Date. Exp. No. . STEFAN’S LAW ‘Aim: To verify Stefan’s Law by electrical method. Apparatus used: D.C voltmeter (0-12V). D.C. ammeter (0-5A) Electric Bulb having tungsten filament, operating voltage < 12 V. Rheostat (choose any range from 20-100 2). Formula used and Theory: According to Stefan's Law “The total power radiated from the unit surface area of perfectly rate of emission of radiant energy (E) from a black body per unit area is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature (T)” P=oT4 Where o Stefan’s constant is equal to 5.7*10* joule sec"! m” 2K In case of black body surrounded by another body at | temperature To, this law can be written as | + fpitament, p=o(T4 -Td) 2 “This is known 4s Stefan's Holtemdan law. Ferbeciea tet lias eee than the black bodies, we have, * Voltmeter P-A(Et 1), ae Fig. 1 where surface area A is a constant depending on the material of the body. 4b te p=AT*] 1-=® |, (Te/T)*is many situations is much less than unity and such case: P= att it taking logarithm of the equation InP=nA+4inT This gives In P versus In T will be a straight line having slope equal to 4 units. Therefore to verify Stefan’s law, P and T should be measured. 2Procedure 1. Make the connections as shown in the figure 1 value of eurrent in set of voltage and current. Increase the value of voltage by using theostat step by step and note down corresponding ‘ammeter. Calculate resistance at unknown temperature (Ri) for each 3. Note carefully the value of current and voltage where the filament glows first on increasing current. Calculate glow resistance (Re) for this pair. 4. Record 7-8 more values of current and voltage for further continuous glow of the filament to calculate resistance at unknown temperature (Ri). 5. Repeat the same procedure by decreasing the voltage and calculate glow resistance Ry for a pair of current and voltage below which there is no glow. 6. Reis the filament resistance at 800 K [because when the filament first starts glowing then its temperature is approximately 800 K]. Rg= For tungsten filament (Known) Rik RVR300 = 3.9 RW3.9 = Rae oF Re/3.9 = R300 7. Calculate power for any of the set of voltage increasing or voltage decreasing. Calculate the ratio RVRsoo and find out the unknown temperature for this value from the standard table given for tungsten filament. Draw the graph of logioP versus logioT, which should be a straight line. Observations: least count voltmeter - O41V 5 Leack cout awumeteY =0-4A Table 1: Determination of Ry: filament temperature = 800 K (527°C) vs. Power (P) i” | ier Increasing Current Decreasing Temp | POR 3 | ew | sats | Battle | ty |imcwa | Jaa 7 tl er) ee Aa Kohens} (watt) 1. [OF a on [ot 2. Z 62/363 | ool] -2 [2-58 2. [or a 2 | 0°2 4 |)62 | 383 |oro¥ [=039 | 258. 3. lou a | 445 | f6[U43 [oi2 [-0-92Z[2-6y 4. lo-e £5 [oe [oy [45 [ps5 | O03) 503 | 0-24 [-Oe [271 412 tel bs [2-2 [23 [5-13] 143 | 0:60 ]-0-22[ 0.07 6 [1-8 te [oe [3 3 |ua7|q23 [Toe [o-03 | 296 z = 36 [26 | ot | a7 [3:15 [609] 1193 | 1-09 [9.27 | 3.05 Bs a o8 w2 SY] 8 | 42 | 42 [603] 1203] 272 | ys | 3.09 | % E = "6 | u2 [og [ue | 46 [7uT] 1333 3-7elos7 | 3.12 ae 5 ONES: i Bi 5. {813} 1463] 5. | 069 | 316 - Mean value of Ry = -, ohms (during current increasing and current decreasing) Ro= Ry _ 0-628 23 39Table 2: For plotting Re Ro versus temperature or for the direct determination of unknow able 2: For plotting Ry Ro vers temperature using the value of RvRo | im ie R ql Temperature (°C) R Temperature (°C) R r 0 1.00 1100 760 100 153 1200 8.26 200 207 1300 8.90 300 2.13 1400 9.70 400 32 1500 10.43 500 3.80 1600 117 600 440 1700 142 Toy 5.00 1800 12.67 | be 5.64 1900 13.50 om Cau 2000 14.30 1000 694 Result: The graph of log,, P(Y-axis) versus log,, 7 (X-axis) is a straight line with a slope of the line =.:8.....which is almost equal to 4. Hence, Stefan’s law (P = AT*) is verified with power a~4. Precautions: 1) Use the bulb having tungsten filament. 2) Increase the current in small steps. 3) Choose the rheostat of appropriate range (between 20-100 2). 4) The slope of the straight line should be determined as accurately as possible. Facull Date: 24