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Advances in Virus Research Volume 93 1st Edition Karl
Maramorosch Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Karl Maramorosch, Thomas Mettenleiter, Margaret Kielian
ISBN(s): 9780128021798, 0128021799
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 11.16 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
ADVISORY BOARD
DAVID BALTIMORE
PETER C. DOHERTY
HANS J. GROSS
BRYAN D. HARRISON
BERNARD MOSS
ERLING NORRBY
PETER PALUKAITIS
JOHN J. SKEHEL
MARC H.V. VAN REGENMORTEL
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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First edition 2015

© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
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Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by
the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices,
or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and
the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN: 978-0-12-802179-8
ISSN: 0065-3527

For information on all Academic Press publications

visit our website at store.elsevier.com
CONTRIBUTORS

Benjamas Aiamkitsumrit
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Virology and
Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel
University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Maxime Boutier
Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases,
Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
John P. Carr
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Andrew J. Davison
MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Jagger J.W. Harvey
Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute
(BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya, and Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food
Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Joanna Jazowiecka-Rakus
Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases,
Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Gregor Meyers
Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal
Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
Neena Mitter
Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland,
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Léa Morvan
Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases,
Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Gerardine Mukeshimana
Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute
(BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya, and Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources,
Kigali, Rwanda
Michael R. Nonnemacher
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Virology and
Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel
University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

vii
viii Contributors

Ma. Michelle D. Peñaranda

Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases,
Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Vanessa Pirrone
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Virology and
Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel
University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Krzysztof Rakus
Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases,
Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Maygane Ronsmans
Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases,
Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
David M. Stone
The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory,
Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
Neil T. Sullivan
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Virology and
Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel
University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Norbert Tautz
Institute for Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
Birke Andrea Tews
Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal
Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
Steven J. van Beurden
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht,
The Netherlands
Catherine Vancsok
Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases,
Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Alain Vanderplasschen
Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases,
Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Francis O. Wamonje
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Contributors ix

Keith Way
The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory,
Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
Brian Wigdahl
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Virology and
Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel
University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Elizabeth A. Worrall
Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland,
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 CHAPTER ONE

Bean Common Mosaic Virus and

Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis
Virus: Relationships, Biology,
and Prospects for Control
Elizabeth A. Worrall*, Francis O. Wamonje†,
Gerardine Mukeshimana{,}, Jagger J.W. Harvey{,*,
John P. Carr†,1, Neena Mitter*,1
*Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Queensland, Australia
†
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
{
Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub,
Nairobi, Kenya
}
Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Kigali, Rwanda
1
Corresponding authors: e-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected]

Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. Taxonomy 3
3. Genome and Structure 9
4. Infection and Symptoms 11
5. Geographic Distribution 16
6. Host Range 18
7. Transmission 19
7.1 Seed Transmission 19
7.2 Aphid-Mediated Transmission 21
7.3 Molecular Determinants of Aphid-Mediated Transmission and Host Effects 23
8. Control Measures 26
8.1 Genetic Resistance and Future Potential for Its Exploitation 26
8.2 Interference with Transmission of BCMV and BCMNV 29
9. Grand Challenges: An African Perspective on Control of BCMV and BCMNV 31
9.1 BCMV and BCMNV: Threats to African Smallholder Survival and Prosperity 31
9.2 Combating BCMV and BCMNV 33
Acknowledgments 35
References 35

Advances in Virus Research, Volume 93 # 2015 Elsevier Inc. 1

ISSN 0065-3527 All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2015.04.002
2 Elizabeth A. Worrall et al.

Abstract
The closely related potyviruses Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common
mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) are major constraints on common bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris) production. Crop losses caused by BCMV and BCMNV impact severely not only
on commercial scale cultivation of this high-value crop but also on production by small-
holder farmers in the developing world, where bean serves as a key source of dietary
protein and mineral nutrition. In many parts of the world, progress has been made in
combating BCMV through breeding bean varieties possessing the I gene, a dominant
gene conferring resistance to most BCMV strains. However, in Africa, and in particular in
Central and East Africa, BCMNV is endemic and this presents a serious problem for
deployment of the I gene because this virus triggers systemic necrosis (black root
disease) in plants possessing this resistance gene. Information on these two important
viruses is scattered throughout the literature from 1917 onward, and although reviews
on resistance to BCMV and BCMNV exist, there is currently no comprehensive review on
the biology and taxonomy of BCMV and BCMNV. In this chapter, we discuss the current
state of our knowledge of these two potyviruses including fundamental aspects of
classification and phylogeny, molecular biology, host interactions, transmission through
seed and by aphid vectors, geographic distribution, as well as current and future
prospects for the control of these important viruses.

