LU Ce Cl 1900-2008 ete 22 World Warland the Rise of Communism 23 Belore and During World War Il 24 The Cold War Era 25 Dawning ofa New Millennium 26 Toward Globalism inthe New Millesium World War | and the Rise of Communism c. 1900-1930 GEGE HcHucHs SR ‘eWorld War | Czarist Russia ‘Karl Marx and Communism Bolshevik Revolution Vladimir Lenin ‘Joseph Stalin ‘Soviet Union Civilization had progres beginning of the 20th century (1900) that it seemed the world could only get better ane better, Lite did people realize that on the horizon loomed two ofthe greatest wars the world had ever known, Spiritual Coldness “By the late 19th century the seeds of Mod cemism, of religous liberalism, had taken root ny, the Land of the Reformation, Theologians in German universities denied the authority ofthe Bible, exalting their own reason above God's Word and teaching that the Bible ‘asa collection of myths and legends with a few historical facts. They denied the basic doc- trines of Chrstanly, including Chris's deity, ‘man’s sin nature, and the reality of heaven and hell. The state churches of Germany were cold ‘and formal; they no longer preached the gospel. Like much of Europe, Germany was spiritually dead. Te Bible was not read, and few people had a personal knowledge of God. When the people turned fom faith in God, they fll prey {o politcal revolutionaries and ultimately to tyranny, England and America were spared from these anti-Christian influences because of the preaching of evangelists and Bible teachers, Discontent and Revolution ‘The chaos of French politics inspired a spirit of revolutionary nationalism in many European nations. Many people longed to break loose from their established governments and rule themselves, based on what they saw {as the “natural” boundaries of national origin. ‘Consequently, the continent was plagued by revolts and discontent. In 1830 and 1848, evo- Tutions erupted in France, seting off explosions all over Europe.Wont Wax L aso ris Faso” Conran (Otto con Bismarck Italian Unification Beginning in 1831, several atempts were made to free Italy from Austrian role and unify the Italian states as one independent nation. Ttaly’ fist parliament met in 1861, proclaiming Victor Emmanuel If of Sardinia the first king sf ftaly: In 1870, when the Franco-Prussian ‘War broke out, French troops were withdrawn from Rome, where they had been protecting the pope. Ialian troops quickly took over the Eter- hal City. Pope Pius IX retreated tothe Vatican, And for the firs ime in oer a thousand yrs, the ope ha no tempor power. Rome became the ‘capital of a united Italy in 1821 German Unification In the mid-19th century, Germany was stil 1 conglomerate of states, heavily influenced by the political strength of Austria. Among the states ofthe German Confederation, Prus- sia was dominant, making it the logical state to take the lead in German unification. Otto ‘von Bismarck (1815-1998), chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia, set out to build a strong, tunified German empire with Prussia at the helm, Through wars with neighboring nations, hhe expanded German boundaries and united the German states. In 1871, King Wilhelm 1 ‘of Prussia was declared kaiser (emperor) of a Wilteln I ‘Bismarck determined to maintain peace in Europe and give Germany a chance to develop ‘asa powerful nation. He accomplished this 350 goal by keeping Germany closely allied with powerful nations, In the process, he was ‘Careful to keep France diplomatically isolated (ovithout allies) and therefore harmless. During the “Era of Bismarck” (1871-1850), Germany ‘became a strong industrial and military power Steps toward Wat German aggression. In 1820, the young Kaiser Wilhelm I dismissed Bismarck and tok foreign policy int his own hands, Wilhelm I bgan a program to build a naval feet 0 rival the Dritah navy, and by 1915, Germany's avy was scond ony to Britain's Under the leadership of Wilhelm IL Ger any was eager to flex its muscles, expand, tnd demonstrate is strength to the older Cslablished nations of Europe. Most ofthe German people had by this time rejected all but aempty form of thelr Christian heritage and had accepted Modernism almost without ques- thn. The vactsm let by this rejection of tre CCiristanity was destined to bring teror and destruction to Germany. ‘Opposing lances. By 1914, the major European powers were divided ino two hostile camps. On the ane side was the Triple