1.

PC INTEGRATION

AIM:

To integrate the different computer peripherals and components that is given to

make a PC.

COMPONENTS REQURIED:

1. System Case ( with SMPS)

2. Motherboard
3. RAM
4. Processor
5. Processor Fan
6. Hard Disk Drive
7. Floppy Disk Drive
8. CD-ROM Drive
9. Power Cord
10.Mouse
11.Keyboard
12.Monitor
13.IDE and Floppy Data Cables
14.Screws and Tool Boxes
15.Power Cords

THEORY:
USER GUIDE:
THE SYSTEM CASE AND THE POWER SUPPLY:
A good power supply means that the components receive steady, even power and
a good cooling system means that the components do not overheat. The power supply
must be compatible with the motherboard. The power supply motherboard and power
supply will conform to the ATX standard. A prime consideration for power supply is the
wattage output. Power supply must have a connector for each device that to be
connected, including the motherboard.
CPU (Central Processing Unit):
Most of the new computer comes with a Intel Pentium 4 processor or an Intel
Celeron processor or an AMD athlon XP processor. 64-bit processor is also now available.
Essentially it will do double the work that a 32-bit processor can do in a single clock
cycle.
MOTHERBOARD:
 Most motherboard today is high power and tends to be bundled with the entire
new classic. The real important thing is that everything must be compatible with the
motherboard. The compatibility of the expansion slot and the number of expansion card
slots should be checked.
RAM (Random Access Memory):
Generally the saving is incredible and large amount of fast memory will improve
the performances. When RAM is unreliable it can contribute to crashes. The processor
can calculate all it wants but how quickly it is given information and how quickly it is
retrained will be controlled by the memory. If the motherboard supports dual channel,
the RAM in a pair of two can be used. The voltage of the memory is checked and
matched to what the motherboard supports.
GRAPHICS CARD:
The motherboard is checked for the expansion slots for graphics card. The video
include on the motherboard is usually sufficient for most tasks expect gaming a video
related work. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port runs at 1x, 2x, 4x and 8x is the speed of
PCI slot, which is usually most of the expansion slots will be PCI express run at 1).
HARD DRIVE:
There are two basic types of hard drive, IDE hard drive, and the faster and never
SATA drive. Most hard drives now are 40GB and up to about 500GB.
CD/DVD DRIVE:
There two drives are called optical drives. As for as speed goes 1x is the speed of
the first generation CD devices. It’s generally agreed upon as around 150kbps. A 48x CD-
ROM drive would then be 7200kbps. DVD-ROM drive uses the same measure except that
a 1x DVD-1 can read around 1,250kbps.
FLOPPY DRIVES:
Usually the 3-½ inch floppy drive with built in memory card, USB 2.0 and firmware.
The 5-¼ drives can be used to access old floppies. These days a floppy drive is not entire
necessary. However being able to boot off of a floppy drive for diagnostically purpose
can be convenient in some ways than booting off a CD.
SOUND CARD AND SPEAKERS:
The sound card brands like creative offer the best high quality pieces of sound.
The sound card with a plug and play plug can support joystick. The speaker can have a
subwoofer sometimes sound capabilities include on the motherboard are more than
adequate.
MONITOR:
A good LCD screen will be crisp and clear and may be easier on our eyes. Many
people recommend CRT screens, which are sold lower costs for the equivalent size and
resolution flat panel display are not always visible for certain angles or look odd from
others resolution that flat panel screen are different from flat screen flat screen only
means the surface of the viewing surface is flat as opposed to flat panel screens which
are only an inch or so thick.
KEYBOARD AND MOUSE:
The Logitech and Microsoft brands don’t break down as easily and Logitech has
the finger printer and I/O pen device, for writing hand written notes optical mice, don’t
need to be cleaned out. For an ordinary computer a generic mouse and keyboard may be
fine.
DAIL-UP MODEMS:
Most modems now are stick speed modem it is advisable to get a 56k card to
expiree the faster connection speeds the ISP (Internet Service Provider) can provide. Two
predefine standard exist V.90 and V.92. The different is that V.92 has some extra
features that allow to stop the internet connection temporary and receive a call Mac also
has a new USB connectable modem with polycarbonate plastic, so it won’t brake.
STEPS INVOLVED IN ASSEMBLING A PC:
OPENING THE EMPTY CASE:
Two side panels can be individually removed after undoing the screws. Some
cases have a one-piece outer corner in shape of an upside of an upside down’U’.

FITTING THE MOTHERBOARD:

The case with a slide-out tray, process a very elegant way to install the
motherboard and all of its components. Some cases have a mounting plate fixed
permanently to the plate. In the type, case should be first laid on its side.
Next, screw in the spacer mounts fixing the motherboard cases is normal
designed to accept any motherboard. The available holes are compared with the ones
the motherboard to determine where to fit threaded spaces.
INSTALLING THE CPU AND COOLER:
First the CPU is inserted in its socket do this, the small lever at the side of the is
raised. If the CPU is examined from under these is a pin missing at one corner. This
corner is matched with the corner on the socket where is a hole missing. The processor
is knifed in this way to make sure, it is inserted correctly once the process is installed the
leaner is locked back down.
Then the thermal pate or a thermal pad is applied to the top of the CPU. This will
help to transfer heat from the processor to the cooler.
MOUNTING THE COOLER:
A cooler made of copper is recommended, since this material is a very efficient
heat conductor. There are two type of cooler one suitable for both socket A1456 and
socket 370,or one first for socket 423 (Pentium 4).
FAN POWER CONNECTION:
 The connector lead for the fan has three wires. Two of these easy the power, the
third is used for monitoring the speed of the fan. Therefore, the BIOS is always aware of
the speed at which the fan is running.
INSTALLING THE RAM:
The RAM must be suitable for the motherboard these are currently three types of
RAM available. SDRAM, DDR-SDRAM and RDRAM. The RAM is line up with its slot before
installing it. Then, the module is carefully pressed into the slot. The notch will snap into
its key as soon as one side is seated correctly.
GRAPHICS SOUND AND NETWORK CARDS:
Graphics cards are usually fitted in the AGP slot provided specifically for this
purpose. These are brown in color in contract to the PCI slots and are generally located
in the center of the motherboard. Select a PCI slots for each of other plug-in cards
including the sound card. Before fitting an expansion card, remove the appropriate slot
insert from the back panel of the case.
INSTALLING THE HARD DISK AND FLOPPY DISK:
Two screws per side on each drive are used. Hard disk running at 7,200 rpm can
quickly reach temperature in excess of 50 c. therefore there should be some space
above them to prevent heat buildup. The power supply fan is normally powerful enough
to provide adequate air circulation inside the case.
INSTALLING THE CD-ROM DRIVE:
Installing a CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk. If the metal panels of
the case are pre-stamped it should be either taken out using metal cutter or knocked out
using force. When we have opened it, we can feed the CD-ROM drive in and screw it into
place.
CONNECTING THE CABLES:
There are two main cable type 34-pin cable for the floppy drive and the 40-pin IDE
cable (with 80 wires) for the hard disk and CD cable are always color-coded to show
pin1.mast drive also provide some kind of identification for pin1. if this is not the case,
then pin is the one next to the power plug.
DRIVE POWER CONNECTORS:
Power supplies are fitted with at least five plugs for delivering power to the drive a
splitter cable provides two connectors from a single one. The corners of the plug and
sockets are keyed to ensure correct polarity floppy drives have smaller plugs, which are
easily recognized among the cables coming from the power supply recognized among
the cables coming from the power supply. Finally there is the large ATX plug that plugs
into the power socket on the motherboard. ATX12 or P6 should be connected where
required.
FRONT PANEL CONNECTORS:
 All motherboard group the pins that provide front panel functions at bottom right
of the board. The reset and ON/OFF switch will works no matter how they are connected
but the LEDs will not light up if they are connected in reverse polarity. If the disk active is
heard but the LED does not light, they simply reverse the plug.