1. INTRODUCTION
The genus Potyvirus is the largest of the eight genera currently assigned
to the Family Potyviridae by the International Committee on Taxonomy of
Viruses (ICTV, 2013). Potyvirus is the largest currently recognized genus of
plant-infecting positive-strand RNA viruses and comprises 146 virus species
(ICTV, 2013; Ivanov et al., 2014). The taxonomy of potyviruses is con-
stantly changing due to frequent descriptions of new candidates, ambiguous
serological data between viruses and isolates, variability in viral host range
and differences in symptomatology between strains of the same species
(Ali et al., 2006). Gibbs, Trueman, and Gibbs (2008) and Gibbs,
Ohshima, et al. (2008) suggested that the Potyviridae family underwent a
major speciation event approximately 6600 years ago, which coincides with
the dawn of plant domestication. Indeed, these authors argue convincingly
that it was the invention of agriculture, the subsequent migrations of humans
into new arable areas, and the establishment of trade routes that spread these
viruses and created the conditions for the evolutionary radiation of this fam-
ily of viruses, and in particular those of the Potyvirus genus, into so many
species (Gibbs, Ohshima, et al., 2008). This relatively recent diversification
of species may explain the “star-burst” appearance of phylogenetic trees
Bean Common Mosaic Virus and Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis Virus 3

constructed for “potyvirids” with more than 100 Potyvirus species forming a
compact cluster with a short branch to the Rymovirus cluster and longer bra-
nches to other potyvirid genera (Gibbs, Ohshima, et al., 2008).
Potyviruses can be separated into five basal lineages: the Sugarcane mosaic
virus group; the Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) group; the Onion yellow
dwarf virus group, and the Pea seedborne mosaic virus group. In addition, there
are two supergroups: the Potato virus Y (PVY) supergroup and the Bean common
mosaic virus (BCMV) supergroup (Gibbs & Ohshima, 2010). The phylo-
geographic pattern of the species within the BCMV lineage suggests that this
group originated in South and East Asia (Gibbs, Ohshima, et al., 2008; Gibbs,
Trueman, et al., 2008). It is estimated that 3600 years ago, the BCMV lineage
first emerged and now includes 19 virus species, including BCMV itself
and the closely related Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) (A.J.
Gibbs, personal communication; Gibbs, Trueman, et al., 2008).
BCMV and BCMNV are the most common and most destructive viruses
that infect common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as well as a range of other
cultivated and wild legumes (reviewed by Morales, 2006). Yield losses due
to BCMV and BCMNV can be as high as 100% (Damayanti et al., 2008;
Li et al., 2014; Saqib et al., 2010; Singh & Schwartz, 2010; Verma &
Gupta, 2010). In this chapter, we aim to clarify the current taxonomy of
BCMV and BCMNV by including a comprehensive list of currently known
strains as well as summarizing the symptoms, geographical distribution, hosts
and transmission properties of BCMV and BCMNV. This chapter also pre-
sents an up-to-date phylogenetic tree using all current BCMV and BCMNV
fully sequenced genomes (GenBank, accessed September 2014). We will
also summarize the current understanding of BCMV and BCMNV genome
organization, gene expression, and the known or suspected functions of the
viral proteins in infection and pathogenesis. Finally, we will discuss future
control measures for BCMV and BCMNV with particular emphasis on
the challenges of controlling these viruses in developing countries.

2. TAXONOMY
The taxonomy of BCMV and BCMNV has undergone major changes
and this section aims to clarify its current status. Prior to 1934, BCMV was
variously named Bean virus 1, Bean mosaic virus, and Phaseolus virus 1
(Morales & Bos, 1988). The originally identified BCMV isolate was lost,
and all reports on the virus from its discovery in 1917 until 1943 presumed
4 Elizabeth A. Worrall et al.

Table 1 Reactions of Bean Cultivars for the Seven Pathotypes of Bean Common Mosaic
Virus (BCMV) and Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis Virus (BCMNV)
Pathotype
Differential Cultivar I II III IV V VI VII
Dubbele Witte S S S S S S S
Sutter Pink S S S S S S S
Redland’s Greenleaf “C” R S/T R S S/T S/T S/T
Puregold Wax R S/T R S S/T S/T S
Redland’s Greenleaf “B” R R R S R S S
Great Northern 123 R R R S R T S
Sanilac R R S R S S R
Red Mexican 34 R R S R S S R
Monroe R R R R R R S
Great Northern 31 R R R R R R S
Table altered from Drijfhout et al. (1978), cultivars presumed to carry dominant or recessive alleles of in-
hibitor gene I grown under greenhouse conditions: 16-h daylight, 23–26 °C mean day temperature (range
20–30 °C). Key: S, susceptible: moderate-to-severe systemic mosaic, virus recoverable by assay from tip
growth. T, tolerant: systemic symptoms may be mild, atypical, delayed, or absent. Virus recoverable by assay
from tip growth. R, resistant: no systemic symptoms. Virus not recoverable by assay from tip growth.