Ali- tance, inching Germany, Ausra-ingory, ad Ty’ On the others was the Triple Entente, consisting of England, France and Russia Smaller nations allied themselves with which- ever power bloc they fazed less. Europe was ‘vided and ready for war. World War | (1914-1918) The Archduke's assassination. On June 28, 1914, the nations of Europe found an excuse for war when Archduke Francis Ferdinand, assassinated by a Serbian revolutionis in the “eATENC Gren Persian ay) 61-1619 Thy Years War 1672-871 Fanco-Prandan War {iGo ne Peloponnesin War | T7O-I7I¢ War ofthe Spanish 168SpanisAmencan War 264-241 w.c: First Punic War ia 1999-1902 Boer War 718-201 BC Second Punic War acta kes seizaeh 1901-1905 Russo-Japanese War 149-146 w.c. Thied Punic War eats 191-1918 World War [ seinen teesanor | 2785176 French and dian War 5569559 War Span) Beagpe ee 1999-1945 World War IL ‘1066 Norman Conquest Ee ee re ee 1950-1952 Korean War 1096-291 reson Fe 1948-197 Viena Wr Gorasrecemr yes | RSM NE ern ae aes ona ‘1846—1848 Mexican War Jose Doha 861-1865 Civil War (Ute Stats) Ther to the Austrian throne, and his wife were ‘The Modern Age 1961 Persian Galt War town of Sarajevo [si19-ya/v6] in Bosnia. Con- -vinced that ani-Austrian propaganda com- ing out of Serbia had led to the assassination, ‘Austria decided to take aggressive action. On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia. World War I (1914-1918), known in its day as ‘the Great War, had begun. Global conflict. Within months, all the major powers of Europe and their worldwide colonies were at war. First, Russa agreed to help Serbia, and Germany, anally of Austria, declared war on Russia. ‘Then Prance agreed tohelp Russia, and Germany declared war ‘on France, The next day, Germany, putting into effet a long-planned scheme to conquer France, sent troops through neutral Belgium to attack Paris, England insisted that Belgium's ‘ewtral rights be respected, but the German. chancellor said the 1839 treaty guaranteeing Belgian neutrality was “a scrap of paper.” So England came to the aid of Belgium By declar- ing war on Germany. World War I would be the first war tobe fought on a global sal. ‘Winston Churchill (1874-1965), one of the few men in Britain who had seen war with Germany coming years ahead ofthe first shots, ‘The Atsesination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Hie Wf, 1918Wonty Wax Lavo me Ruse oF Counrssyt had done what he could to build friendly ela tions with Germany. But as Fist Lord of the ‘Aaimiralty, Churchill had also modemized and. expanded the British navy and had developed the navy’s firs ar foree. Thanks to Churchil, winen England declared war on Germany, the British flet was ready. Opposing sides. As the nations of Europe took sides in the conc the Triple Entente (England, France, and Russia) and its allies became known as the Allies, and the Triple Alliance (Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy) and its allies beeame known as the Cen- tral Powers. Because Germany and Austria were not fighting a defensie war, aly refused {0 fulfil her treaty obligations to aid them. Instead, Italy remained neutral and eventue ally joined the Allies, quite confident she had joined the winning side ATLANTIC Octay ‘The Westem Front, 1914-1916 ‘The Batle ofthe Mame. Within three months, the Germans had conquered Belgium ‘and had overrun much of France. By Sep- tember, they were only 15 miles from Paris nally, French forces stopped the German advance and miraculously drove the Germans back across the Marne River. Paris and the French army were saved. The “Race tothe Sea” Between October and November the Allies and Germans raced teach other to ports on the English Channel and the North Sea, At Ypres [e’pr'], Belgium. the small but gallant British Expeditionary Force lost 50,000 men in its courageous defense against the German onslaught. The Germans were finaly stopped, and both sides settled down to dig trenches (deep ditches used in battle for cover against enemy gunfire). By Christmas of 1914, the western front stretched for 600 males from the English Channel tothe Swiss Alps ‘The numberof casualties (soldiers killed or wounded in battle) mounted as trenches, ‘machine guns, and barbed wire came to dominate the battlefield. New "secret" ‘weapors—the Germans intro- ‘duced poisonous gas and the amethrover and the Alles developed the military tank—made local gains possible but failed to achieve a