KEYBOARD AND MOUSE

CPU FAN CONNECTOR

ATX 20 PIN
USB PORTS POWER
CONNECTOR

PROCESSOR
(CPU)
AT 12 PIN
SERIAL AND POWER
PARALLEL CONNECTOR
PORTS

+12V 4 PIN POWER IDE 1 IDE 2

CONNECTOR

NORTH
BRIDGE

AUDIO JACKS
AND GAME
PORT

`
RAM SLOTS
PIN IDE CONNECTORS
DUAL HEADER 20 X 2

CONNECTOR
PIN FLOPPY DISK
DUAL HEADER 17 X 2

ACCELERATED GRAPHICS PORT

SOUTH
BRIDGE

BIOS BIOS
BATTERY

PCI SLOTS

DUAL HEADER
5 X 2 PIN USB
CONNECTORS
USB 1
 USB 2
FRONT PANEL
CONNECTORS

FINAL CHECK:
Now all the components are fitted and connected. Before booting the system we
have to recheck everything
Consider the following:
 Motherboard jumper configuration
 Drive jumper settings
 Processor, RAM modules and plug-in cards are firmly seated in their sockets.
 All the cables are plugged properly
 The power cable have been connected to all drives
After checking all of the above, the pc can be started and operating system can be
installed. Before calling technical service, a little common sense may help to solve
simple hardware and software problems.
STEPS FOR TROUBLESHOOTING AFTER ASSEMBLING:
STEP 1:
Restart the computer; many software problems will correct themselves when the
computer is restarted.
STEP 2:
Check the cables. If keyboard is not working make sure its plugged in. if mouse is
not responding make sure it’s plugged in.
STEP 3:
Check the electric power. Plug a loop into the same power outlet that’s connected
to your computer to make sure the outlet is working.
SYEP 4:
Make sure the computer and monitor are plugged in.
STEP 5:
Disconnect peripherals device such as a printer or external zip disk and restart the
computer.
STEP 6:
Listen for unusual sounds. Check whether the cooling fan is running. Check
whether the hard drive is making noises.
STEP 7:
 Look inside the computer for wires that aren’t plugged in all the way or other fault
connection.
STEP 8:
Start the computer from an external start-up disk, such as the system software CD
that can with your system.
TIPS AND WARNINGS:
 Note down the exact problem, what you were doing when it occurred and error
message before calling tectonically support.
 Computer tends to crash or hang when their hard disks become too full. Free up
space by deleting in necessary files and emptying the trash or recycle bin.
 When working inside the computer, turn the power off but leave the electrical card
plugged into the surge suppressor. Ground yourself by touching the casing of the
power supply before touching any of the computer circuit.

RESULT:
The different components of the PC are integrated.
 2.STUDY OF LOGICAL ANALYZER

AIM
To study the logical analyzer for timing analysis of 8085 microprocessor kit and to study
the menu’s and settings of logical analyzer.

REQUIREMENTS

a) PC
b) Logical Analyzer
c) Power supply
d) 8085 kit (Target system)
e) Connecting wires and mini hook clips.

THEORY

A logic analyzer displays signals in a digital circuit that are too fast to be observed by a
human being and presents it to a user so that the user can more easily check correct operation
of the digital system. Logic analyzers are typically used for capturing data in systems that have
too many channels to be examined with an oscilloscope. Software running on the logic analyzer
can convert the captured data into timing diagrams, protocol decodes, state machine traces,
assembly, or correlate assembly with source-level software.

A logic analyzer can trigger on a complicated sequence of digital events, and then
capture a large amount of digital data from the system under test (SUT). The best logic
analyzers behave like software debuggers by showing the flow of the computer program and
decoding protocols to show messages and violations.

Once the probes are connected, the user programs the analyzer with the names of each
signal, and can group several signals into groups for easier manipulation. Next, a capture mode
is chosen, either timing mode, where the input signals are sampled at regular intervals based
on an internal or external clock source, or state mode, where one or more of the signals are
defined as "clocks," and data is taken on the rising or falling edges of these clocks, optionally
using other signals to qualify these clocks.

After the mode is chosen, a trigger condition must be set. A trigger condition can range
from simple (such as triggering on a rising or falling edge of a single signal), to the very
complex (such as configuring the analyzer to decode the higher levels of the TCP/IP stack and
triggering on a certain HTTP packet). At this point, the user sets the analyzer to "run" mode,
either triggering once, or repeatedly triggering.

Once the data is captured, it can be displayed several ways, from the simple (showing
waveforms or state listings) to the complex (showing decoded Ethernet protocol traffic).

The analyzer can also operate in a "compare" mode, where it compares each captured data set
to a previously recorded data set, and stopping triggering when this data set is either matched
or not. This is useful for long-term empirical testing. Recent analyzers can even be set to email
a copy of the test data to the engineer on a successful trigger.
PROCEDURE:

1. First switch on the system There a menu will be displayed click on ‘others’.
2. Then we will have windowsXP professional and windows 2000 professional click on
windows XP professional.
3. We will get windows XP desktop. In that we have to click the start button.
4. Under start we have to click programs Under programs we have to click PG 3200
5. Now we have the screen of timing analysis.
6. there are 32 channels designated as 0-31 in that we are going to use 6 channels such as
Channel 9 – write signal of 8085 microprocessor.
Channel 10- Read signal of 8085 microprocessor.
Channel 12- clk signal
Channel 13 – ALE
Channel 14 – IO/M
Channel 15 –Vcc

The above 6 Channels are connected to RD’, WR’, clk, ALE, IO/M’ and Vcc of 8085
microprocessor as shown in the figure.
7. Thus the connections are given.
Now we adjust / set the values of
a) Threshold as 1.404v
b) I/O Type as LVC 3.3V
c) Acquire as Auto (by Trigger)
d) Rate as 100Msa/s
e) Zoom as X2
f) Depth as 64k
Now we are going to study the signals of 8085 or check the pins of 8085
microprocessor with the help of the following example program.
 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF LOGICAL ANALYSER SETUP

GAUGE
TARGET WIRES LOGICAL USB
ANALYSER PC
SYSTEM

RESULT:
Thus the logical analyzer for timing analysis of 8085 microprocessor kit and menu’s and
settings of logical analyzer are studied and verified.
 3.STUDY OF IN-CIRCUIT EMULATOR

AIM
To study the commands and the usage of In-circuit Emulator.

REQUIREMENTS
i) In-Circuit Emulator
ii) Power Supply
iii) 8085 Microprocessor Kit (Target System)
iv) PC ( Host System)
v) RS-232 Interface Cable

THEORY
An in-circuit emulator (ICE) also called on-circuit debugger (OCD) or background debug
module (BDM) is a hardware device used to debug the software of an embedded system.
Embedded systems present special problems for a programmer, because they usually lack
keyboards, screens, disk-drives and other helpful user interfaces and storage devices that are
present on business computers.
In-circuit emulation can also refer to the use of hardware emulation, when the emulator
is plugged into a system (not always embedded) in place of a yet-to-be-built chip (not always
a processor). These in-circuit emulators provide a way to run the system with "live" data while
still allowing relatively good debugging capabilities.
Function
The basic idea of an "in-circuit emulator" is that it provides a window into the
embedded system. The programmer uses the emulator to load programs into the embedded
system, run them, step through them slowly, and see and change the data used by the
system's software.
An "emulator" gets its name because it often "emulates" the central processing unit of
the embedded system's computer. Often, it literally has a plug that plugs into the same
socket as the CPU chip. Emulating the main computer lets it do anything that the main
computer can do, but under the control of a programmer.
ICEs are always tools that attach a terminal or PC to the embedded system. The
terminal or PC provides an interactive user interface for the programmer to investigate and
control the embedded system.
 In usage, an ICE provides the programmer with execution breakpoints, memory display
& monitoring, and input/output control. Beyond this, the ICE can be programmed to look for
any range of matching criteria to pause at, hopefully catching the failure's origin.
COMMANDS
1. Assemble command:
Syntax : A address
Summary: Assembles emulation processors instructions and places them at
designated address in memory.
Argument : <address>begin assembly at this address
2. Cycle step:
Syntax: C
Summary: The system stops the processor after executing one machine cycle.
3. Disable control signal command:
Syntax: D ctrl-signal
Summary: Disables the specific control signal
Argument :< ctrl-signal> a one letter specifics the type of control signal to be
disabled.
Letter Type
H Bus hold request
I Interrupt request
T Trap request
4. Enable control signal command:
Syntax: e ctrl-signal
Summary: Enables the specific control signal
Argument :< ctrl-signal>a one letter specified that indicates the type of control
signal to be enabled.
Letter Type
H Bus hold request
I Interrupt request
T Trap request
5. Go command:
Syntax: G [address]
Summary: Starts the real time emulation of the processor.
Argument :< address>address from which emulation Is to begin. if not given
emulation starts from current program counter.
6. Halt execution command:
Syntax: H [address, [count]]
Summary: Halt the processor execution
Argument: <address>address of processor’s memory where emulation is to be
stopped.
< count >is the hex value from 0 to 0fff specifying the no of times
indicated address is to be encountered before emulation is stopped.
If count=0 then emulation stops at 65536 occurrence.
7. Inport command:
Syntax: I portaddr [, count [, interval]]
Summary: Read a byte from a port and display it.
Argument : <port addr>address of processor’s input port whose contents is to be
read and displayed.<count>value from 0 to 0fff specifics the no of
times the port to be read with 00 indicating that the port is to be read
256 times.<interval>specifics the interval between each read in
Msec, ranging from 0 to 0fff=0 indicating 256 msec.
8. Jump command:
Syntax: j address
Summary: sets the program counter to the address.
Argument :< address>sets the program counter to the address.
9. Memory command:
Syntax: m address
M range
M range data
Summary: m addr enters data into memory.
M range displays the data in range.
M range data fill the memory range with data.
Argument :< address>specifies the address of memory location to be optionally
modified.
<range>specifies the range of memory to be displayed/filled.
<range data>specifies the range of memory filled with same data.
10. Output command:
Syntax: o portaddr data1 [.. ….]
Summary: write the data to specified port.
Argument :< portaddr>address of the port to which data is to be written.
 <data1……4> Hex data value to be written to the specified port.
11. Register command:
Syntax: r [register]
Summary: shows or always change the content of cpu register
Argument: change the content of the given register if omitted, display the value of
all register and flags.
12. Single step command:
Syntax: s [count]
Summary: execute the program from current program counter, tracing the CALL
instruction.
Arguments :< count> is a hex value from 0 to 0FFFH.specifying the step interval
between the status at every 65536 steps.
13. Transfer/test command:
Syntax: T range(s)
T range m
T range dstadd
Summary: T range s-Sum of the content in the specified range is to be displayed.
T range m-Memory test to be performed for the specified range
T range add-Copies all the value in one, block of memory directly to
another block of memory of the same size.
Argument: <range>specifies the range of memory to be summed/tested/moved.
<destadd> staring address of destination block
14. Backward trace:
Syntax: B Trigadd, startadd [, endadd [, qualifier]]
Summary: Backward tracing start the emulation of the target and immediately
begins the recoding of target status information until the trigadd is
reached.
Argument: <trig add> address of processor where the emulation is to be stopped.
< start add> address of processor indicating that only trace information
indicating that only true information whose address is letter than equal
to it are recorded.
<qualifier> A one letter specified that indicates the type of cycle .A-Int
ack W-memory write s-opcode fetch.
15. Upload command:
Syntax: Transfers the processors memory content to host in intel/tlktronix format
 Argument: <range> range of the memory block to be transferred
<format> A one - letter specifies the format in which the data is to be
uploaded
Letter Type

