Thanatourism Case Studies in Travel To The Dark Side 1st Edition Tony Johnston Pascal Mandelartz Download
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List of images
1.1: Tourists visit a derelict hotel from the 1984 Winter Olympics 5
1.2: A city cemetery with graves from the 1992-1995 conflict, The Tunnel Museum 9
1.3: A war damaged building in Sarajevo 10
1.4: Tourists peer through holes in the 1984 Winter Olympic bobsled luge 13
2.1: Rubble, Decay, Potential, by Dirk Schäpers 27
2.2: Nature reclaiming a building, by Dirk Schäpers 28
2.3: The Still life of a building, by Dirk Schäpers 37
4.1: Photos of Whitby/ illuminated Abbey 69
4.2: Photo of person posing 70
4.3: Cologne Cathedral 72
4.4: Photograph of Victorian Goths 73
4.5: Photos of Market stalls, Whitby 74
4.6: Steam Punk Santa. 79
5.1: Deborah D51 1919, amid the destruction of war 87
5.2: Deborah D51 2015, reincarnated 87
5.3: The author, 2010, with the ghosts of 1917 88
5.4: Letter to Mr. Foote from Frank Heap, November 1917 91
5.5: Frank Heap, 1930s, climbing in the Lake District 93
5.6: Letter to Mr Foote from John Heap, 2009 99
7.1: Martinelli, Giovanni Memento Mori (Death Comes to the Dinner Table) 122
7.2: Climber James Mitchell on ‘The Nose’, El Capitan, Yosemite National Park 126
7.3: Death and the Old Man from Holbein’s The Dance of Death 137
7.4: The Abbot. Woodcut from The Dance of Death 137
Introduction
This book explores the topic of thanatourism, or dark tourism, a form of tour-
ism where tourists visit sites primarily associated with death and disaster. The
editors and authors have long been researching thanatourism. Collectively
we have visited hundreds of death sites, in more than two dozen countries, in
personal and professional capacities, for over a decade. From meeting survi-
vors at extermination camps, to interviewing DNA specialists at mass graves,
to having a beer with Goths at gothic festivals, the authors have collectively
encountered the widest spectrum of sites, people and issues affected by thana-
tourism. Collectively we have read hundreds of papers on the topic, attended
dedicated conferences, presented our research, provided media features and
taught the subject at various levels. We attempt to bring these rich affectations
to life in this book, offering what we hope will be considered a useful and timely
contribution to thanatourism teaching and scholarship.
The book is aimed primarily as a resource for teaching undergraduate level
students who have some prior knowledge of dark tourism. The text is not
intended to introduce dark tourism, nor attempt to redefine it. Rather the book
offers a series of case studies which provide material for in-class discussion,
support for term papers and assignments and observations on methodological
challenges which may be beneficial to those writing dissertations on travel to
the dark side. While we make no attempt to redefine dark tourism, the case
studies offered within are broad and stretch the boundaries of the field.
has significant personal meaning for him. We come from different backgrounds
and our contributors have variously studied tourism, geography, business
management and journalism. The result, we hope is that the book develops the
classic themes, but also stretches the margins of what can be considered ‘dark
tourism’.
Chapter outlines
Chapter 1 focuses on traditional battlefield and war tourism sites and aims to
stimulate undergraduates into considering secondary data sources in dark tour-
ism research. The chapter presents a case study and proposed methodology for
analysing dark tourism blog data, followed by analysis of a large volume of
data related to consumption of the 1992-1995 Siege of Sarajevo. This is a chapter
of its time – when Lennon and Foley coined the term dark tourism in 1996 it was
likely that they were inspired by primary data observed in field. Today there
is a wealth of secondary dark tourism data available which would have been
unimaginable two decades earlier. There are thousands of travel blogs across
the world’s major blogging sites which contain rich and often emotive descrip-
tions of personal encounters with death.
The book then moves to discuss tourism, not to sites associated with the death
of people, but the death (and possible rebirth) of sites themselves. The chapter
focuses on urban exploration, with Mandelartz examining how derelict sites
and places can act as a precursor to mass tourism. The purpose of the chapter
is to consider the role of place in dark tourism, prompting students to consider
how the atmospheric qualities of a place contribute to its appeal. While urban
exploration is not perhaps a dark form of travel, it is certainly a form of leisure
activity which has resonance with many of the themes frequently discussed
in dark tourism literature, as it is concerned with the aesthetic appeal of dark
spaces and places but also creates a link to heritage. The travel to memorials has
previously been included in the notion of thanatourism, and urban explorers
often pay tribute to abandoned sites by documenting and valuing them.
