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Civil Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam
14th Edition Michael R. Lindeburg Digital Instant
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Author(s): Michael R. Lindeburg
ISBN(s): 9781591264538, 1591264537
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Civil
Engineering
Reference
Manual
for the PE Exam

Fourteenth Edition

Michael R. Lindeburg, PE

Professional Publications, Inc. • Belmont, California

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CIVIL ENGINEERING REFERENCE MANUAL FOR THE PE EXAM

Fourteenth Edition

Current version of this edition: 1

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 Water Resources Background and

Support
Material
Support
Topics
. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .

Topic I: Background and Support

Topic II: Water Resources
Topic III: Environmental

Environmental
Topic IV: Geotechnical
Topic V: Structural
Topic VI: Transportation
Topic VII: Construction

Geotechnical
Topic VIII: Systems, Management, and Professional
Topic IX: Support Material

Structural
Transportation
Construction
and Professional
Systems, Mgmt,

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
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Practice Problems for the Civil Engineering PE Exam: A Companion to the
Civil Engineering Reference Manual. This publication provides you with more
than 915 practice problems, each with a complete, step-by-step solution.
Practice Problems for the Civil Engineering PE Exam may be obtained from PPI
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 Table of Contents
. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .

Appendices Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Topic IV: Geotechnical

Preface to the Fourteenth Edition . . . . . . . . . . . ix Soil Properties and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35-1

Shallow Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36-1
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Rigid Retaining Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37-1
Piles and Deep Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38-1
Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Excavations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39-1
Special Soil Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-1
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Topic V: Structural
Topic I: Background and Support
Determinate Statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41-1
Systems of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Properties of Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42-1
Engineering Drawing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 Material Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43-1
Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 Strength of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44-1
Linear Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 Basic Elements of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45-1
Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 Structural Analysis I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46-1
Trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 Structural Analysis II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47-1
Analytic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 Properties of Concrete and Reinforcing Steel . . . . .48-1
Differential Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 Concrete Proportioning, Mixing, and Placing . . . .49-1
Integral Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 Reinforced Concrete: Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-1
Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1 Reinforced Concrete: Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51-1
Probability and Statistical Analysis of Data . . . . .11-1 Reinforced Concrete: Short Columns. . . . . . . . . . .52-1
Numerical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-1 Reinforced Concrete: Long Columns . . . . . . . . . . .53-1
Energy, Work, and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-1 Reinforced Concrete: Walls and Retaining Walls . .54-1
Reinforced Concrete: Footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55-1
Topic II: Water Resources Prestressed Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56-1
Fluid Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14-1 Composite Concrete and Steel Bridge Girders . . . .57-1
Fluid Statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-1 Structural Steel: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-1
Fluid Flow Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-1 Structural Steel: Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59-1
Fluid Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-1 Structural Steel: Tension Members . . . . . . . . . . . .60-1
Hydraulic Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18-1 Structural Steel: Compression Members . . . . . . . .61-1
Open Channel Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19-1 Structural Steel: Beam-Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62-1
Meteorology, Climatology, and Hydrology. . . . . . .20-1 Structural Steel: Built-Up Sections . . . . . . . . . . . .63-1
Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-1 Structural Steel: Composite Beams . . . . . . . . . . . .64-1
Inorganic Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-1 Structural Steel: Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65-1
Organic Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-1 Structural Steel: Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66-1
Combustion and Incineration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24-1 Properties of Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67-1
Water Supply Quality and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . .25-1 Masonry Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68-1
Water Supply Treatment and Distribution . . . . . .26-1 Masonry Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69-1

Topic III: Environmental Topic VI: Transportation

Biochemistry, Biology, and Bacteriology . . . . . . . .27-1 Properties of Solid Bodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-1
Wastewater Quantity and Quality . . . . . . . . . . . .28-1 Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71-1
Wastewater Treatment: Equipment and Kinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-1
Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29-1 Roads and Highways: Capacity Analysis . . . . . . . . 73-1
Activated Sludge and Sludge Processing . . . . . . . .30-1 Bridges: Condition and Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74-1
Municipal Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31-1 Vehicle Dynamics and Accident Analysis. . . . . . . . 75-1
Pollutants in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32-1 Flexible Pavement Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76-1
Storage and Disposition of Hazardous Materials . .33-1 Rigid Pavement Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77-1
Environmental Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34-1 Plane Surveying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-1

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
vi C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L

Horizontal, Compound, Vertical, and

Spiral Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79-1

Topic VII: Construction

Construction Earthwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80-1
Construction Staking and Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . .81-1
Building Codes and Materials Testing . . . . . . . . . .82-1
Construction and Jobsite Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83-1

Topic VIII: Systems, Management, and

Professional
Electrical Systems and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . .84-1
Instrumentation and Measurements . . . . . . . . . . .85-1
Project Management, Budgeting, and
Scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86-1
Engineering Economic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87-1
Professional Services, Contracts, and
Engineering Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88-1
Engineering Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89-1
Engineering Licensing in the United States . . . . . .90-1

Topic IX: Support Material

Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-1

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
 Appendices
Table of Contents
. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .

