BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT

AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACG:QUNT

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.. FORTY-FIRST YEAR, 19,95 . 1/.-1.(,t \
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. I

-
SHABTIS
ILLUSTRATED BY THE EGYPTIAN COLLECTION IN
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON

WITH CATALOGUE OF FIGURES FROM MANY OTHER SOURCES

BY

FLINDERS PETRIE, Kr.

D.C.L., LLD., LITT.D., D.LIT., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.B.A.
EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON

LONDON
BRITISH SCHOOL OF EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER ST. W.C. 1
AND
B. QUARITCH, 11 GRAFTON ST. NEW BOND ST. W. 1

1935
BRITISH SCHOOL OF EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY
PATRONS:

F.-M. VISCOUNT ALLENBY, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O.

BARON LLOYD OF DOLOBRAN, P.C., G.C.S.I., G.C.l.E., D.S.O.
SIR JOHN CHANCELLOR, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., D.S.O.
LT.GEN. SIR ARTHUR WAUCHOPE, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., C.I.E., D.S.O.

GENERAL COMMITTEE (*Executive Members)

HENRY BALFOUR Dr. WILFRED HAJ.L J. R. OGDEN

Sir PERCY Cox THE PRINCIPAL OF KING's Cor.r.EGE Sir CnARLES PEERS

Mrs. J. W. CRowFoot E. S. LAMPLOUGH Dr. RANDAL!.-MAclVER

*Sir PERCIVAJ. DAVID, BART. *Dr. ERNEST MACKAY Dr. G. A. REISNER

*G. EuMORFOPOULOS *Sir CHARLES MARSTON (Vice-Chairman) Capt. E. G. SPENCER-CHURCHir.r.

N. EuMORFOPour.os Sir HENRY MIERS Mrs . STRONG

Sir JAMES FRAZER Dr. ]. G. Mn.NE THE PRovosT oF UNIVERSITY Car.LEGE

*Prof. ERNEST GARDNER (Chairman) Prof. Er.r.1s MINNS Sir HENRY S. WEr.r.co~rn

Prof. PERCY GARDNRR Sir RoBERT MoND *Mrs. MORTIMER WHEELER

Rt. Rev. the LoRn BISHOP OF Gr.oucESTER *Dr. M.A. MuRRAY Sir LEONARD W ooi.r.EY
Dr. A. c. HADDON P. E. NEWBERRY

Honorary Director-Sir FLJNDERS PETRIE

Honorary Treasurer-*C. H. CORBETT, J.P.

Honorary Assistant Director and Organi{ing Secretary-Lady PETRIE

Donations may be sent (cheques crossed Barclay) to

Lady PETRIE, or to Miss BONAR, University College, Gower St. W.C. r,
or to Lady PETRIE at address American School of Research, Jerusalem.

a*
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER I CHAPTER V
SUBSTITUTE FOR THE BODY OTHER TEXTS ON SHUABTIS PAGE
PAGE
28. Messages to the dead . . 8
1. Position of the subject of shuabti
29. The Aten formula 9
2. Primitive removal of head I
3o. Forthcoming of offerings 9
3. Custom stated in texts . .
31. Royal gifts in honour 9
4. Modern African custom .
32. Description as servants 9
5. Early figures of the dead 2
33. Short formulae . . . . 9
34. Meaning of carrying sand 10
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER VI
THE SUBSTITUTE FOR THE MUMMY
FORMS AND MATERIALS OF SHUABTIS
6. Stone image of the mummy . 2
35. Use of names for dating 10
7. The kingdom of Osiris 3 36. Figures without tools . I I
8. Examples of mummy figures . 3 37. Tools represented . . . . I I
9. Inscriptions on figures 3 38. Task-masters . . . . . . I I
10. Misdated figures . . . . . . . 3 39. Wood and stone figures II
40. Glaze, pottery, and mud figures 12
CHAPTER III 41. Numbers in one burial . . . 12
THE GROWTH OF THE SHUABTI CHAPTER VII
l r. Rude wooden figures 3 TRAN SLIT ERA TI ONS
12. Inscriptions on rude figures 4 XV!Ith dynasty 1-46 t3
r3. Group of one family . . . . 4 XVIIIth 47-83
14. Conjuration described by Lucian . 4 XIXth " 85-221
15. The word shuabti . . . . . . . . 5 ,," glazed 222-245
"
XXth 247-253
XXIst " blue 254-265
CHAPTER IV "
XXIst-XXllnd dynasties . 267-386
GROWTH OF THE SHUABTI FORMULA Green painted clay 390-407
16. Simplest formula . . . . . . . . Coarse faded glaze 408-411
5
17. Associated with royal offering . Wood, painted black 424-432
5
18. Lengthened formula . Pottery, painted . 433-461
5
19. Clause of numbering . XXllnd dynasty. Green glaze 464-531
5
20. Clause of business . XXVth Incised stone 532-543
5 "
21. The title Osiris 6 XXVIth Incised glaze 544-578
22. The direction sehez 6 Band and "column 580-617
23. Beginning of the workers 6 Narrow, back inscribed 620-639
24. Clause of smiting evils 6 xxx th dynasty. Latest 641-655
25. Exceptional clauses . . 7 For method of references, see end of Chapter V,
26. Rise of task-masters . . 7 p. 10.
27. Complete text of XXVIth dynasty 8 INDEX
 LIST OF PLATES