I Intel Hex format

T teptronix format
16. Reset Command(x)
Syntax:
X
Summary:
Reset the target processor.
17. Disassemble Command (z):
Syntax:
Z address
Z range
Summary:
Shows unassembled instructions
Argument:
< address>shows unassembled instructions starting from <address>
< range>shows unassembled instructions within the <range>
18. Download Command (: or /)
Summary:
Receives and stores the Processors memory Content from host in
Intel/Tektronix format
19. Help command (H):
Syntax:
H
Summary:
Displays a summary of available commands.
20. Attention Command (!):
Syntax:
!
Summary:
To display the target processor type currently being emulated.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF IC 7408:

B 1 14 VC
B 2 13 B
A 3 12 B
B 4 11 A
B 5 10 B
A 6 9 B
GN 7 8 A

CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF IN-CIRCUIT EMULATOR:

POWER
SUPPLY

HOST
SYSTEM
ESA ICE-1 MICRO
INCIRCUIT PROCESSOR
EMULATOR KIT (8085)
RS 232C SERIAL
COMMUNICATION

RESULT:
Thus the In-Circuit Emulator (ICE) was studied.
 4.DESIGN OF IC TESTER

AIM:
To design an IC tester using 8085 Microprocessor kit and 8255 I/O port to test the
given IC for their functionality.

REQUIREMENTS:
1. 8085 Microprocessor kit
2. IC 7408
3. connecting wires
4. Power supply
5. Bread board

THEORY:
Knowledge of different types of faults that can happen in an IC is a valuable assert.
The internal defects of an IC are not looked upon. Most of the time it is necessary to know
much about the internal structure or behavior if IC’s for the purpose of troubleshooting.
Most of the IC damage can be identified as one of the two types:
 Internal failure
 Circuit failure

Internal failure is caused due to defect in the IC whereas circuit failure is caused due
to some external abnormal situations. Common faults are.
1. Open input of a gate.
2. Open output of a gate.
3. Short between gate input and VCC.
4. Short between gate output and ground.
5. Short between gate output and VCC.
6. Short between two pins.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the program.
2. Initialize the IC 8255 by giving suitable command word.
3. Load the input word onto the input port.
4. Get the status of the output through the output port.
5. Check the obtained output with the designed port.
6. If there is a match, check the next condition.
7. Otherwise, enter the failure module and display that the IC has failed.
8. If all the conditions are true, display that the IC has passed the test.
9. Stop the execution of the program.

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
A B C
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

DESCRIPTION OF 7-SEGMENT LED DISPLAY (COMMON ANODE):

g f CA a b

10 9 8 7 6
a
PROGRAM:

MVI A, 82
OUT CWR (43)
MVI E, 04
LXI B, 8100
LXI H, 8104
L1: LDAX B
INX B
OUT PA (40)
IN PB (41)
ANI OF
MOV D, A
MOV A, M
INX H
CMP D
JNZ L2
MVI A, 8E
OUT DISPLAY
JMP STOP
L2: DCR E
JNZ L1
MVI A, 8C
OUT DISPLAY
STOP: HLT

INPUT:

MEMO INPUT (PORT B)

RY
B B B B B B B B INPUT
ADDRE
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 DATA
SS
8100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
8101 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0F
8102 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 F0
8103 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 FF

OUTPUT:
 MEMO
RY
OUTPUT (PORT A)
ADDRE EXPECTED OBSERVED
SS OUTPUT OUTPUT
A A A A A A A A
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
X X X X
8104 (0 (0 (0 (0 0 0 0 0 X0 (00) 00
) ) ) )
X X X X
8105 (0 (0 (0 (0 0 0 0 0 X0 (00) 00
) ) ) )
X X X X
8106 (0 (0 (0 (0 0 0 0 0 X0 (00) 00
) ) ) )
X X X X
8107 (0 (0 (0 (0 1 1 1 1 XF (0F) 0F
) ) ) )
CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF IC 7408:

B 1 14 VC
B 2 13 B
A 3 12 B
B 4 11 A
B 5 10 B
A 6 9 B
GN 7 8 A
RESULT:
Thus the design of IC tester using 8085 was performed and the output was verified.
 5.HOT AND COLD TEST
AIM
To perform hot and cold tests for the given components
REQUIREMENTS
(i) Analog multimeter
(ii) CRO with component testing facility
COMPONENTS GIVEN FOR TETSING
Resistors, capacitors, diodes and transistors
HOT TEST
It is one in which we test the components with power
COLD TEST
It is one in which we test the components without power
TEST PROCEDURE
RESISTOR
Resistors are inactive or passive components and it poses no polarity. The value
of a resistor can be found out by the different color coatings on the resistors. There
are 4 color coatings in a resistor. Three on one side indicates the value of the resistor
and it is determined by the following code.
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9

The color coating on the other side gives the % of tolerance.

Silver 5% tolerance
Gold 10% tolerance
The size of the resistor varies according to the power ratings. When a faulty
component is identified it has to be replaced with another proper resistor whose power
rating is greater than or equal to that of the present one.
 In order to test the resistor with a multimeter, we have to make initial
adjustments.
The faults that can occur in a resistor are
1. Permanent short
2. Open circuit
A very low zero resistance is observed if it short circuited and infinite resistance
when open circuit. If it is a good one then there should no be any change in the
resistor value.
CAPACITORS
Capacitors are passive components. There are 3 different types of Capacitors:
monolithic, disc and electrolytic. Electrolytic capacitors have polarity.
The value of the capacitors is found out by the number 10 x 10 4 pF. The
electrolytic capacitance value of 1 F and it can be up to any farads.
The size of the capacitor differs with voltage rating. When greater voltage rating
than the specified one is applied to the capacitor, then it will be burst out. When a
faulty component is identified, it has to be replaced with another proper capacitor
whose voltage rating is greater than or equal to that of the present one.
DIODES AND TRANSISTORS
In case of an analog multimeter we assume that the polarity in the leads is
reversed with that consideration if anode is given –ve and cathode is given +ve and if
the multimeter shows a high resistance, then it is a good diode.
For a transistor when emitter is given –ve and base +ve and the multimeter
shows a low resistance then it is NPN type transistor.