Chapter 3 tackles some of the concerns faced by guardians of dark tourism
sites. Networking, commercialisation and strategic approaches to delivering
particular visitor experiences are explored, with reference to various well-dis-
cussed attractions, including Pompeii and ghost tours. Site management issues
facing the managers of dark sites are discussed in practical terms, prompting
students to consider how they might sensitively interact and network with other
tourism and hospitality businesses should they be employed in such positions
in future. The chapter additionally explores the importance of the ‘story’ at the
dark tourism attraction.
Chapter 4 begins to stretch the definition of dark tourism and looks not at
tourism impacts at specific sites of death, but rather at the travel habits of those
viii Thanatourism: Case Studies in Travel to the Dark Side
who are interested in the Gothic subculture and representations of death. The
chapter draws on primary data obtained at the Whitby Goth Weekend, a large
bi-annual gathering of Gothic subculture lovers in the small market town of
Whitby on the North East Coast of England. Whitby, one of the main locations in
Stoker’s Dracula, reaps great economic benefit from the festival and Mandelartz
explores some of the reasons the town is frequented by those passionate about
the Gothic subculture. The chapter also broadly establishes the characteristics
of ‘Goth Tourism’, proposing that Goth travel habits could be mapped against
four ‘Hs’; Habitat, Heritage, History and Handicrafts.
Chapter 5, by Tim Heap, is a reflection on travel to a battlefield site, specifi-
cally to visit a tank from the First World War. The chapter challenges academic
and contemporary definitions of dark tourism, adopting a personal and emotive
tone throughout. Heap begins by noting that circular definitions of dark tour-
ism over the past two decades have been to the detriment of the field and that
several arguments and notions have become established, with little empirical
evidence to give them credence. Heap proposes that the field needs to emerge
‘out of darkness into light’, to acknowledge the positive encounters between
visitors and emotions at sites.
Chapter 6, by Geoff Shirt, returns to the oft-cited and notorious death camp
of Auschwitz-Birkenau in Southern Poland. The camp, arguably the pinnacle, or
benchmark, in dark tourism scholarship, provides many challenging questions
which merit further attention. Shirt delves into some of the practicalities faced
by the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, which variously include ecological
management, architectural preservation, site carrying capacity and contestation
of history. The camp will likely be very familiar to students who have previ-
ously encountered dark tourism literature; it is arguably the pinnacle site in the
research, given the scale and notoriety of the atrocity, the volume of visitors and
the relative proximity of the event.
In Chapter 7, Marson provides an overview of the theoretical relationship
between death and adventure tourism. The chapter argues that the nature of
the commodification of adventure allows for death to be perceived in different
ways. Marson broadens the debate surrounding dark tourism by incorporating
niche tourism products such as adventure into the discussion, encouraging
students to think about the relationship between ‘darkness’, death, tourism
and adventure that also incorporates the thrill and excitement of extraordinary
activities.
Chapter 8 returns to a more traditional, if lesser known, dark tourism site.
John Phillips explores the village of Eyam, an English village in the Derbyshire
Dales which suffered an outbreak of the Bubonic Plague in 1655. The villag-
ers quarantined themselves and the village effectively survived the disease,
albeit with huge numbers dying over the fourteen month period. In the chapter
Introduction ix
students are encouraged to think about how a historic event has become com-
modified and why controversy exists surrounding the commercialisation of an
event in the distant past.
Chapter 9 remains with the theme of commercialisation and returns to the
notorious Auschwitz-Birkenau to examine the online promotion of the camp
by private tour operators. As with Chapter 2, a range of secondary data is pre-
sented, drawn from the websites of Polish tour companies who cater for tourists
to Auschwitz. In the chapter we examine the language, images and approach
adopted by these operators. The chapter particularly encourages students to
think about the means and methods of commercialising the camp and what
implications this might have for management; many of these concerns are also
raised by Shirt in Chapter 6.
Chapter 10 concludes the book with an exploration of the complexities in
teaching war history to school groups, with a particular focus on the battle-
grounds of the First World War and Second World War. Heap draws on over a
decade of experience of leading school groups to dark sites and his chapter will
have great resonance with educators who are similarly dedicated to field based
learning. Heap structures the chapter into three stages; ‘the plan of attack’,
the ‘operational phase’ and the ‘debrief’, drawing on military terminology to
organise his reflection on the visits.