I.
Formula from Xllth to mid XVIIIth dynasties.
II. ,, ,, mid x vm th to xx th dynasties.
III. ,, ,, XIXth and XXth dynasties.
IV. ,, ,, XXIst-XXX th dynasties.
V.Table of growth of the formula.
VI. Inscriptions 5-28, XVIIth dynasty.
VII. ,, 29-46, XVIIth-XVIIIth dynasties.
VIII. ,, 47-60, XVIIIth dynasty.
IX. 61- 97, xvmth- XIXth dynasties.
x. " 99-227, X!Xth dynasty.
"
XL 241-53 l, xx th-XXVth dynasties.
XII.
" 53z-560, XXVIth dynasty.
XIII.
" 561-642, XXV!th-XXXth dynasties.
XIV.
" in hieratic. Tools.
"
XV. Table of signs used in catalogue. Dated ushabtis.
XVI. Index to XXVth dynasty A-0.
XVI!. 0-P.
XVIII.
" " " " P- N.
XIX.
" " " " N - H.
xx. " " " "
H - T.
XXI.
" " " " T-Z.
" " "
XXII. Index from XXVIth dynasty " A - N.
XXIII. N-Z.
" " " "
XXIV. Ushabtis r-r4, XIIth- XVIIth dynasties.
xxv. 15- 29, XVIIth dynasty.
XXVI.
" 30-45, xvn th dynasty.
XXVII.
"
47- 57, to mid XV!Ilth dynasty.
XXVIII.
" 58- 72, mid XVlllth dynasty.
XXIX.
" 73- 84, late XVIIlth dynasty.
xxx. " 85-rog, early X!Xth dynasty.
"
XXXI. uo- r22, limestone; X!Xth dynasty.
XXXII.
" 123- 144, pottery; XIXth dynasty.
XXXIII.
" 145- r6r, pottery and wood; X!X th dynasty.
XXXIV.
" r52-r53, with pottery boxes.
xxxv. " 23 r- 245, glazed; XIX th dynasty.
XXXVI.
" 246-266, glazed; XXth-XX!st dynasties.
XXXVII.
" 267-333, glazed; XXI st-XXIInd dynasties.
"
 LIST OF PLATES-ABBREVIATIONS vii

XXXVIII. Ushabtis 33 5-362, glazed; XXIInd dynasty.

XXXIX. 363-415, glazed and clay; XXIInd dynasty.
"
XL. 424-448, wood and clay; XXJIIrd dynasty.
XLI.
" 456-529, glazed, &c.; XX!llrd-XXVth dynasties.
"
XLII. 531-550, stone and glazed; XXVth-XXVIth dynasties.
" 554-573, glazed; XXVIth dynasty.
XLIII.
XLIV.
" 574-603, glazed; XXVIth-XXXth dynasties.
"
XLV. ,, 604-656, glazed; XXXth dynasty.

ABBREVIATIONS

Lieb. = LIEBLEIN, Dictionnaire de Noms.