Then two types of faults that can occur in a diode are short circuit and open
circuit. When it is open circuited, we get high resistance in both bias condition. Similar
types of faults occur in transmitter also.
COMPONENT TESTER MODE OF CRO
The CRO gives linear characteristics curve for a good resistor. Then tested with
a CRO, a good electrolytic capacitor shows an elliptical curve. A good electrolytic
capacitor shows an elliptical curve. A good monolithic or disc capacitor shows
horizontal line.
A good diode shows the forward and reverse characteristics in the respective
bias condition. Similarly we can obtain the characteristic curve for a transistor.
RESULT

The hot and cold tests of the given components were done.
 6.SMPS LOAD TESTING

AIM
To test the Power Supply Unit [PSU] using Multimeter for checking the voltage.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. A Multimeter
2. A Power Supply Unit
3. A Screw Driver (To remove the PSU from the Computer case)

PROCEDURE
1. Open your computer case. This involves turning off the computer and removing the
side panel of the computer case. Take your computer to a free place where you have
ample space to work with your computer.
Note: Do not unplug all the peripherals that have been connected from PSU. We show
you how to test the PSU without removing all the connections. This will be also useful
to check the voltage under the CPU load.
2. Check the voltage setting of your computer.
Note: In the US, the voltage should be set to 110V/115V. Check the Foreign Electricity
Guide for voltage settings in other countries.
3. Turn ON your multimeter and set the dial to Volts setting. Keep turning the dial untill
you reach the range to 10.00V.
Note: The multimeter should be set properly so that it can display the correct voltage
that is flowing through the wires.
4. Now we will test the 24 pin connector that supplies the current to the entire mother
board.
Connect the negative probe(Black) of the multimeter to any ground wired pin i.e.
connect it to the point where the black color wire from the PSU connects and connect
the red wire to the wire terminal which is tested as shown.
The black probe is inserted into the black wire terminal and the red wire is
inserted into the wire terminal which has to be tested.
5. Switch ON your computer. Now your multimeter will start to show some values. Take
note of the values. The different color wires carry different voltages. Mostly 4% limit
within the prescribed voltage is acceptable.
PSU voltage tabulation
Wire Normal Voltage
color voltage under load
Orange +3.3V +3.17 to 3.43V
Black Ground
Red +5V +4.8 to 5.2V
+5V
Purple
Standby
+11.52 to
Yellow +12V
12.48V

Now run any program or game which will make the system to run at full load.
Now take down the readings. The readings should fall between the ranges that are
specified in the table.
6. That's it. Your testing is done. Based on the results you can either buy a new PSU or
confirm that your PSU is doing well.
RESULT
Thus the Power Supply Unit [PSU] was checked and the voltage was measured
using Multimeter.
 7.HARD DISK PARTITIONING

AIM:
To partition the given hard disk into four drives such as the first drive C,
second drive D, third drive E and fourth drive F of capacity 5GB each.

REQUIREMENTS:
1. PC with CD-ROM
2. Bootable CD with fdisk utility
3. Hard disk of capacity 20GB
THEORY:
Disk partition is creation of logical drive upon a hard disk operating system
allow users to divide a hard disk into multiple partitions. Partitioning a hard disk
drive defines specific areas within the disk. A partition may constitute an entire
logical drive are it may form a part of large virtual drive which could span over
several partition and hard disk.
Partitioning makes it possible to create several file system (either of same
type or of different) on single hard disk. Some of the commonly used file systems
are
1. FAT (File Allocation Table)
2. VFAT (Virtual File Allocation Table)
3. NTFS (new Technology File System)
4. FAT 32 (32 bit File Allocation Table)
A hard disk would contain either as many as four primary partitions or one to
three partitions along with a single extended partition. Each of these
partitions are described by a 16-byte entry in the partition table which is
loaded in the partition table which is loaded in the master boot record the
type ‘A’ partition is identified by a byte code found in partition table entry.
Most of the operating system use “fdisk” command to create hard disk
partitions.
PRIMARY PARTITION:
A primary (or logical) partition contains one file system, it may be NTFS or
FAT file system. The first partition (c :) must be a primary partition.
EXTENDED PARTITION:
An extended partition is secondary to the primary partition. A hard disk may
contain only one extended partition, which can then be sub-divided into logical
drives each of which (under dos and windows) assigned additional drive letters.
Extended partition is useful if you want more than four partitions on a single
physical drive.
MICROSOFT WINDOWS PARTITION SCHEME:
With Microsoft windows, the standard partitioning scheme is to create a
single active primary partition, the c: drive, where the operation system user data,
applications and page fill all reside. Some users how’re, prefer to create multiple
partition so that the operating system can be stored separately from other kind of
data.
UNIX PARTITION:
For Unix-based and Unix-like operating system such as Linux and Mac os x,
the creation of separate partition for lboot,lhome,ltmp,luser,lvar,swap and all
remaining file under the “/” (root directory) is possible.
HARD DISK PARTITIONS:
This procedure explains how to setup a new hard disk. Before a new hard disk can
be used it needs to be setup. This involves partitioning and formatting the hard disk.
Windows 98 or ME boot disk contains the required software to perform this
procedure. FDISK.EXE and FORMAT.COM are the files required in your bootable
floppy disk.
Start the partition and format procedure by booting your PC using a Windows boot
disk. Make sure you set the BIOS so that the boot sequence is set to detect the
floppy disk first. If your system has no problems booting you will be presented with
a Windows boot disk menu. This gives you the option to start the system with or
without CD-ROM support. At this stage you do not need the CD-ROM support, so
choose the option to boot without CD-ROM support. You should end up in the MS
DOS prompt A: (A drive). From A: command prompt type fdisk. You will be
presented with following message:
Choose “Y” to enable large disk support. You will now be presented with the FDISK
main menu as shown below:
From the menu, choose option 1 - Create DOS partition or Logical DOS drive. Another
menu will present the following options.

Choose option 1 - Create primary DOS Partition. FDISK verifies the integrity of your
drive and will ask you if want to use the maximum available size of your hard disk to
create the primary partition and set it active. To keep things simple we will create one
large partition. Choose “Y” to use maximum available space.
When the partition has been created successfully you will be notified by the system.
Your drive is now known as C: (C drive). Press “Esc” to return to the menu. Press “Esc”
again to exit FDISK. You need to restart your system for the changes to take effect. Leave
boot disk in the drive. When the system reboots, choose start without CD-ROM from the
boot disk menu. While booting from floppy disk you might get error message like “Invalid
media type reading drive C” this is OK for this stage as the hard disk is not formatted. If
you want to create extended DOS partitions, specify the size of the partitions in the bytes
for primary partition. And remaining space can be utilized to create logical drives in the
extended partition.

RESULT:
The given hard disk is partitioned according to the requirements.
 8.SETTING THE CMOS SETUP
AIM
To make a perfect CMOS [Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-conductor] setup in
a system.
CMOS
CMOS setup is a little intimidating the first couple of times you work at it. The
important thing here is patience. All BIOS screens seem to change all of the time. Just
don't mess with voltages or increase anything called a multiplier. Other than that,
have at it, the tip in the yellow box below will show you how to bail yourself out if you
get into trouble.
The key items for CMOS setup are
 Boot order - This will let the computer know which device to look for to find the
boot record. (Where Windows is)
 Feature enabling - You may have to enable things like front USB, or in the case
below enabling RAID modes from the SATA drives. The default was off.
 Confirm CPU settings - Almost all of the time this is correct, when the
computer boots up, as long as it gives you the correct indication of CPU in the
first screen show below, your settings will be fine.
 RAM settings - More and more often it seems these are wrong. The good news
is it's really easy to change as all of the information will be with your RAM sticks.
If you match the MHz, voltage and timings on the package you'll be good to go.
If you enter a wrong timing, most settings will reset on a reboot, use the tip
below if your computer stops booting.
 Time - You can change this in the BIOS, but lately since Windows will correct it, I
just do it there. Changing with page up keys and arrows bites, I take the easy
road.
That's really it, play with any settings you're curious about first, that way you can
easily default back. I've never seen 2 identical BIOS screens, and it rarely takes me
more than 5 min to go through everything. Just take your time, refer to your
motherboard documentation and you'll be successful.

CMOS Setup Step by Step

 Step 1 - The default to get in on most is by pressing the delete key right at the
start of boot up.
 Step 2 - Load setup defaults.

 Step 3 - Enter the current Date and Time.

 Step 4 - Change the boot sequence. This is simply the order the computer will
look for an operating system to boot. I usually go CDRom, then floppy, if I have
one installed, then the Hard Drive.

 Step 5 - Check your CPU settings. The default ones should be correct, if they
are not adjusting the CPU to manufacturer’s specifications.
 Step 6 - Check the settings of your RAM. Often the settings are actually on your
RAM, if not check the manufacturers website. Even some RAM voltages are
different these days so this step is important.

 Step 7 - Adjust your plug and play settings, just change plug and play O/S to
yes.
 Step 8 - Enable the controller if you plan on using any USB devices, enable 2.0
support and legacy support to make sure all your USB devices work at their
maximum.

 Step 9 - If you are planning on using a Raid, make sure you enable to option for
those drives.
 Step 10 - If your motherboard supports it, and you would like your computer to
be as silent as possible, enable quiet fans. This will slow down your computer
fans when the cooling is not needed.

 Step 11 - Save your changes and exit.

RESULT:

Thus the CMOS setting is set by the students and the system can run.
 9.INSTALLATION OF OS [XP]
AIM
To install Windows XP Professional in a system.

