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 WRITERS AND THEIR WORK

I SOBEL A RMSTRONG
General Editor

SEAMUS HEANEY
SEAMUS HEANEY
Andrew Murphy

Third Edition
# Copyright 1996, 2000 and 2009 by Andrew Murphy
First published in 1996
Second edition 2000
Third edition 2009

First published in 1996 by Northcote House Publishers Ltd,

Horndon House, Horndon, Tavistock, Devon, PL19 9NQ,
United Kingdom.
Tel: +44 (01822) 810066 Fax: +44 (01822) 810034.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or stored in an
information retrieval system (other than short extracts for the purposes of review)
without the express permission of the Publishers given in writing.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-7463-1209-4
Typeset by PDQ Typesetting, Newcastle-under-Lyme
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom
 In memory of
Andrew Michael
1926±1998
 Contents

Acknowledgements viii
Biographical Outline ix
Abbreviations and References xiii
Introduction 1

1 `Living roots awaken in my head': Place and

Displacement 8
2 `Where the fault is opening': Politics and
Mythology 29
3 `I hear again the sure confusing drum':
Reversions and Revisions 50
4 `It was marvellous and actual': Familiarity
and Fantasy 73
5 `Ourselves again, free-willed again, not bad':
The Unpartitioned Intellect 93

Appendix 121

Notes 127

Select Bibliography 134

Index 139

vii
 Acknowledgements

In the first edition of this study I expressed my gratitude to

EibhlõÂn Evans, Geraldine Higgins and John Lucas for their very
helpful comments on my manuscript. It gives me great pleasure
to thank them here again. I also extend my thanks now to Neil
Corcoran for his helpful feedback and to John Dennison for
assisting in updating the bibliography. As ever, I am deeply
indebted to Gerard Murphy and Charonne Ruth for their
unfailing support. Finally, my publishers and I are grateful to
Seamus Heaney and Faber & Faber Ltd for permission to quote
from the works of Seamus Heaney.
The cover photograph of Seamus Heaney is by courtesy of Peter
Adamson and the University of St Andrews. It was taken during
Seamus Heaney's visit to the University in October 1999, to give a
reading in memory of the late Dr George Jack of the University's
School of English.

viii
 Biographical Outline

1939 Born 13 April, the eldest of nine children. Family

home is the farm `Mossbawn', in County Derry,
Northern Ireland.
1945±51 Attends the local Anahorish School.
1947 UK Education Act makes extended education more
accessible to the children of less-well-off families. In
Northern Ireland, specifically, opens up educational
opportunities for Catholics.
1951±7 Attends, as a boarder, St Columb's College, Derry.
Among the other graduates of St Columb's are the
nationalist politician John Hume, left-wing journalist
Eamonn McCann, literary critic and poet Seamus
Deane, and the playwright Brian Friel.
1953 Family moves from `Mossbawn' to a nearby farm
called `The Wood', which Heaney's father had
inherited from an uncle. At about this time, Heaney's
4-year-old brother, Christopher, is killed in a road
accident ± an incident which the poet writes about in
`Mid-Term Break'.
1957±61 Attends Queen's University, Belfast. Graduates with
1st class degree in English Language and Literature.
Is urged to undertake postgraduate work at Oxford,
but decides to become a school teacher instead.
1961±2 Attends St Joseph's College of Education, Andersons-
town, Belfast, and obtains his Teacher's Training
Diploma. During his time at St Joseph's, Heaney
writes an extended essay on Northern Irish literary
magazines and encounters the work of local poets
such as John Hewitt.
1962 Joins staff of St Thomas's Intermediate School,
Ballymurphy, Belfast. The headmaster is the short-

ix
 BIOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE

story writer Michael McLaverty, who introduces

Heaney to the work of the Irish poet Patrick
Kavanagh.
1962±3 Part-time postgraduate work at Queen's.
1963±6 Teaches at St Joseph's College of Education.
1963 Philip Hobsbaum establishes Belfast Group. Members
include: Michael Longley, Stewart Parker, and James
Simmons.
1965 August: marries Marie Devlin. Devlin was born in
Ardboe in County Tyrone. She attended St Mary's
College of Education in Belfast from 1958 to 1962 and
taught at St Columcille's school in County Down.
1966 Death of a Naturalist published. Hobsbaum moves to
Glasgow; Heaney joins Queen's faculty. Belfast
Group continues to meet at Heaney's and includes
younger members such as Paul Muldoon, Frank
Ormsby, and Michael Foley. July: Heaneys' son
Michael born.
1967 Heaney receives the Somerset Maugham Award.
1968 February: second son, Christopher, born. Receives
the Cholmondeley Award.
1968±9 Repression of Civil Rights movement prompts a
renewal of conflict in Northern Ireland.
1969 Door into the Dark published. August: British troops
deployed in Derry and Belfast.
1970±1 Teaches as guest lecturer at University of California,
Berkeley.
1971 August: internment introduced in Northern Ireland.
By the end of the year, a total of 1,576 people have
been imprisoned without benefit of trial.
1972 30 January, `Bloody Sunday': soldiers from the British
Army paratroop regiment open fire on unarmed
Civil Rights demonstrators in Derry. Thirteen pro-
testers are killed, a further twelve are wounded.
August: the Heaneys move to Glanmore, in the
Republic of Ireland. Makes his first attempts at
translating the medieval Irish poem Buile Suibhne.
November: Wintering Out published.
1973 April: daughter, Catherine Ann, born.
1975 North published. Receives the W. H. Smith Award and