1.A Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 16.L Dimensions of Seamless Steel Boiler (BWG)
1.B Common SI Unit Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . A-3 Tubing (customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . A-40
7.A Mensuration of Two-Dimensional Areas . . . . . . A-7 17.A Specific Roughness and Hazen-Williams Constants
7.B Mensuration of Three-Dimensional Volumes . . . A-9 for Various Water Pipe Materials . . . . . . . . A-41
9.A Abbreviated Table of Indefinite Integrals . . . . A-10 17.B Darcy Friction Factors (turbulent flow) . . . . . A-42
10.A Laplace Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11 17.C Water Pressure Drop in Schedule-40
11.A Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve . . . . A-12 Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-46
11.B Chi-Squared Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-13 17.D Equivalent Length of Straight Pipe for
Various (Generic) Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-47
11.C Values of tC for Student’s t-Distribution . . . . . A-14
17.E Hazen-Williams Nomograph (C = 100) . . . . . . A-48
11.D Values of the Error Function and
Complementary Error Function . . . . . . . . . A-15 18.A International Standard Atmosphere . . . . . . . . A-49
14.A Properties of Water at Atmospheric Pressure 18.B Properties of Saturated Steam by Temperature
(customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-16 (customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-50
14.B Properties of Water at Atmospheric Pressure 18.C Properties of Superheated Steam
(SI units). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-17 (customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-53
14.C Viscosity of Water in Other Units 19.A Manning’s Roughness Coefficient (design use) . A-55
(customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-18 19.B Manning Equation Nomograph. . . . . . . . . . . . A-56
14.D Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure 19.C Circular Channel Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-57
(customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-19 19.D Critical Depths in Circular Channels. . . . . . . . A-58
14.E Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure 19.E Conveyance Factor, K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-59
(SI units). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-20 19.F Conveyance Factor, K 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-61
16.A Area, Wetted Perimeter, and Hydraulic Radius 20.A Rational Method Runoff C-Coefficients . . . . . . A-63
of Partially Filled Circular Pipes . . . . . . . . . A-21 20.B Random Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-64
16.B Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe 22.A Atomic Numbers and Weights of the
(customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-22 Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-65
16.C Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe 22.B Water Chemistry CaCO3 Equivalents . . . . . . . A-66
(SI units). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-26 22.C Saturation Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen in
16.D Dimensions of Rigid PVC and CPVC Pipe Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-68
(customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-29 22.D Names and Formulas of Important
16.E Dimensions of Large Diameter, Nonpressure, Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-69
PVC Sewer and Water Pipe 22.E Approximate Solubility Product
(customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-30 Constants at 25  C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-70
16.F Dimensions and Weights of Concrete Sewer Pipe 24.A Heats of Combustion for Common
(customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-33 Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-73
16.G Dimensions of Cast-Iron and Ductile Iron Pipe 24.B Approximate Properties of Selected Gases . . . . A-74
Standard Pressure Classes 25.A National Primary Drinking Water
(customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-35 Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-75
16.H Dimensions of Ductile Iron Pipe 26.A Properties of Chemicals Used in Water
Special Pressure Classes Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-82
(customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-36
29.A Selected Ten States’ Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . A-83
16.I Standard ASME/ANSI Z32.2.3
35.A USCS Soil Boring, Well, and Geotextile
Piping Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-37
Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-85
16.J Dimensions of Copper Water Tubing
37.A Active Components for Retaining Walls
(customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-38
(straight slope backfill). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-87
16.K Dimensions of Brass and Copper Tubing
37.B Active Components for Retaining Walls
(customary U.S. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-39
(broken slope backfill) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-88

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viii C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L