INSTALLATION STEPS
This procedure demonstrates how to install Windows XP Professional. The
procedure to install Windows XP home edition is very similar to the professional edition.
Since Windows XP Pro is more advanced operating system, it will be used to
demonstrate the installation procedure.
The best way install Windows XP is to do a clean install. It is not difficult to perform a
clean installation. Before you perform the installation I recommend that you check
Windows XP Compatibility List to ensure that your hardware is supported by XP. If your
hardware is not on the compatibility list you can check your hardware manufactures
website to download the drivers for Windows XP. Save all the necessary drivers onto
floppy disks or CD before you start the installation.
All versions of Windows XP CD are bootable. In order to boot from CD/DVD-ROM you
need to set the boot sequence. Look for the boot sequence under your BIOS setup and
make sure that the first boot device is set to CD/DVD-ROM. You can then perform the
following steps to install Windows XP:
Step 1 - Start your PC and place your Windows XP CD in your CD/DVD-ROM drive. Your
PC should automatically detect the CD and you will get a message saying "Press any
key to boot from CD". Soon as computer starts booting from the CD your will get the
following screen:

Step 2 - At this stage it will ask you to press F6 if you want to install a third party Raid
or SCSI driver. If you are using a an IDE Hard Drive then you do not need to press F6. If
you are using a SCSI or SATA Hard drive then you must press F6 otherwise Windows will
not detect your Hard Drive during the installation. Please make sure you have the Raid
drivers on a floppy disk. Normally the drivers are supplied on a CD which you can copy
to a floppy disk ready to be installed. If you are not sure how to do this then please read
your motherboard manuals for more information.

1
Step 3 - Press S to Specify that you want to install additional device.

Step 4 - You will be asked to insert the floppy disk with the Raid or SCSI drivers. Press
enter after you have inserted the disk.

Step 5 - You will see a list of Raid drivers for your HDD. Select the correct driver for
your device and press enter.

Step 6 - You will then get a Windows XP Professional Setup screen. You have the option
to do a new Windows install, Repair previous install or quit. Since we are doing a new
install we just press Enter to continue.

2
This procedure demonstrates how to install Windows XP Professional. The procedure to
install Windows XP home edition is very similar to the professional edition. Since
Windows XP Pro is more advanced operating system, it will be used to demonstrate the
installation procedure.
The best way install Windows XP is to do a clean install. It is not difficult to perform a
clean installation. Before you perform the installation I recommend that you check
Windows XP Compatibility List to ensure that your hardware is supported by XP. If your
hardware is not on the compatibility list you can check your hardware manufactures
website to download the drivers for Windows XP. Save all the necessary drivers onto
floppy disks or CD before you start the installation.
All versions of Windows XP CD are bootable. In order to boot from CD/DVD-ROM you
need to set the boot sequence. Look for the boot sequence under your BIOS setup and
make sure that the first boot device is set to CD/DVD-ROM. You can then perform the
following steps to install Windows XP:
Step 7 - You will be presented with the End User Licensing Agreement. Press F8 to
accept and continue

Step 8 - This step is very important. Here we will create the partition where Windows
will be installed. If you have a brand new unformatted drive you will get a screen similar
to below. In our case the drive size is 8190MB. We can choose to install Windows in this
drive without creating a partition, hence use the entire size of the drive. If you wish to
do this you can just press enter and Windows will automatically partition and format the
drive as one large drive.
However for this demonstration I will create two partition. The first partition will be
6000MB (C: drive) and second partition would be 2180MB (E: drive). By creating two
3
partition we can have one which stores Windows and Applications and the other which
stores our data. So in the future if anything goes wrong with our Windows install such as
virus or spyware we can re-install Windows on C: drive and our data on E: drive will not
be touched. Please note you can choose whatever size partition your like. For example if
you have 500GB hard drive you can have two partition of 250GB each.
Press C to create a partition.

Step 8 - Windows will show the total size of the hard drive and ask you how much you
want to allocate for the partition you are about to create. I will choose 6000MB. You will
then get the screen below. Notice it shows C: Partition 1 followed by the size 6000 MB.
This indicates the partition has been created. We still have an unpartitioned space of
2189MB. Next highlight the unpartitioned space by pressing down the arrow key. Then
press C to create another partition. You will see the total space available for the new
partition. Just choose all the space left over, in our case 2180MB.

Step 9 - Now you will see both partition listed. Partition 1 (C: Drive) 6000MB and
Partition 2 (E: Drive) 2180MB. You will also have 8MB of unpartitioned space. Don't
worry about that. Just leave it how its is. Windows normally has some unpartitioned
space. You might wonder what happened to D: drive. Windows has automatically
allocated D: drive to CD/DVD-ROM.
Select Partition 1 (C: Drive) and press Enter.

4
Step 10 - Choose format the partition using NTFS file system.This is the recommended
file system. If the hard drive has been formatted before then you can choose quick NTFS
format. We chose NTFS because it offers many security features, supports larger drive
size, and bigger size files.

Windows will now start formatting drive C: and start copying setup files as shown on the
two images below :

Step 11 - After the setup has completed copying the files the computer will restart.
Leave the XP CD in the drive but this time DO NOT press any key when the message
"Press any key to boot from CD" is displayed. In few seconds setup will continue.

5
Windows XP Setup wizard will guide you through the setup process of gathering
information about your computer.

Step 12 - Choose your region and language.

Step 13 - Type in your name and organization.

Step 14. Enter your product key.

Step 15 - Name the computer, and enter an Administrator password. Don't forget to
write down your Administrator password.

6
Step 16 - Enter the correct date, time and choose your time zone.

Step 17 - For the network setting choose typical and press next.

Step 18 - Choose workgroup or domain name. If you are not a member of a domain
then leave the default settings and press next. Windows will restart again and adjust
the display.

Step 19 - Finally Windows will start and present you with a Welcome screen. Click next
to continue.

7
Step 20 - Choose 'help protect my PC by turning on automatic updates now' and press
next.

Step 21 - Will this computer connect to the internet directly, or through a network? If
you are connected to a router or LAN then choose: 'Yes, this computer will connect
through a local area network or home network'. If you have dial up modem choose: 'No,
this computer will connect directly to the internet'. Then click Next.

Step 22 - Ready to activate Windows? Choose yes if you wish to active Windows over
the internet now. Choose no if you want to activate Windows at a later stage.

Step 23 - Add users that will sign on to this computer and click next.

8
Step 24 - You will get a Thank you screen to confirm setup is complete. Click finish.

Step 25. Log in, to your PC for the first time.

Step 26 - You now need to check the device manager to confirm that all the drivers has
been loaded or if there are any conflicts. From the start menu select Start -> Settings
-> Control Panel. Click on the System icon and then from the System Properties
window select the Hardware tab, then click on Device Manager.

If there are any yellow exclamation mark "!" next to any of the listed device, it means
that no drivers or incorrect drivers has been loaded for that device. In our case we have
a Video Controller (VGA card) which has no drivers installed.
Your hardware should come with manufacturer supplied drivers. You need to install
these drivers using the automatic setup program provided by the manufacturer or you

9
need to manually install these drivers. If you do not have the drivers, check the
manufacturers website to download them.
To install a driver manually use the following procedure:
(a) From the device manager double click on the device containing the exclamation
mark.
(b) This would open a device properties window.
(c) Click on the Driver tab.
(d) Click Update Driver button. The Wizard for updating device driver pops up as shown
below:

You now get two options. The first option provides an automatic search for the required
driver. The second option allows you to specify the location of the driver. If you don't
know the location of the driver chooses the automatic search which would find the
required driver from the manufacturer supplied CD or Floppy disk. Windows would
install the required driver and may ask you to restart the system for the changes to take
effect. Use this procedure to install drivers for all the devices that contain an
exclamation mark. Windows is completely setup when there are no more exclamation
marks in the device manager.

10
RESULT:

Thus the Operating System(XP) is installed in the system.

11
 10.INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS 8 ON A NEW PARTITION

AIM
To install Windows 8 on a new partition in a PC.

THINGS NEEDED BEFORE STARTING INSTALLATION

● Windows 8 Installation Media.
● Windows Product key (Optional as you can install without Product key and
activate windows later).
● Hardware Drivers those are compatible with windows vista. If not download
drivers from manufacturer's website.
● If you are reinstalling, backup your personal data.
INSTALLATION STEPS

1. Boot your computer from the DVD. How to boot from DVD helps you to change the
boot priority to DVD.
Most of the Windows 8 Installation Media are bootable and hence it can use for booting
from DVD.
2. You will get the following screen, if you have changed the boot priority correctly.