breakthrough. The Battle of Verdun. In 1916, the Germans tied to break through the French line with massive assault (attack) on the fortress-ity of Verdun, After 24 hours of heavy artillery, the Germans stormed the city’s fortifications. French opposition was so great, however, that in six months the Germans advanced ‘only about four mies at the staggering cost of '540,000 French and 430,000 German casualties. The Battle ofthe Somme. In an attempt to relieve the pressure at Verdun, British forces launched an intense offensive against the Ger mans atthe Somme River. For a solid week, British guns pounded the German lines day and night. When the barrage lifted, long rows Of British infantrymen charged the German lines. Instend of being crushed, however, the Woo Wan ‘The Rock ofthe Mame by Mal Thorpe (Germans emerged from tat ene ened ‘he Bash oops with intende machine gun fre The Brith out fered over S00 cau als to gain at seven rls of and! The Ger- man amy likewise sul feed the oa of more than O00 offers find men. In disgust, Kier Wilhelm I dsmised the Chic ofthe German General Staff fa replaced him wth Caner Paul ‘on Hindenburg (1847-1534) who ‘heeame supreme commander of all Cental Powers free Hindenburg ‘would be the vital dictator of Germany dating the last two yore of the wae The Bale of ond. Ie was atso in 1916 thatthe most important feed ite adore el pa [A he Bt of uaa the North Sen west of Denmaty the Brisk navy defeated the Geman fet, fori to Ferain in home por throughout mos ofthe retof the war Other Fronts The easter font. Throughout the war, the Central Powers had been fighting French, British, and other Allied troops on the western front and Russian troops on the easter front Although the Russian army lacked armaments (iilitary equipment) and discipline, it was large enough to inflict heavy casualties on the Austrians and the Germans. Russia wa rot prepared for a prolonged struggle, hw- fever, and by the winter of 1917 she had suf- fered I million casualties, The wnpopularty ofthe wer lel tothe Russian Revolution in February 1917, when the people overthrew: 353Wont Waa Axo ri: Rist oF CosmcuNisht the ezar and established a Provisional Govern- tment modeled after Western representative democracies. With the collapse of the carist jgovernment, the Russian army soon began to fall apart Ih October 1917, Communist revolutionar ies, led by Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) over- theew the Provisional Government in the Bol- shevik Revolution and established a Commu nist state in Russia. Lenin quickly signed an allowing the Germans to concentrate al of their strength fon the Western Front. With the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk (1918), Russia was forced to give up such land and many people, but Lenin was willing to pay the price for peace. War in ica and Asia. Germany's Afti- can colonies were quiekly subdued by French land British forces. In Asia and the Pacific, the German colonies fell tothe Japanese, British CColorel T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Ar Dia") led Arab revolts against Turkish rule {in the Arabian Peninsula, and British troops tunder General Allenby captured Jerusalem in December of 1917. (The British would remain inthe Holy Land until Israel achieved inde- pendence in 1948.) The Galpoli Campaign. By far the greatest British offensive inthe east was the Gallipoli leorip’o-e] Campaign, the strategy of the First Lord of the British Admiralty, Winston ‘Churchill. Realizing that it was useless to hhurl men and equipment against the well> entrenched German fortifications in France, Churchill proposed instead to strike atthe Central Powers through the "back door” of the mach weaker Ottoman Empire (Turkey), ‘which had sided withthe Central Powers. The plan called forthe landing of British troops at Gallipoli in Turkey, and the swift capture of Istanbul (Constantinople), the Turkish cepi- tal, The few Australians and New Zealanders ‘who landed at Gallipoli fought bravely but ‘were greatly outnumbered. ‘The Allies were ‘compelled to withdrave after suffering heavy Casualties, As a result ofthe tragedy at Galll- pli, Churchill was force to resign his post 354 senecKuPy 1. Wie led Pras in the unication of Germany? 2. DesrbeGermany under Kaiser Wiel 4. Which tte nations forme the Tele [Alianes? What thre natons formes the ‘pe Enwente? 