37.C Curves for Determining Active and Passive Earth 52.L Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram,
Pressure Coefficients, ka and kp (with inclined = 0.70 (uniplane, 4 ksi concrete,
wall face, , wall friction, , and 60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-123
horizontal backfill) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-89 52.M Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram,
37.D Curves for Determining Active and Passive = 0.75 (uniplane, 4 ksi concrete,
Earth Pressure Coefficients, ka and kp 60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-124
(with vertical face, wall friction, , and 52.N Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram,
sloping backfill, ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-90 = 0.80 (uniplane, 4 ksi concrete,
40.A Boussinesq Stress Contour Chart 60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-125
(infinitely long and square footings) . . . . . . A-91 52.O Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram,
40.B Boussinesq Stress Contour Chart = 0.90 (uniplane, 4 ksi concrete,
(uniformly loaded circular footings). . . . . . . A-92 60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-126
42.A Centroids and Area Moments of Inertia for Basic 58.A Common Structural Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-127
Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-93 58.B Properties of Structural Steel at High
43.A Typical Properties of Structural Steel, Aluminum, Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-128
and Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-94 59.A Values of Cb for Simply-Supported Beams . . . A-129
43.B Typical Mechanical Properties of Representative 68.A Section Properties of Masonry Horizontal
Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-95 Cross Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-130
44.A Elastic Beam Deflection Equations . . . . . . . . . A-98 68.B Section Properties of Masonry Vertical
45.A Properties of Weld Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-102 Cross Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-132
47.A Elastic Fixed-End Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-103 68.C Ungrouted Wall Section Properties . . . . . . . . A-134
47.B Indeterminate Beam Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . A-105 68.D Grouted Wall Section Properties. . . . . . . . . . A-135
47.C Moment Distribution Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . A-110 69.A Column Interaction Diagram
48.A ASTM Standards for Wire Reinforcement . . . A-111 (compression controls, g = 0.4) . . . . . . . . . A-136
52.A Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, 69.B Column Interaction Diagram
= 0.60 (round, 4 ksi concrete, (compression controls, g = 0.6) . . . . . . . . . A-137
60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-112 69.C Column Interaction Diagram
52.B Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, (compression controls, g = 0.8) . . . . . . . . . A-138
= 0.70 (round, 4 ksi concrete, 69.D Column Interaction Diagram
60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-113 (tension controls, g = 0.4) . . . . . . . . . . . . A-139
52.C Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, 69.E Column Interaction Diagram
= 0.75 (round, 4 ksi concrete, (tension controls, g = 0.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . A-140
60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-114 69.F Column Interaction Diagram
52.D Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, (tension controls, g = 0.8) . . . . . . . . . . . . A-141
= 0.80 (round, 4 ksi concrete, 70.A Mass Moments of Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-142
60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-115 76.A Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Flexible
52.E Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, Pavements (single axles and pt of 2.5) . . . . A-143
= 0.90 (round, 4 ksi concrete, 76.B Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Flexible
60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-116 Pavements (tandem axles and pt of 2.5). . . A-144
52.F Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, 76.C Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Flexible
= 0.60 (square, 4 ksi concrete, Pavements (triple axles and pt of 2.5) . . . . A-145
60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-117 77.A Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid
52.G Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, Pavements (single axles and pt of 2.5) . . . . A-146
= 0.70 (square, 4 ksi concrete, 77.B Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid
60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-118 Pavements (double axles and pt of 2.5) . . . A-147
52.H Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, 77.C Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid
= 0.75 (square, 4 ksi concrete, Pavements (triple axles and pt of 2.5) . . . . A-148
60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-119
78.A Oblique Triangle Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-149
52.I Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram,
84.A Polyphase Motor Classifications and
= 0.80 (square, 4 ksi concrete,
Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-150
60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-120
84.B DC and Single-Phase Motor Classifications
52.J Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram,
and Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-151
= 0.90 (square, 4 ksi concrete,
60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-121 85.A Thermoelectric Constants
for Thermocouples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-152
52.K Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram,
= 0.60 (uniplane, 4 ksi concrete, 87.A Standard Cash Flow Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . A-154
60 ksi steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-122 87.B Cash Flow Equivalent Factors . . . . . . . . . . . A-155

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
 Preface to the Fourteenth Edition
. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .

As I mentioned in the preface to the thirteenth edition, I methods or technology it uses for producing (typeset-
am chagrined to admit that I never read a single preface ting, illustrating, etc.) its books. For example, decades
while I was in college. Out of the prefaces of 100 or so ago, PPI brought out new editions when it stopped
textbooks written by witty, clever, dedicated, and inking illustrations with Rapidograph pens and
famous experts, I never read a single word. Since then, started rendering illustrations electronically. That
I’ve added hundreds of additional books to my library, hardly seems like big news these days. Slightly less
and I’ve only read a few of their prefaces. I certainly in the dark ages was PPI’s adoption of Donald
have never written to an author and said, “Hey, I loved Knuth’s then-revolutionary TeX programming lan-
your preface.” Nor have I ever received such a commu- guage for typesetting complex mathematical material,
nication about any book that I have written. So, why as well as the use of XML and MathML for anything
does a book even need a preface? that was destined for access via the internet. More
recently, the twelfth edition of this book was the first
The preface usually explains (a) why the author wanted to be published out of PPI’s proprietary online book
to write the book, (b) why the book turned out the way development and maintenance system affectionately
it did, and (c) how the book differs from the previous known as OBDAMS. Without these advances in pub-
edition. Whereas subsequent chapters after the preface lishing technology, you’d still be holding a book pro-
constitute a book’s brain, the preface constitutes a book’s duced on a typewriter with rub-down characters for
heart and soul. You don’t have to read its preface for a anything more complex than qwertyuiop.
book to have utility. The real “value” is in the subsequent
chapters. However, if you want a special connection with This fourteenth edition of the Civil Engineering Refer-
the book, if you want to get inside the author’s head, if ence Manual represents a complex agglomeration of the
you want to feel what you are learning, you should start reasons mentioned: revisions to exam codes and stan-
by reading its preface. dards, addition of new and improved material, changes
in how the exam is administered, and new publication
New books are written for a variety of reasons; new technology.
editions less so. Typically, new editions are written
to replace old editions that have become somehow The reasons this fourteenth edition turned out the way
inadequate. Although I’ve read some that come close, that it did are as complex as the reasons why it was
authors don’t intentionally write books to be inadequate written in the first place. First, like its predecessors, this
when they are first published; instead, their books just edition was developed in an ethical and professional
evolve into obsolescence and inadequacy over time. Now manner. This means that only the NCEES published
and then, however, the reason behind publishing a new outline of exam subjects guided me when I wrote this
edition is more complex. edition. It may seem strange to you that a book designed
For example, sometimes a perfectly good book can to help you pass the civil PE exam would not be based on
become suddenly obsolete due to an external event. This the actual exam content; however, though not associated
book has had many “sudden” new editions (and this with NCEES in any way, both PPI and I share its pas-
fourteenth edition is no exception), which were triggered sion for exam security. Therefore, no actual exam content
by some change to the civil PE exam. Typical exam is present in this book.
changes that have required publishing a new edition of Second, as a professional engineer, I understand it is my
this book include revisions to the codes and standards responsibility to protect the public, while still helping
on which the civil PE exam is based, as well as changes qualified applicants to prepare for their future careers as
to the exam’s body of knowledge, format, administra- engineers. This means that to help you review and learn
tion, and emphasis on (i.e., number of questions for) the engineering concepts necessary to pass the civil PE
each subject. exam (and thus, go on to protect the public), PPI went
Other times, new editions are driven by authors’ desire far beyond industry standards in getting content checked
to add new material or to improve preexisting material. and reviewed, edited, and proofread.
Sometimes they’re driven by a need to incorporate accu-
mulated corrections. Finally, this book is the way that it is because I wrote it
to be the kind of textbook I would want to help me learn
Rarely, due to the huge amount of work involved, new the concepts needed to pass the civil PE exam. You
editions are initiated when a publisher changes the won’t have to go very far to find someone who will tell

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
x C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L