Finally, a note on the cover image. This photograph was kindly provided by
Khan Yang, a doctoral student in tourism at the University of Derby, Buxton.
Khan was asked to supply an image, given his interest in many of the places
discussed in the book and his keen interest in art and photography. However,
rather than choose a traditional dark tourism image such as skulls, graves or
a notorious site, Khan opted for an image of a scarecrow, made of hay. The
photograph was deliberately chosen to be juxtaposed against the conventional
images used by academia and the media to illustrate thanatourism. There are
too many black and white artistic photographs of barb wire from Auschwitz-
Birkenau for example, which are used to depict thanatourism. We wanted to
move away from the conventional and into the abstract and hence the choice of
the ‘hayman’.
The image comes from a series of pictures that Khan took with his father
during a visit to a small village in Yunnan, China in 2014. The village gener-
ally did not feature on any tourist itineraries, so a few young villagers created
some haymen and randomly placed them across the village roads and between
houses. This was surprisingly popular with tourists who would come to enjoy
a family day out, and the haymen collection quickly became an object of desire
for tourists’ photos. Tourists posted their photos with scared faces online, and
the village became incredibly popular for the summer season.
x Thanatourism: Case Studies in Travel to the Dark Side
Abstract
Between 1992 and 1995, Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia-Herzegovina, was subjected
to the longest siege in recent European warfare. This chapter explores tourist consump-
tion of the post-war landscapes of the siege, as recorded by travel bloggers between 2002
and 2013. Adopting an experiential perspective and drawing on blog entries for data, the
chapter contributes to understanding the thanatourist experience. The chapter reveals
travel blogs as a useful data source for thanatourism research; proposing that they rep-
resent a valuable resource for rich and reflective data in an emotionally charged environ-
ment.
Learning outcomes
1 To develop an understanding of how war is consumed by tourists.
2 To develop an appreciation of a potential secondary data source available for
thanatourism research.
3 To understand the process used to rigorously analyse thanatourism blog data.
2 Thanatourism: Case Studies in Travel to the Dark Side
Introduction
Thanatourism, often termed dark tourism, has variously been defined as “travel
to a location wholly, or partially, motivated by the desire for actual or symbolic
encounters with death” (Seaton, 1996: 240), “the presentation and consumption
(by visitors) of real and commodified death and disaster sites” (Foley & Lennon,
1996: 198) and recently by Stone (2011: 318) as “the social scientific study of
tourism and tourists associated with sites of death, disaster or the seemingly
macabre”. Although it is not a new phenomenon, thanatourism is an increas-
ingly pervasive feature of the contemporary tourism landscape, Stone (2006).
Since its inception as an academic term in 1996, the majority of thanatour-
ism research has focused on site characteristics, with significantly less research
exploring the tourist experience, Stone and Sharpley (2008: 592), a viewpoint
affirmed by Seaton (2009a). In recent years research has started to address the
supply-demand imbalance (see Bigley, Lee, Chon & Yoon et al, 2010; Biran,
Poria & Oren, 2011; Dunkley, Morgan & Westwood, 2011; Hyde & Harman,
2011; Sharpley, 2012) by focusing on experience and motivation, approached
primarily through interviews, large sample surveys and ethnography.
The overall aim of this research was to examine the thanatourism experience
in Sarajevo through travel blog data. Despite recent attention turning towards
the thanatourism experience, little research exists on tourist consumption of
conflict in Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia-Herzegovina and one of the worst
war damaged cities of the late 20th century. There is equally little work in thana-
tourism which utilizes travel blogs as a data source. This chapter addresses
these gaps in the literature, suggesting that blogs are a potentially useful data
source in understanding the thanatourism experience in Sarajevo. The research
had two objectives:
1 To explore through online travel blogs, the tourist experience of conflict
in Sarajevo;
2 To assess the usefulness of travel blogs as a data source for thanatourism
experiential research.
Literature review
Thanatourism, describing tourism to sites of death, has been termed ’dark tour-
ism’ (Foley and Lennon, 1996), ‘Holocaust tourism’ (Ashworth, 2002), ‘morbid
tourism’ (Blom, 2000), ‘black spots’ (Rojek, 1993) and the ‘heritage of atrocity’
(Ashworth, 2004). Although the terminology is often blurred and contested
(Seaton, 2009a) thanatourism, in its broadest sense, has become one of the most
popular areas of study in tourism research (Stone, 2012).
The majority of thanatourism research has emerged within tourism journals
and tourism paradigms, but it has attracted significant interest across the dis-
1: Blogging the Dark Side of Travel 3
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