4 Wat even sparked the beginning of ‘World Wariin 914? ‘Why did England declare wa on Camany? What id Winston Chath doto Prepare the ith ee for wa? 17. Why did aly refs tad he Tipe ‘Aline? What role did aly end up pling 4. hat group became known asthe Aid Power? the Conta Powers? 9, Name some important bates onthe ‘western front. What was the most Sipe naval batt ofthe wae? 10, What ok place in Ruin February 1917 in eto 1917? 1. What id the armistice onthe eastem Font llow Germany odo? 12, Who captured Jeurlem forthe Ais? Wher? Who wasLawencef Abia"? ent: Modernism revlon etna, Vigor Ersae Rome, Phas aie, Em of marek, tenes ‘renter fon, Pal von Hindenbury Boksheriy Vlad nin ‘America Enters the War ‘American interest in Allied cause. Hoping toavoid involvement inthe conflict, the Ud States had declared her neutrality at the Benning lof the wer. However, as the war progressed, ‘America became increasingly drawn to the Allied cause. Between 1914 and 1916, her ‘exports to the Allies quadrupled. Much of ‘what the Allies purchased from America was bought on credit. Ifthe Allies were to pay the deb, they must win the war. But more impor- tant than America’s financial involvement with the Allies was the growing pro-English and anti-German sentiment. England had beer the bulwark of freedom through the 19th century. “The tyranny of the German government over its own peaple and other people of Western Burope was incompatible with American ‘deals, America’s basic belief in the dignity land rights of mankind would not allow it to remain genuinely neutral in the European confit, ‘Submarine warfare. This growing beliet that America must support the Allies was reinforced when Germany provoked the US. {in two important ways. At the start of the war, Great Britain had set up a naval blockade of Germany's ports. To get around the British blockade, Germany resorted to a new weapon fof war—the U-boat (undersea bust) or submas rine. With ts deadly torpedoes, the submarine ‘would prove tobe a very effective weapon. In carly 1915, the Germans declared all waters ‘surrounding the British Isles tobe a war zone and threatened to sink without warning any ship that passed through these waters. ‘One ofthe first victims of submarine warfare was the British luxury liner Lusitania. [RE] The New ork Gimes. pa goa «suman, mon ta Ee EE ee Wont War Unrestricted Submarine (U-boat) Warfare: A German sabmarin ks an American right Before the Lusitania sailed from New York, the German ‘embassy in the US. warned, ‘people not to board the ship, liming tha it carried war ‘supplies forthe British army. But the Lusitania embarked with passengers and crew despite the warning, and on May 7, 1915, the ‘vessel sank off the coast of Ireland after being submariny ‘Some 1198 passengers including 128 Ameri- cans, wre killed. “The US. govemment sent Germany an ultimatum, demanding the termination of “unrestricted submarine warfare. Germany replied that in the future merchant ships would not be sunk without warning and that provi sion would be made forthe safety of those on. board For a time, it seemed that the U.S. might avoid the war after all. But then, in January 1917, Germany announced the resumption of lungestricted stlbmarine warfare. The Germans hoped to win the war by cutting off British ‘supplies and defeating the Allies before the US. had time to mobilize (prepare for war) and join the Allied forces, In February, the US. broke off diplomatic relations with Germany: ‘The Zimmermann Note. Meanvshile,Brit- ish agents intercepted a message from German, Foreign Minister Acthur Zimmermann to the ‘German delegate in Mexico. The Zim- smermann Note instructed the delegate to offer Mexico its Inst Ind in the American Southwest in return for Mexico's help if the US. should enter the war. The British olay MELAS ABP a 4 Grave CABG 47 RAND released this message to America, and in ‘March the Zimmermann Note appeared in newspapers across the country. This news ‘was shorly followed by news of renewed Submarine attacks on American vessels, 355Wont Wax asso mis Rise or Commune In addition to military tanks and ‘submarines, World War Faso witnessed the debut of airplanes and other aircraft in the military. At Bist, airplanes were used mainly for scouting purposes. Inthe earl- (stair combat encounters, pilots fought ‘with pistols or rifles. Later, planes were | | sed to drop bombs and were equipped with machine guns. Many daring pilots Called “aces” flew on both sides, engaging {ncolorful “dogfights” inthe