you that this book goes far beyond the subjects covered largest replacement of content that took place in this
on the civil PE exam. This is true. I have my own idea of edition occurred in order to make material consistent
what engineering concepts the civil PE exam should with the NCEES-adopted codes and standards. (The
cover, and I’ve woven those concepts into this book. actual codes and standards used by this book are listed
You may disagree with this practice. Indeed, history in this book’s “Codes Used to Prepare This Book” sec-
has shown that my expectations of what an engineer tion of the front matter.)”
with a minimum of four years of experience should know
are very high. (You would probably have to read trade The structural chapters reflect NCEES’ reliance on
and industry publications every day to have the knowl- specific editions and releases of ACI 318, ACI 530 and
edge that I want you to have when you go in to take 530.1, AISC Steel Construction Manual, ASCE7, the
your civil PE exam.) However, I’ve incorporated those IBC, NDS, the PCI Design Handbook, and AASHTO
concepts because I don’t just want you to review or LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
learn “some engineering” from this book. Instead, I want
For concrete, solutions based on ACI 318 App. C may
you to actually be a better engineer for having read it.
not be used on the exam. This book provides solutions
Think of passing your exam as icing on the cake of being
using only ACI 318 Chap. 9 (the so-called “unified”)
a great engineer.
methods.
Regardless of why I wrote this edition, or why this edition
turned out the way that it did, inevitably, PPI’s Custo- For steel, you may still use either LRFD or ASD on the
mer Care (what PPI calls “Customer Service”) depart- exam. Therefore, this book presents both solving meth-
ment will need to answer the pre-purchase questions such ods in parallel so regardless of which method you choose
as, “What has changed?” and, “Do I really need to pur- to study—load and resistance factor design or allowable
chase this book?” and, “I have the 6th edition. Can I use stress design—you will be supported.
it?” This department also has to deal with irate custo- For masonry, only ASD may be used on the exam, with
mers who purchased the previous edition 25 months ago the exception that strength design (SD) Sec. 3.3.5 may
and swear they would have waited if they had known be used for walls with out-of-plane loads. This book
that Michael Lindeburg was writing a new edition. (Hey, provides ASD solutions, followed by SD solutions for
everyone: I’m always writing a new edition. But, only the additional reference.
publisher knows when it is coming out.)
As with the thirteenth edition, this book contains a
To answer those questions and to help the Customer chapter covering some bridge topics. Bridge rating is
Care department answer such questions, I’m writing not specifically identified by NCEES as an exam sub-
this script: “Yes. You absolutely need to get this new ject, although bits and pieces of bridge design, analysis,
edition. The author didn’t write it for nothing. He wrote and construction are implicit in other civil engineering
it because the exam changed. He wrote it because it is activities that are covered on the exam. Given the great
better. He wrote it because it’s more helpful, easier to likelihood of future transportation funding shortfalls,
understand, more complete, and better organized. This even with the ongoing dedicated and noble efforts of
edition differs from the 6th (or 7th, or 8th, etc.) edition our state DOTs, I feel that all professional engineers
in several hundred thousand ways. No, a zillion ways. should be able to speak about the U.S. transportation
You won’t know everything that’s changed, but you infrastructure. This bridges chapter is a stub that I
will benefit from the changes. You don’t use obsolete intend to continue to flesh out in future editions accord-
technology like a buggy whip, leaded fuel, a rotary-dial ing to my own observations.
phone, carbon paper, or an IBM Selectric typewriter any
more, do you? Instead, you drive a motorized car, use The transportation chapters reflect NCEES’ reliance on
unleaded fuel, talk ‘hands-free’ on your cell phone, send specific editions of AASHTO A Policy on Geometric
emails (from this same phone!), and type on your perso- Design of Highways and Streets (Green Book), AASHTO
nal laptop. The iPad™ has changed your life, and so will Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, AASHTO
this book. Still not convinced you need this edition? Let Roadside Design Guide, AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical
me put it another way: You wouldn’t study for your Pavement Design Guide, AASHTO Guide for the Plan-
driver’s license test using a 1968 copy of the DMV laws, ning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities, AI
would you? No, you wouldn’t. So, why then, would you The Asphalt Handbook, NRC Highway Capacity Man-
take a book based on obsolete material into the most ual, FHWA Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
important examination of your career? Don’t be penny- (MUTCD), FHWA Hydraulic Design of Highway Cul-
wise and pound-foolish. In fact, don’t be foolish, period. verts, and PCA Design and Control of Concrete
You need this fourteenth edition.” Mixtures.
To satisfy the marketing department, which inevitably The construction chapters reflect NCEES’ reliance
wants to know what’s changed since the thirteenth edi- on specific editions of ACI 318, ACI 347, ACI SP-4,
tion, I’ll say: “This book is completely consistent with the AISC Steel Construction Manual, ASCE 37, NDS,
NCEES exam content and breadth-and-depth format, CMWB Standard Practice for Bracing Masonry Walls
and it is equally representative of the codes and stan- During Construction, and OSHA Occupational Safety
dards NCEES has adopted for the exam. In fact, the and Health Standards for the Construction Industry.

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Astronomy - Field Notes
Spring 2024 - Program

Prepared by: Assistant Prof. Johnson

Date: August 12, 2025

Section 1: Literature review and discussion

Learning Objective 1: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 9: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Section 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 12: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 19: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Background 3: Critical analysis and evaluation
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 24: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 26: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 27: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Exercise 4: Experimental procedures and results
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 31: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 33: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 34: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Part 5: Case studies and real-world applications
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 46: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Summary 6: Current trends and future directions
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 53: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 55: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Chapter 7: Experimental procedures and results
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 64: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 8: Historical development and evolution
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 71: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 75: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 9: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Practice Problem 80: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 86: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 86: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Section 10: Historical development and evolution
Practice Problem 90: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 96: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 99: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Topic 11: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 103: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 104: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 105: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 107: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 109: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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