3. Windows setup will load the necessary files and will show the GUI setup Interface.
Then Windows setup will ask for Language and Time and input keyboard method to be
used for the installation.
4. Next screen shows you the option to do a fresh Install or repair your existing
windows Installation. As we are doing fresh Windows Installation, click Install Now.
5. To repair your existing Installation click on the "Repair your Computer" option. This
will search for existing instances of Windows Installation and attempt to Repair it.

6. Windows Architecture Selection (32 bit / 64 bit).

Windows prompt you to select the architecture for your Windows Installation either 32
bit or 64 bit.
The difference between the both is not much. 64 bit windows will support more
memory as it has more address bit. If you are using less that 4 GB RAM, it’s better to
select 32 bit windows (x86 Architecture).

7. Windows will display the License Agreement and you are bound to this license
agreement when you are using the Windows 7. You need to accept the license
agreement in order to the Windows Setup to continue.

8. You need to select type installation you are going to proceed.

● Upgrade: This option is used to upgrade your previous Windows Versions to
Windows 8. All your personal settings are mostly retained in this type of
installation. However it is best to back up all your personal data.
 ● Custom: This is the advanced version of Windows Installation in which we can
format and install a fresh copy of Windows into your computer.

Since we are doing a fresh install of Windows Select Custom option for the installation
to continue.

9. Windows will display the drive that has been connected to your computer. You need
to create a partition and install Windows into one of these drives.
As this drive is new, this drive does not have any partitions. Click on the Drive options
to get more advanced Drive options.
10. Click on the New Button to create a New Partition in the selected drive.
11. Enter the size of the partition that you want to create in MB. For Windows, partition
which you are installing Windows, size should be greater than 20GB. Please note that
1GB=1024 MB. Do the math and enter partition size accordingly.

12. Windows will create the partition with the size you have entered.
Also note that the Windows will also create an additional partition for 350 MB to store
Windows system files.

13. Windows will start to copy the files that are needed. It may take several minutes
and your computer may restart several times.
14. After restarting, Windows will prompt you to pick a colour for your Windows. You
can choose to select any colour from the palette shown. Windows will use this colour
for your Windows theme. Also Windows prompts you to select a Unique Name for your
computer. This name is used to identify your computer in your network.
You can select any name as long as your name does not contain the special characters

as :
15. Windows prompts you to select the way you need to set the Settings.
● Express Settings: Windows will automatically set the optimal settings for your
computer. Windows will do the following as shown in the image.
● Custom Settings: This option will allow you to set the settings. You can
customize the settings as per your needs.
Select the Customize option to change the standard settings.
16. Windows will prompt you to select the LAN Settings for your computer.
If you have a Home Network and want your computer to be found by other computers,
select first option.
Or if you connect a public network, it is safe to select second option. Second option
turns OFF network discovery and connection to other devices.

17. Windows will prompt you to select how the Windows will search for updates.
Default Value is "Automatically install important and recommended updates". But you
can change that option.
Along with this, windows will show a option to update the Windows Apps. You can turn
it ON/OFF.
Also Windows shows you couple of other options, which can be turned ON/OFF.

18. Next Windows will prompt you to select how the Windows send information to the
Microsoft. You can ON/OFF settings based on your needs.

19. Next step is to select how the windows use error reporting for solution to problems.
Enabling this option, will send the error report to Microsoft whenever a serious error
occurs. Similarly Internet Explorer compatibility list to improve the experience in some
sites. Also Windows prompts how the apps use your Information. You can allow the
apps to use your Name, Profile Picture and location for improved User Experience.
20. Windows ask you to Sign In using your favorite E-Mail account. Using the E-Mail
account you can sync up your PC's to look the same.
You can also create a local user profile, by clicking the "Sign in without Microsoft
Account". This tutorial has been done by clicking the "Sign in without Microsoft
Account".

21. Next Step Windows shows you the options in which you can login to your computer.
● Using Microsoft Account: This option enables you to connect your favorite
Mail ID as your account. This enables you to sync up PC's to have same look and
feel. Also whenever you connect from some new System, the user profile is
loaded automatically from the Microsoft Servers
 ● Local Account: This option creates a local profile for that computer alone. This
profile can be used locally only int hat computer. This has been the standard
user for the computer all these years.
This tutorial shows how to create a local profile. So click on the Local Account option.

22. Next Step Windows prompt you to select a user name and password for your Local
Account. You need to select a Unique Name and password for your account.

23. Windows will finalize your settings and may restart your computer. After restart you
will shown with the below screen.
Then the Windows 8 Home screen is displayed.

Note: At this time, only the Windows components are installed into your computer.
Other peripherals such as Graphics Card, Sound card may or may not work depending
on the drivers.
You should install the drivers from the mother board driver CD and for all there
peripherals attached to your computer such as Graphics Card, Printer, and Sound Card
etc. These drivers can be found in the DVD that was given along with it.

RESULT

Thus the Windows 8 on a New Partition was successfully installed.

 11. ADDING OUTPUT PORT

AIM:

To add an output port by using 8255 ports as address and data lines and
displaying the output in seven segment LED

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. 8085 microprocessor kit with 8255

2. Bread board
3. IC 74ls138 (Decoder)
4. IC 74ls373 (Latch)
5. IC 74ls04 (Not gate)
6. 7-segment led (Common anode)
7. Connecting wires
8. 26-pin ribbon cable with insulated displacement connector (IDC)

THEORY:

Input/output ports are an interfacing circuit and they are used to do connect
input/output devices to the microprocessor. Input devices convert the input
signals into corresponding digital signal (binary form) for the microprocessor.
Examples for just few devices are keyboard, toggle switches, converters, etc,,
output devices convert the binary form from the microprocessor into useful form.
Example for such output devices are printers, CRT displays, D/A converters,
seven segment displays, etc., as been, I/O ports are interfacing circuits. The basic
requirements of an interfacing network are address allocations; timing and control
.The basic steps to be followed in adding on I/O ports to the microprocessor are as
follows. Choose an appropriate I/O port address. It should not interface with the
port address of the other resources address that is already present in the board.
For example 8255 has a port address of F0 to F3 (U3) and D8 to DB (U4).

PIN DESCRIPTION OF DECODER (IC 74138):

A00 1 16 VCC
A1 2 15 O0
A2 3 14 O1
E1 4 13 O2
E2 5 12 O3
E3 6 11 O4
O7 7 10 O5
GND 8 9 O6D
PIN DESCRIPTION OF LATCH (IC 74373):

OC 1 20 VCC
1Q 2 19 8Q
1D 3 18 8D
2D 4 17 7D
2Q 5 16 7Q
3D 6 15 6Q
3Q 7 14 6D
4D 8 13 5D
4Q 9 12 5Q
GND 10 11 OE

PIN DESCRIPTION OF NOT (IC 7404):

I1 1 14 VCC
O1 2 13 O6
I2 3 12 I6
O2 4 11 O5
I3 5 10 I5
O3 6 9 O4
GND 7 8 I4
● 8279 has port address of D0 and D7
● 8251 has port address of Ca and C7

DESIGN PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit consists of output port and output port unit. The output port
contains the decoder, NOT gate and the latch. The output unit contains the
7-segment LED.
2. The output port is selected using 8-bit address.
3. The address lines A0, A1 and A2 are given to the decoder in pins and A0, A1
and A2 to select the appropriate output pins.
4. The address lines A3, A4 and A5 are used for enabling decoder through the
pins E3, E2 and E1 respectively.
5. The address lines A6 and A7 are not used and hence grounded.
6. Since the decoder output is low and the latch enable signal (OE) is high, not
gate is used to convert the low signal into high signal to enable the latch.
7. The port is designed to enable the latch when the output pin(O2) of the
decoder is selected. Thus the address for the designed port is set (OAH).
8. The latch is enabled when the latch enable pin (OE) is activated (high) and
the data in the data bus is transferred to the latch.
9. The output control signal (OC) is grounded so that the latch is enabled; the
data is available in the output unit.
10.The port A of 8255 is used as address lines and ports is used as data lines.
11. Thus the port A is connected to the decoder through which address is sent
to select the appropriate output pin (O 2) of the decoder.
12.Port B is connected to the input side of the latch through which the data to
be displayed is sent to the latch.
13.The 7-segment LED is connected to the other side of the latch to display the
data.
SEVEN SEGMENT LED DISPLAY (COMMON ANODE):

g f CA a b

10 9 8 7 6
a

f b
g

e c
h
d
1 2 3 4 5

e d CA c h

ADDRESS MAPPING:

ADDRESS LINES
HEXA DECIMAL
A A A A A A
A7 A6 VALUE
5 4 3 2 1 0
X X
1 0 0 1 1 1 27h
(0) (0)

CONTROL WORD FORMAT FOR 8255:

Valu
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
e
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
I/O Port-A Port-A Port-CU Port-B Port-B Port-CL 80h
Mode Mode 0 output Output Mode 0 Output Output

LED DISPLAY DETAILS:

SEVEN-SEGMENT HEXA
DATA
PINS DECIMAL
DISPLAY
h g f e d c b a VALUE
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 C0h
A 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 80h
 EXECUTION PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The 8255 IC is initialized by configuring the port-A and port-B.
3. Port-A and port-B is configured as output ports and thus the value 80H is
loaded in the control word registers.
4. The hexadecimal value of the data to be displayed in the 7-segment LED is
sent to the port-B.
5. The address for the designed port (27H) is sent to the port-A.
6. As soon as the address reaches the decoder, the output pin (O 2) gets
selected.
7. The low signal (O2) is converted into the high signal by the NOT gate and the
latch Enable signal (OE) gets activated (high).
8. Now the data in the data bus (Port-B) gets into the latch.
9. Since the output pin (OC) is generated, the data in the latch is displayed on
the 7-Segment LED.