skies over France and Belgium. ‘88, these airships ad to fly so hy high to avoid antiaizraft fire that their die~ sel engines froze up and their crews devel- ‘oped frostbite ‘America declares wor, Americans now demanded retaliation. President Woodrow Wilson addressed Congress, declaring that The world must be made safe for democ- racy” and Congress declared w ‘on April 6, 1917, ‘America’s entrance quickly tured the lide of the war. As soon as Congress declared war, the US. Navy mobilized its Atlantic Fleet. Soon naval destroyers were protecting, ‘great convoys of merchant ships carrying men. land supplies across the North Atlantic. The ‘American fleet also lid a great mine field in the North Sea to limit the activity of German submarines, Between March and July of 1918, ver a million American “doughboys” (as US. troops were called) landed in France. Ameri- ‘can manpower, weapons, economic resources, fand food supplies ensured an Allied victory The Wester Front, 1917-1918 | The lat German offensive. Fioping to win the war before the Allies could be rein- 356 ‘The Germans also used giant Zeppelins (similar to blimp aishipe) to bomb tangets in England. Containing highly flammable forced by tresh American troops, the Germs Jaunched a major offensive to capture Paris in March 1918, Having made peace with the ‘Communist government in Russia, Germany could concentrate is forces on the western front, For weeks, the German amy fought French and British forces along the westem front. They steadily drove the Allies back, conquering territory and taking prisoners, tuntil they came within 40 miles of Paris. But the German offensive was too late. By May 1918, American reinforcements had reached the front, With American resources, the Allied forces under the leadership ofthe French Ma shal Ferdinand Foch [fésh] began to drive the (Germans back Cental Powers collapse. Suddenly every- thing fell apart for the Central Powers, Bul: garia surrendered at the end of September, and Fukey gave up a month later Austria sur rendered November 3. Meanwhile, revolution had broken out in Germany. The kaiser abdicated, a republic was created, and the Germans asked foran armistice. On November 11, 11918, in a railroad dining car in France, German dele gates signed an armistice, to go into effect at 11-00 that momning—the Ilth hour of the 1th day of the 1th month. Whistles and sirens sounded and church bells pealed throughout Europe fand the US. in celebration of ‘Armistice Day (now called Veterans Day in the US), ‘The Great War was over. A casty victory for freedom. World War I was a great victory forthe forces of freedom, but it was also a very costly victory. World War I brought the greatest destruction in property and people the world hhad ever seen. Itwas a modern war, employ- ing trench warfare, airplanes, tanks, machine ‘guns, poisonous gas, and submarines. More tho 13 align peuple died, and as many as 2Lmillin were wounded. In the aftermath of the wa, America began to ship food and medi- cal supplies acras the Atlant. American food relief shipments kept millions of Europe- ‘ans, induding Germans, from starving after the devastation of World War US. President Wilson declared thatthe war was ‘9 ar for freedom and justice and self-government Among all the nations of the world, a war to make the ‘word safe forthe peoples who live upon it and have made i their own, the German people themselves included, He expressed the hope that ‘World War T would be "the ar fo end all wars.” US, President Woodrow Wilson of Italy “Armistice November 1, 1918; Parisians ad Aled trop cleats then of he Great War ‘The Peace That Failed The Conference of Versailles. On Janu- ary 18, 1919, a peace conference convened atthe Palace of Versailles outside Paris. The signing of a peace treaty seemed urgent. Tae {economics of Western Europe were in shan bles, and many parts of the continent were experiencing political upheaval. Communism ‘had taken contol in Russa, and it threatened. to spread to other parts of the world. The Conference of Versailles made litle progress, "however; for although It was supposed to achieve a “peace ‘among equals" no representa- tives from the defeated Central Powers were invited to attend, After two slow months, the leadership of the conference fell to four influential men. ‘The “Big. Four” included President Wile sonof the US, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain, Premier