M.C.A. = MASPERO, Cairo.
N.T.N. = NEWBERRY, Theban Necropolis.
N. = PETRIE, N aq ada.
P.C.A. = PEET, Cemeteries of Abydos.
P.S.B.A. = Proceedings, Society of Biblical Archaeology.
Ree. = Recueil des Travaux.
R.M.A. = RANDALL MACIVER, El Amrah and Abydos.
U.C. = University College, London.
Z.A.S. Zeitschrift fiir agyptische Sprache.
Museum references, see pl. xv.
 The pressure of getting out new results, in the four volumes on Ancient Gaza, has
delayed the issue of the present volume on Shabti figures which belongs to the series
illustrating the FLINDERS PETRIE collection (Edwards) in University College, London.
As an historical account of one of the principal funeral developments of the ancient
Egyptians, it bears on the changes of Egyptian mentality not otherwise known.
The next two volumes to be issued will be those on:-
(r) Our prospecting Expedition, autumn 1934, in Syria, to be followed by excavation
there, in connection with Gaza; and
(2) Discovery, spring r 93 5, of a frontier fortress of Shishak on the Egyptian border
of Palestine. This defended a town overlying several earlier ones, all pre-
decessors of Anthedon, " Flower of delights."
We are excavating from November, till March 1936, in this desert of Sinai, and hope
to reach early history through the forty feet of ruins under the fortress. The School is
also resuming work at Gaza. As we asked for no donations last year, in the uncertainty
of prospects, we hope for generous help from all interested, that the work of our two
expeditions be not hindered. Donations may be sent (cheques crossed Barclay) to British
School of Egyptian Archaeology, University College, Gower St. W. C. 1, or, till end of February,
to Lady PETRIE, Khan Yunis, South Palestine.

FLINDERS PETRIE
MONOGRAPHS ON EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1935
BASED ON FIELD WORK

The collection of Egyptian antiquities at University College, London, was gathered by me in

order to study the development of civilisation of the past ages of Egypt. The nucleus of the series
was the small collection of a few antiquities given by Miss EDWARDS who founded the professorship
which I held. The opportunities of acquiring antiquities, when living in the country for forty years,
were great, and many curious specimens, less saleable to the tourist, came my way. These purchased
antiquities gained in value from comparison with the dated objects discovered in my excavations.
From this there grew a view of serial development in primitive times and onwards. It eventually
gave a basis for a series of monographs on different subjects, illustrated by my collection, and in some
instances augmented from other collections, thus forming a library of Egyptian archaeology.
My clear time has more or less sufficed to complete such "catalogues." I proposed to issue
twenty-one volumes altogether. Seventeen of these volumes were for the subjects which had to be
worked up, and in addition there are four which are on subjects within the scope of other students.
I might have issued more, if assistance had been provided, as much of my time in the preparation
of them was occupied in the photographing and drawing of over 14,000 objects. Half of each year
was swallowed in excavating and moreover a half-time post and pay, at the College, left no margin
for keeping an assistant.
The following sixteen Catalogue Volumes have been completed, and one more got into order.
The last four of the series can be delegated.
x. The first catalogue, Amulets, began the classifying of the subject in 275 kinds, with r,700 photo-
graphs, and references to other collections. Constable issued it, but it was hit by the war so that no
publishers will undertake such books. At the time, I was ordered to remain at the College, and that
gave opportunity to prepare Catalogue Volumes, which could be issued annually to the subscribers
of the British School of Egyptian Archaeology, while all excavations, and publication of results of field
work, were suspended.
2. Scarabs with names, and Cylinders was the most important of the volumes, historically. The
2,300 named scarabs of the collection form a more complete series than the British Museum series,
and no other museum collection is of half the size.
3. Tools and Weapons contains 3,200 figures, of which 960 are photographs from the College. The
absence of any corpus of forms before it was published has made this the standard book of reference
for this subject. It is always quoted as "T. W." in Germany.
4. Prehistoric Egypt, with discussion of the dating of predynastic objects, has over r,ooo figures.
The newly conceived "Sequence Dating" was put into practice, and applied to distinguish differences
of age through the prehistoric periods.
5. Corpus of Prehistoric Potte1y and Palettes. This embodied in 61 plates more than r,700 different
pots, arranged according to their form for easy reference, and dated by Sequence Dating.
6. Buttons and Design Scarabs is complementary to the previous volume on scarabs, completing the
subject. It contains 2,200 figures, classified.
x Monographs on Egyptian Archaeology, 1935.