KIT CONNECTOR DETAILS OF 8255:

PI DESCRIPTI PI DESCRIPTI
N ON N ON
1 C4 14 C5
2 C2 15 C3
3 C0 16 C1
4 B6 17 B7
5 B4 18 B5
6 B2 19 B3
7 B0 20 B1
8 A6 21 A7
9 A4 22 A5
10 A2 23 A3
11 A0 24 A1
12 C6 25 C7
13 VCC 26 GND

PROGRAM:

MVI A, 80
OUT F3
MVI A, C0
OUT F1
MVI A, 27
 OUT F0
HLT

RESULT:

The output port was designed using 8255 ports as address lines and data
lines with output unit as seven-segment LED display.
 12.SERIAL COMMUNICATION

AIM
To perform Communication through Serial port of two PC’s using RS-232
pin and establish connection in between them.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
o Pentium based workstations(2 PC)
o RS – 232 pin

SERIAL COMMUNICATION
The main feature indicated here is that to make the computer to chat with
the modem rather than another computer. The guest & host computer
connected through the TD, RD, and SG pins. Any data that is transmitted
through TD line from the Host to Guest is received on RD line. The Guest
computer must have the same setup as the Host. The signal ground (SG) line of
the both must be shorted so that grounds are common to each computer.

The Data Terminal Ready (DTR) is looped back to Data Set Ready and
Carrier Detect on both computers. When the Data Terminal Ready is asserted
active, then the Data Set Ready and Carrier Detect immediately become active.
At this point, the computer thinks the Virtual Modem to which it is connected is
ready and has detected the carrier of the other modem.
All left to worry about now is the Request to Send and Clear To Send.
As both computers communicate together at the same speed, flow control is not
needed thus these two lines are also linked together on each computer. When
the computer wishes to send data, it asserts the Request to Send high and as it
is hooked together with the Clear to Send, It immediately gets a reply that it is
ok to send and does so. The Ring indicator line is only used to tell the computer
that there is a ringing signal on the phone line. As we do not have, a modem
connected to the phone line this is left disconnected.
RS 232:
To know about the RS232 ports available in your computer, Right click on
"My Computer", Goto 'Properties', Select tab 'Device Manager', go to Ports( COM
& LPT ), In that you will find 'Communication Port(Com1)' etc. If you right click
on that and go to properties, you will get device status. Make sure that you
have enabled the port (Use this port is selected).
How to program the Serial Port using C/C++?
There are two popular methods of sending data to or from the serial port
in Turbo C. One is using outportb (PORT_ID, DATA) or outport (PORT_ID, DATA)
defined in “dos.h”. Another method is using bioscom () function defined in
“bios.h”.
Using outportb ():
The function outportb () sends a data byte to the port ‘PORT_ID’. The
function outport() sends a data word. These functions can be used for any port
including serial port, parallel ports. Similarly to receive data these are used.
● inport reads a word from a hardware port
● inportb reads a byte from a hardware port
● outport outputs a word to a hardware port
● outportb outputs a byte to a hardware port
Declaration:
● int inport(int portid);
● unsigned char inportb(int portid);
● void outport(int portid, int value);
● void outportb(int portid, unsigned char value);
Remarks:
● inport works just like the 80x86 instruction IN. It reads the
low byte of a word from portid, the high byte from portid + 2.
● inportb is a macro that reads a byte
● Outport works just like the 80x 86 instructions OUT. It writes
the low byte of value to portid, the high byte to portid + 1.
● outportb is a macro that writes value Argument
Portid:
● Inport- port that inport and inportb read from;
 ● Outport- port that outport and outportb write to
Value:
● Word that outport writes to portid;
● Byte- that outportb writes to portid.
If you call inportb or outportb when dos.h has been included, they are
treated as macros that expand to inline code.
If you don't include dos.h, or if you do include dos.h and #undef the
macro(s), you get the function(s) of the same name.
Return Value:
# inport and inportb return the value read
# outport and outportb do not return
For more details of these functions read article from beondlogic.com
Using bioscom:
The macro bioscom () and function _bios_serialcom() are used in this
method in the serial communication using RS-232 connecter. In this method,
same function is used to make the settings using control word, to send data to
the port and check the status of the port. These actions are distinguished using
the first parameter of the function. Along with that we are sending data and the
port to be used to communicate.
Declaration:
bioscom(int cmd, char abyte, int port)
_bios_serialcom(int cmd ,int port, char abyte)
bioscom() and _bios_serialcom() uses the bios interrupt 0x14 to perform
various communicate the serial communication over the I/O ports given in port.
cmd: The I/O operation to be performed.

cmd (boiscom) cmd(_bios_serialcom Action

)
0 _COM_INIT Initialise the parameters to the port
1 _COM_SEND Send the character to the port
2 _COM_RECEIVE Receive character from the port
3 _COM_STATUS Returns the current status of the
communication port
PROGRAM
#include <bios.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define COM1 0
#define DATA_READY 0x100
#define SETTINGS ( 0x80 | 0x02 | 0x00 | 0x00)
int main(void)
{
int in, out, status;
bioscom(0, SETTINGS, COM1); /*initialize the port*/
cprintf("Data sent to you: ");
while (1)
{
status = bioscom(3, 0, COM1); /*wait until get a data*/
if (status & DATA_READY)
if ((out = bioscom(2, 0, COM1) & 0x7F) != 0) /*input a data*/
putch(out);
if (kbhit())
{
if ((in = getch()) == 27) /* ASCII of Esc*/
break;
bioscom(1, in, COM1); /*output a data*/
}
}
return 0;
}
RESULT
Thus the communication between two system is established through the
serial port using RS-232 pin.
 13.TROUBLESHOOTING OF PRINTER RELATED PROBLEMS

AIM:

To troubleshoot the dot matrix printer related problems.

APPARATUS REQURIED:

1. Printer trainer module (Dot matrix)

2. Personal computer

THEORY:

DOT MATRIX:

Dot matrix printer is the oldest of the three technologies used in most of
today’s printer. They are still common in case when a user needs to print multiport
of pin fed forms. An inked ribbon creates the image of the paper.
A printer accepts digital information from a pc and transforms that
information into a printer document. Currently three major types of printer are
used.
1. Dot matrix
2. Ink jet’
3. Laser
Other technology such as impact, daisy wheel and bubble jet are available but
aren’t used widely.
All printers have several things in common.
● Printer must be connected to pc through the network or through a parallel
port.
● Printer must be able to accept information from the pc and print the
information on the paper
● Printer must have some method of successfully bonding some from of into
paper in the location.
TROUBLE SHOOTING:
The most common problem with dot matrix printer are mechanical problem
and a visual inspection typically provides due to the problem.
A few of the most common problem include:
PAPER JAMS:

The paper is either pushed or pulled through the paper path. If anything is
obstructing the path the paper follows the paper will join make sure there is
nothing applying resistance to the paper that is entering the printer’s and check to
be sure the paper can be fed directly into the printer.

LIGHT OR POOR PRINT QUALITY:

If the printer head is too far from the plating, it can cause the printing to be
too light. An adjustment lever at the end of the plating moves the print head closer
to the plates. poor printer quality and debus in the printing area if the print head is
close, smearing a paper jams can occur.

THE PRINTER IS PRINTING BUT NOTHING IS PRINTED ON THE PAPER:

The ribbon cartridge may not be installed properly. The ribbon may be worm
out replace the cartridge.

THE PRINTER MAKES A STRANGE NOISE, BEEPS SEVERAL TIME AND STOP
ABRUPTLY:

Turn off the printer and check for a paper jam, ribbon jam or other common
problem, try again for printing.

OVER HEATED PROBLEM:

THE READY LIGHT BLINKING BUT THE PRINTER DOES NOT PRINT OR IT
STOPS PRINTING:

The print head is overheated, wait for a few minutes the printer resumes
printing automatically when the printer head cool.

PRINTER CHARACTER IS NOT IN THE CORRECT SYTLE:

The type or character selected with you software cannot be printed.