Georges Clemenceau {hiv man’ s0"] of France, and Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando 357‘Wonto War [AND 7H Rise or ComMUNISH League of Nations. President Wilson was convinced thatthe most ric step to main- tang fare work! peace ws the establish trent of a League of Nations, He was even tring fo compromise on othe sues in Gro fo get his Langue acepled, believing thot mistakes made at the peace conference ould be corrected late through the League SE Nation. Wilson worked hard to get the Teague covenant draven up and approved ‘The covenant specified the aims ofthe Tengu: "To guarantee intematonal coopera toma (0 echieve international posce and security “ety of Verses. The result ofthe peace conference was series of compromises The spain provisions ofthe Testy of Versailles Inay be summarized a floes (1) German territorial losses. Germany would be forced to give up all colonies tnd overseas possessions as wel as territory on her northern, easter, and swestern borders. (©) Denilitariztion of Germany. Gor- ‘many would be forced to surrender her ficet and reiace the size of hee mer- chant marine. The German arsny was reduced to 100.00 men, about the size ‘of Belgium's army, and conscription (eiltary draft) was prohibited (©) Reparation and aiimission of guilt. Germany Was forced toad full responsiblity for causing the war. On that basis, Germany was to pay the tentie cost of war damages. Aspecial ‘committe later decided thatthe total reparations shoul be about $23 billion. ‘Many predicted thatthe Treaty of Ver- sailles would set the stage for another war ‘When the French Marshal Foch leared that the Rhine was not tobe set as a permanent ‘boundary to protect France from Germany, he remarked, “This isnot peace. Itis an armi- stice for twenty years.” German bittemess. The Germans had no choice but to accept the Treaty of Versailles, Dut it left them very bitter toward the Allied 358 nations. It saddled Geemany with guilt ‘and with a debt its people could not pay; it paced her in a postion tobe easly victim- teed by extremists and fanatics; and it gave Ihera new “democratic” government with ro sure foundation. The resentment and ‘economic hardship that resulted in Germany Thecause ofthe Treaty of Versalles helped sow the seeds for World War IL Peace of Pars. In addition to the Treaty of Versailles, separate treaties were signed ‘with the other Central Powers: Austria, Hun- ‘gary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. These treaties Included the following provisions: (1) Allof the Central Powers were forced to give up land, (@) Austria and Hungary became “separate nations (9) The following new nations were created: Finland, Estonia, Lai, Lithuania, Poland, and Ceechosto- suki (4) The following nations were enlarged: Serbia (which became Yugosleia after the war), Belgton, Italy, Greve, and Romania Collectively, the treaties signed at the end of World War I were called the Peace ‘of Paris. Each ofthe treaties in the Peace of Paris contained the covenant ofthe League ‘of Nations. ‘America rejects the League. Ironically for President Wilson, the U'S. was the only ‘victor not to join the League of Nations. By the time the Treaty of Versailles was put in final form, many Americans had come to ‘oppose it. Some insisted it was too harsh on Germany, and others feared the entangling alliances i would create. Many Americans feared thatthe treaty would draw the US. {nto a European war that was none of her concern. By a joint Congressional resolu tion America offically ended its hostilities against Germany in 1921, butt never rti- fied the Treaty of Versailles or oined the ‘League of Nations, North Territories Lost by: I Austria-Hungary im Bulgaria lim Germany 1 Give these important resons why the United Ste was drown tthe Aled ‘What wagedy caused the Unie States {ocean the termination of Germany's unrestricted submarine ware? 5. When did Amerie declare war on Gemma? How did American aid rare an Aled victory? 4. When was an armistice signed Cormanyt Where wast Spe {dentity:submarines, airplanes 2 5. Wha US Freident waned oes gue of Nations? What wer the spectiod sims ofthe League? = 6. What wore the three main provisions of the “Treaty of Verales? 7. How did the Peace of Pais fl the nations involved? What new nations were ceted? 8. What was the oly World War victor nt t0 join the League of Nations? Note doughboys, Ferdinand Foc, "Big Fou” ins, Zimmermann