x
 BIOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE

Duff Cooper Prize. October: joins faculty of Carysfort

Teacher Training College.
1976 November: Heaney and family move to Sandymount,
near Dublin.
1979 Field Work published. Spends a term at Harvard
University as one of a series of temporary successors
to the American poet Robert Lowell.
1980 Preoccupations, his first collection of essays, published.
Selected Poems 1965±1975 published.
1980±1 Nationalist prisoners in Northern Ireland stage a
series of hunger strikes, seeking the reintroduction of
political (as opposed to criminal) status. Ten prison-
ers would eventually die on the protest, including
Francis Hughes of Bellaghy, near Heaney's birth-
place.
1981 Leaves Carysfort.
1982 January: starts a five-year contract at Harvard, to
teach one semester a year. Publishes (as co-editor
with Ted Hughes) an anthology of poems entitled The
Rattle Bag.
1983 An Open Letter published as a pamphlet by Field Day
in Ireland. The verse letter objects to his work being
included in an anthology of British poetry. His
translation of Buile Suibhne, entitled Sweeney Astray,
is published in Ireland.
1984 Station Island published. Sweeney Astray published in
the UK. Elected to Boylston Chair of Rhetoric and
Oratory at Harvard. October: mother dies.
1986 October: father dies.
1987 The Haw Lantern published. Receives the Whitbread
Award.
1988 Government of the Tongue, his second collection of
essays, published. Becomes Professor of Poetry at
Oxford University (for a term of five years).
1990 The Cure at Troy, Heaney's version of Sophocles'
Philoctetes, performed in Derry and published in
London. New Selected Poems published.
1991 Seeing Things published.
1994 First round of ceasefires in Northern Ireland (August).
1995 October: Heaney awarded the Nobel Prize for
Literature. Redress of Poetry published.

xi
 BIOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE

1996 The Spirit Level published. Heaney receives Common-

wealth Award. Resigns as Boylston Professor at
Harvard, to become Emerson Poet in Residence.
IRA ceasefire terminated (February).
1997 The Spirit Level named Whitbread Book of the Year.
IRA ceasefire renewed (July).
1998 Opened Ground: Poems 1966±1996 published. `Good
Friday' Agreement signed by British and Irish
governments and by most Northern Irish political
parties, including Sinn FeÂin and the Ulster Unionist
Party (April).
1999 Heaney's translation of Beowulf published. Northern
Ireland Assembly meets, but is suspended in Febru-
ary of the following year because of a failure to reach
agreement on decommissioning of IRA weapons.
2000 Beowulf receives the Whitbread Poetry Award. Power
restored to Northern Ireland Assembly, following
commitment of IRA to decommissioning (May).
2001 Electric Light published.
2002 Finders Keepers: Selected Prose 1971±2001 published.
Northern Ireland Assembly once again suspended,
following allegations of spying against Sinn FeÂin
(October).
2003 Finders Keepers awarded the Truman Capote Award
for literary criticism.
2004 The Burial at Thebes published and premieÁred at the
Abbey Theatre, Dublin. The Seamus Heaney Centre
for Poetry opens at Queen's University, Belfast.
2006 District and Circle published. Heaney suffers mild
stroke.
2007 District and Circle wins T. S. Eliot Prize and Irish Times
Poetry Now Award. Heaney resigns as Poet in
Residence at Harvard. Devolved government restored
in Northern Ireland, with the Democratic Unionist
Party's Ian Paisley serving as First Minister and Sinn
FeÂin's Martin McGuinness serving as his deputy.
2008 Heaney is presented with the Cunningham Medal by
the Royal Irish Academy.
2009 Celebrations in Ireland and elsewhere to mark
Heaney's 70th birthday (April).

xii
 Abbreviations

B. Beowulf (London: Faber & Faber, 1999)

CT The Cure at Troy (London: Faber & Faber, 1990)
DD Door into the Dark (London: Faber & Faber, 1969)
DN Death of a Naturalist (London: Faber & Faber, 1966)
FW Field Work (London: Faber & Faber, 1979)
GT The Government of the Tongue: The 1986 T. S. Eliot Memorial
Lectures and Other Critical Writings (London: Faber &
Faber, 1988)
HL The Haw Lantern (London: Faber & Faber, 1987)
N. North (London: Faber & Faber, 1975)
OG Opened Ground: Poems 1966±1996 (London: Faber & Faber,
1998)
OL `An Open Letter', in Ireland's Field Day (Notre Dame:
University of Notre Dame Press, 1986)
P. Preoccupations: Selected Prose 1968±1978 (London: Faber &
Faber, 1980)
RP The Redress of Poetry: Oxford Lectures (London: Faber &
Faber, 1996)
SA Sweeney Astray (London: Faber & Faber, 1984)
SI Station Island (London: Faber & Faber, 1984)
SL The Spirit Level (London: Faber & Faber, 1996)
ST Seeing Things (London: Faber & Faber, 1991)
WO Wintering Out (London: Faber & Faber, 1972)

xiii
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