that all BCMV strains were pathogenically identical (Drijfhout et al., 1978).
But following the discovery of distinct BCMV pathogenic groups in 1943,
differential symptoms in 10 bean cultivars were used to classify strains into
the seven pathogenic groups (I–VII) (Drijfhout et al., 1978) (Table 1). Fur-
thermore, data based on coat protein (CP, see Section 3) serology as well as
analyses of proteolytic digests of CPs and the differential responses of various
bean cultivars to infection led to the categorization of BCMV strains into
two serotypes: A and B (Drijfhout et al., 1978; McKern et al., 1992;
Vetten et al., 1992). The A and B serotypes were subsequently reclassified
as distinct viral species named BCMNV and BCMV, respectively (Berger
et al., 1997).
BCMNV, the former BCMV serotype A, has only five identified
strains (TN-1, NL-3, NL-3K, NL-5, and NL-8) (Table 2) (McKern
et al., 1992; McKern et al., 1994; Mink & Silbernagel, 1992). BCMV,
the former serotype B, contains many strains including some that were
previously considered to be distinct viruses, such as peanut stripe virus
(PStV), blackeye cowpea mosaic virus, Dendrobium mosaic virus (DeMV),
Bean Common Mosaic Virus and Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis Virus 5

Table 2 Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis Virus (BCMNV) Strain Information

Complete
Sequence
Strain Pathotype Origin (Accession #) References
NL-3 VI Netherlands NC_004047 Fang et al. (1995)
(NL-3 (D) U19287 McKern et al. (1992)
or Michelite) AY282577
AY138897
NL-3K VI Idaho, USA AY864314 Larsen et al. (2005)
Miklas et al. (2000)
NL-5 VI Netherlands HQ229993 Larsen et al. (2011)
(Jolanda) McKern et al. (1992)
NL-8 III Netherlands HQ229994 Drijfhout et al. (1978)
Larsen et al. (2011)
TN-1 VI Tanzania HQ229995 Silbernagel et al. (1986)
(Tanzania) Larsen et al. (2011)
Full genomic sequences were collected as of September 2014 from GenBank. Complete sequence avail-
able but no strain identification: HG792063. Key: D, indicates that the common NL-3 strain originates
from Drijfhout et al. (1978); K, acknowledges the identification at Kimberly, ID, USA; NL, Netherlands;
TN, Tanzania.

and Azuki bean mosaic virus (AzMV) (Table 3) (Hu et al., 1995; Khan et al.,
1993; McKern et al., 1992; Mink & Silbernagel, 1992; Tsuchizaki & Omura,
1987). Currently, there are 22 complete BCMV genome sequences and 9
complete BCMNV genome sequences available through NCBI. Sequence
data for CP genes and 30 -untranslated regions have been used extensively to
place BCMV isolates taxonomically (Fang et al., 1995; Sharma et al., 2011).
As a result, most partial or complete sequences of BCMV or BCMNV are
for the CP gene. Figure 1 shows the phylogenetic tree of the full genomes of
available BCMV and BCMNV strains as of September 2014 in GenBank. In
the phylogenetic tree, 22 BCMV sequences show more diversity when
compared to the 9 tightly grouped BCMNV sequences (with PVY as the
outgroup).
Mixed potyvirus infections can result in interspecific recombination that
can facilitate the genesis of new virus strains. It was demonstrated under
experimental conditions that by doubly inoculating bean plants that were
resistant to one but susceptible to the other virus, recombinants of BCMV
US-5 and BCMNV NL-8 could be generated (Silbernagel et al., 2001).
Subsequently, an isolate of BCMNV with enhanced pathogenicity,
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 Law - Exercise Book
Spring 2024 - Institute

Prepared by: Professor Jones

Date: July 28, 2025

Lesson 1: Statistical analysis and interpretation

Learning Objective 1: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 8: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Discussion 2: Practical applications and examples
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 11: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 12: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 16: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 24: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 28: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 29: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Results 4: Best practices and recommendations
Practice Problem 30: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 31: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 34: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 39: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 5: Study tips and learning strategies
Example 40: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 6: Learning outcomes and objectives
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 53: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 55: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 59: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 7: Learning outcomes and objectives
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 67: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 8: Learning outcomes and objectives
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 73: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 74: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 75: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 9: Experimental procedures and results
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 81: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 82: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Appendix 10: Critical analysis and evaluation
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 95: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 96: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 99: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 11: Critical analysis and evaluation
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 101: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 106: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 106: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 108: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 110: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Topic 12: Current trends and future directions
Example 110: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 112: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 119: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 13: Study tips and learning strategies
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 121: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 122: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 126: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 128: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 129: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 130: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Part 14: Fundamental concepts and principles
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 131: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 132: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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