Check that the software is correctly installed for your printer also check font
selection in the printer.

PRINTER DOES NOT PRINT:

THE READY LIGHT BLINKING:

Press the pause buttons, if the READY light still does not stay on,
disconnected the printer cable again; it continuously stays the problem with cable
or interface of the computer or printer.

THE PRINTER READY LIGHT IS ON BUT NOTHING IS PRINTED:

Check whether the application software is installed properly. check the

printer setting in the application.
Check the interface cable whether it is properly connected to the pc and the
printer if you are using the standard parallel interfaces be sure your cable is a
shielded twisted pair cable.

CABLE PROBLEM:
 Noise and interface problem. The use of long cable may arise problems the
serial cable is not supported to be made longer than fifty feet and parallel data
should not exceed six feet.

PRINTER SHARING:

The printer can be shared between two pc with A/B switch through paper
labeling. But this cable should be as short as possible. It is not good to use A/B
switch a laser printer.

SOFTWARE PROBLEMS:

All printers must be installed properly before using it. Installing software is
available along with the printer. Each printer has its own installation software after
the installation printer use test page to check whether the printer is installed
properly.

PAPER OUT:

If the paper is installed in the printer but a “paper out” situation is indicate.
Check the paper out switch locates near the start of the paper path. A paper jam
can bend the paper switch so that the switch can’t sense that paper has been
located in the printer.

DARK SMUDGES:

Dark smudge can appear on the paper when it is not fed through the
printers fast enough. Slow paper feeding can be caused by an incorrected from the
thickness setting ar by a tracker feed that is too light. Adjust the track fed to
ensure that the paper can flow smoothly through the printer.

FLECKS OF INK:

A dirty ribbon guide can cause flecks of inks to appear on the page, make
sure the ribbon guide as clean
RESULT:

Thus the printer related problems are troubleshooted.

 14.BASIC LAN SETUP

AIM:
To connect two PCs to create a simple Peer-to-Peer LAN or workgroup. To
share a folder on one workstation and connect to that folder from the other
workstation.
REQUIREMENTS:

i) Pentium-based workstations (PCs) with a NIC in each

ii) One CAT 5 Crossover cable to connect two workstations without a hub.
iii) An Ethernet Hub (12 or 24 port) and a CAT 5 straight through cable for
each work station.
THEORY:
Local Area Network (LAN) is a high-speed communications system designed
to link computers and other data processing devices together within a small
geographic area, such as a workgroup, department, or building. Several LANs can
also be interconnected within a campus of buildings to extend connectivity (also
called a Wide Area Network or WAN). This allows users to electronically share vital
computing resources, such as expensive hardware (e.g. printers and CD-ROM
drives), application programs, and information.
Local Area Networks implement shared access technology. This means that
all of the devices attached to the LAN share a single communications medium,
usually a coaxial, twisted-pair, or fiber-optic cable.
A physical connection to the network is made by putting a network interface
card (NIC) inside the computer and connecting it to the network cable. Once the
physical connection is in place, the network software manages communications
between stations on the network.
Each LAN has its own unique topology, or geometric arrangement. There are
three basic topologies: bus, ring, and star. Most LANs are a combination of these
arrangements.
In a bus topology all of the devices are connected to a central cable or
backbone.

In a ring topology the devices are connected in a closed loop so that each
device is connected to two others, one on either side. This kind of topology is
robust; that is, one device's failure will probably not cause total network failure.

In a star topology the devices are all connected to a central hub, which forwards
data towards its final destination

Depending on the topology and media that are used, as well as the protocols
(formats for transmitting data) that are implemented, a LAN can permit data
transfer rates of up to 100 Million bps.
PROCEDURE:
This can be done by two ways as follows:
a) Two PCs (or workstations) will be connected directly to each other from one
Network Interface card (NIC) to the other NIC using a crossover cable.
b) All PCs on the same row will be connected with a switch. Using a switch allows for
more than just two workstations to be connected. Switches can have anywhere
from four to twenty four ports.
Steps 1 (physical LAN connections) will be different between A and B. The steps
from 2 on should be the same.

Step 1 - Check Local Area Network (LAN) Connections

Verify that you are using the right type of cable.
For a - A single CAT 5 crossover cable is used to connect two workstations
together.
For b - Each work station will connect to the switch using a straight through cable.
Step 2 – Identifying NICs and Windows Networking Options
Go to Control Panel, Network and dialup connections. You should be able to see
three icons:
1. Highest-Numbered NIC which is used to connect your PC to the college
network. This NIC is enabled by default; however, you have to disable it
before you do any labs. Right-click on it and choose disable from the
 short cut menu. Now you are disconnected from the college network (you
can’t browse the web and you can’t print)
2. The Lowest-Numbered NIC which is used to connect you to the Cisco lab.
This NIC is disabled by default and has to be enabled when you do the
labs. Right-click on it and enable it. Notice that you might get the IP
address conflict message. If so, just click OK out of it as this
problem will be fixed in Step 4.
3. The third NIC will not be used.
Right click on the lowest-numbered NIC and choose properties from the shortcut
menu. Check to be sure that you have the following networking Components
installed:
⮚ Client for Microsoft Networks.
⮚ The NIC adapter (small NIC icon).
⮚ The TCP/IP Protocol (small network cable connection icon).
⮚ File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft
Step 3 - Change the NetBIOS Name
Right-click my computer icon and choose properties. Select the network
identification tab. Click the properties button. In the computer name textbox,
change the name to Station# (where # could be anything from 1-24 depending on
the location of the PC).Leave the default workgroup name as WORKGROUP.
Step 4 - TCP/IP Protocol Settings
Use the Class C network address of 200.150.100.0 and set the value of the last
octet to equal that of the PC #. Set the default subnet mask on each workstation to
255.255.255.0. Make sure that you are configuring the lowest-numbered
NIC

Click on the Start button, then follow the menu to Settings > Network and Dial-up
Connections Right-click on the Local Connection icon and go to properties.
If the Local Area Connection Properties does have Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) go to
Configuring TCP/IP. If the Local Area Connection Properties does not have Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP), you will need to install it using the Install button.
The "Select Network Component Type" dialog box will appear.
● Select "Protocol" and click on Add. The enumeration of the protocols will
take a minute or so.
● Select "Microsoft" from the left panel and select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
from the right panel.
● Click the OK button.
Configuring TCP/IP
You can configure the TCP/IP properties by clicking on the properties button
in the Local Area Connection dialog box.
Select "Obtain and IP address automatically" and Clark Connect Office will
automatically assign an IP address for you.
Alternatively, you can choose "Use the following IP address:" and enter the IP
address, subnet mask, default gateway and DNS server addresses. If you have more
than three DNS servers, use the advanced button at the bottom of the dialog box to
specify the addresses and the order in which they are used.
Step 5 - Check the TCP/IP Settings with the Ipconfig /all Utility
Click on Start, Programs and then select the MS-DOS Prompt. Enter the
ipconfig /all command to see all TCP/IP related settings for your workstation.
Check the results of the IPCONFIG command from your workstation:
1. Host name
2. MAC Address
3. IP address
4. Subnet Mask

Step 6 - Check the network connection with the Ping Utility

Click on Start, Programs and then the MS-DOS Prompt. Enter the Ping command
followed by the IP address of the other workstation.

(Example - ping 200.150.100.1).

Explanation: This will verify that you have a good OSI Layers 1 through 3
connections.
Was the Ping successful?

Step 7 - Creating and Sharing File Folders

✔ Right-click on my computer icon and choose explore from the short-cut

menu.
✔ Select local disk (C :)
 ✔ From the file menu select new then folder. When the new folder Is created,
name it using your first initial and your last name.
✔ Right-click on the folder and select share
✔ Select the share this folder option button
✔ Click on the Permissions button and change Everyone’s permission to read
only.
✔ Open notepad and create a new file. Name the file using your NetBIOS name
Test. Save the file in the shared folder.

Patch Cable Crossover Cable

EIA/TIA 568B Wiring Standard Crossover Cable Wiring
Both ends of the cable should be Wire one end of the cable using the
wired like this: patch cable ordering and the other end
like this (i.e. swap pins 2 and 6):
PIN Wire Colour PIN Wire Colour
1 White with Orange Stripe 1 White with Green Stripe
2 Orange with White Stripe 2 Green with White Stripe
3 White with Green Stripe 3 White with Orange Stripe
4 Blue with White Stripe 4 Blue with White Stripe
5 White with Blue Stripe 5 White with Blue Stripe
6 Green with White Stripe 6 Orange with White Stripe
7 White with Brown Stripe 7 White with Brown Stripe
8 Brown with White Stripe 8 Brown with White Stripe
RESULT
Thus LAN connection was established to two system or more systems using
RJ 45 pin and Twisted Pair Cable.