4 Generalized Scaled Empirical Formulas for Radiative
Recombination Rates
3.4.5 Enhanced Radiative Recombination in Storage Rings
3.5 Two-Channel Bremsstrahlung in Electron–Atom Collisions
3.6 Bremsstrahlung in Many Electron–Atom Collisions and
Mass-Independent Radiation
3.7 Photoionization
3.7.1 General Relations
3.7.2 Hydrogen-like Approximation
3.7.3 Photoeffect Cross Section in the Born Approximation
3.7.4 Local Plasma Frequency Model
3.7.5 Approximate Quantum Methods of Calculation of
Photoabsorption Cross Sections
3.7.6 Rost Hybrid Method
3.7.7 Generalized Scaled Empirical Photoionization Cross
Sections from K-, L-, M-, N- and O-Shell
3.8 Photodetachment from Negative Ions
3.9 Phase Control of Photoprocesses by Ultrashort Laser Pulses
References
4 Radiation Scattering on Atoms, Plasmas, and Nanoparticles
4.1 Photon Scattering by a Free Electron
4.2 Radiation Scattering on Atoms
4.2.1 Classical Description
4.2.2 Quantum Description
4.3 High-Frequency Radiation Scattering on Atoms
4.3.1 Non-dipole Character of Scattering
4.3.2 Dynamic Form Factor of an Atom
4.3.3 Impulse Approximation in the Theory of Compton
Scattering
4.4 Scattering on Plasmas
4.4.1 General Expression for the Cross Section of Radiation
Scattering in Plasmas
4.4.2 Radiation Scattering by Plasma Electrons
4.4.3 Transient Scattering of Radiation in Plasmas
4.4.4 Radiation Scattering by a Plasmon
4.5 Scattering on Nanoparticles
4.5.1 Mie Theory of Radiation Scattering and Absorption
References
5 Electron–Atom Collisions
5.1 Fermi Equivalent Photon Method
5.1.1 Excitation by Electron Impact as Absorption of
Equivalent Photons by an Ion
5.1.2 Autoionization Decay and Dielectronic Capture
5.2 Ionization by Electron Impact
5.2.1 Thomson Formula
5.2.2 Similarity Function Method for the Ionization Cross-
Section
5.2.3 Comparison with Experimental Data
5.3 Analytical Empirical Formulas for Ionization, Single, and
Total Recombination Rates
5.3.1 Ionization
5.3.2 Three-Body Recombination in Dense Plasmas
5.3.3 Radiative Recombination in Dense Plasmas
5.4 Classical Consideration of Collisional Excitation of an Atom
5.4.1 Fermi Photon Equivalent Method and Oscillator
Strength Method
5.4.2 Similarity Function Method for Collisional Excitation
of an Atom
5.4.3 Analytical Empirical Formulas for Excitation and De-
excitation Rates
5.5 Excitation of Dipole-Forbidden Transitions in Atoms
5.5.1 IntercombinationTransitions
5.5.2 Intermediate Coupling Effects
5.6 Analytical Empirical Formulas for Dielectronic
Recombination in Dense Plasmas
5.6.1 Autoionization, Dielectronic Capture, and Dielectronic
Recombination
5.6.2 Total Rates of Dielectronic Recombination and
Multichannel Approach
5.6.3 Dense Plasma and Electric Field Effects on
Dielectronic Recombination
References
6 Atomic Population Kinetics
6.1 Generalized Atomic Kinetics of Non-Equilibrium Plasmas
Containing Ions of Various Charge States
6.1.1 Principles of Atomic Line Emission:The Two-Level
Atom
6.1.2 The Principles of Ionic Charge State Distributions in
Plasmas
6.1.3 Characteristics of the Ionic Charge State Distribution
6.1.4 Generalized Atomic Population Kinetics
6.1.5 Statistical Charge State Distribution Based on Average
Occupation Numbers
6.2 Characteristic Time Scales of Atomic and Ionic Systems
6.2.1 Characteristic Times to Establish Ionization Balance
6.2.2 Characteristic Times of Photon Emission
6.2.3 Collisional Mixing of Relaxation Time Scales
6.3 Reduced Atomic Kinetics
6.3.1 Ground States, Single-Excited and Autoionizing Levels:
General Considerations
6.3.2 The Virtual Contour Shape Kinetic Theory (VCSKT)
6.4 Two-Dimensional Radiative Cascades Between Rydberg
Atomic States
6.4.1 Classical Kinetic Equation
6.4.2 Quantum Kinetic Equation in the Quasi-classical
Approximation
6.4.3 Relationship of the Quasi-classical Solution to the
Quantum Cascade Matrix.The Solution in the General
Quantum Case
6.4.4 Atomic Level Populations for a Photorecombination
Source.Quasi-classical Scaling Laws
6.5 Two-Dimensional Collisional–Radiative Model of Highly
Excited Atomic States
6.5.1 Kinetic Model of Radiative–Collisional Cascades
6.5.2 The Classical Collision Operator
6.5.3 Numerical Solution for Delta-Function Source
6.5.4 Radiation Recombination Population Source
6.5.5 Intensities of Rydberg Spectral Lines
References
7 Quantum Atomic Population Kinetics in Dense Plasmas
7.1 Rate Equation and Quantum Populations
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