7. Ancient ·weights and Measures records over 5,000 weights, with l,ooo figures and full discussion
of the various standards, superseding the previous theories on the subject.
8. Glass Stamps and Weights, the companion volume to this, deals with the Byzantine and Arab
periods, and records the most complete series known. It contains over 700 photographs with transcripts
and translations.
g. Objects of Daily Use, with 62 photographic plates, contains l,600 figures. The classes comprise
jewellery, toilet articles, carvings, furniture and basketry, games and writing.
lo. Shabtis, the present volume, contains 400 figures, with analysis of the text and copies, and
a catalogue of continental collections.
1 r. Stone and Metal Vases will follow next. This Catalogue gives drawings of r,3oo vases of various
dates, mostly early, with some photographs to show texture.
12. Corpus of Proto-Dynastic Pottery, 3o plates with over 800 figures.
13. The Funerary System gives detailed descriptions, with catalogue of 650 objects.
The last three volumes named are already completed for press and will soon be issued, making
a total of thirteen volumes, which will serve as text-books on the various subjects. Besides these,
I wrote three more Catalogue Volumes: -
14· Glass and Glazes,
15·
16.
17.
Textiles,
Stone and Plaster Work,
Coptic Objects, notes prepared on, I
but these volumes, together with the notes, have disappeared, in a clearance of College records which
was made just before my return from Palestine in 1934.
There also remain to be prepared, by my successors, the Catalogues of: -
18. Bead Necklaces, illustrating the unique collection of over r,ooo strings, ranging from Badarian
(earliest prehistoric) down to Coptic Age. The representation of these in colour has been purposely
postponed, awaiting a photographic process which will give a continuous colour, without white spotting.
lg. Flint Implements.
20. Statuettes.
21. Inscriptions.
FLINDERS PETRIE

(postal address)
American School of Research, Jerusalem.
 SHABTIS.

CHAPTER I entirely wrapped up, bone by bone, and so re-

composed (see Diospolis 34, Deshasheh 20-23, Meydum
SUBSTITUTES FOR THE BODY.
and Memphis iv, 19). Our present concern is with
1. Though the funeral statuettes are the com- the head. It is clear from many instances that
monest of antiquities from Egypt, they have never the head was removed, probably to be kept apart,
received more than an incomplete study of certain and buried later than the body, or sometimes not
portions of the whole subject. The most usual buried at all in the grave. Among instances in
form of the inscription was translated by BIRCH Naqada, 3o, there is one absolutely unopened grave
(Z.A.S. 1864, p. 89, 103; 1865, p. 4, 20); LORET in which the skull had been put in reversed. In
gave an account of the Cairo figures, distinguish- three instances there was a pile of large stones
ing three stages of the inscription, and describ- placed in the grave, and the skull placed upright
ing general styles (Ree. 1883, p. 89; 1884, p. 70 ). on the top of the pile (N. 31). In an intact grave,
The inscription has been principally discussed by. the skull has been put in reversed (Diospolis 32).
BORCHARDT (Z.A.S. 1894, l l l), and GARDINER (Z.A.S. In two instances necklaces were compl ete in the
1906, 55). SPELEERS has given a general account graves, once round the neck, and once beneath
of the subject (Les Figurines Funeraires), in l 923. the skull, yet the skulls had been removed and
With a few other shorter notices, this comprises set upright, one on the spine of the contra cted
all that has been collected; there is no systematic body (Labyrinth and Gerzeh 8, 9). Such instances
registration of details, no collection of all variants show that besides frequent dism emberment, the
of inscription, and translations vary much. I owe skull was specially kept apart, and later added to
to Prof. GUNN many transcriptions from the hieratic. the body.
The material for the present study is mainly the 3. This custom is what is described in the early
collection which I have gathered at University funeral ritual of the Pyramid Texts, and the Book
College, London, of 650 different examples, and the of the Dead. We read "Geb has given thee thy
notes of 565 figures in Italian and other museums. head"; "Rise up Teta because thou hast received
Also the copies in the principal publications have thy head "; " Nut comes to thee ... thou movest
been used. This system of registration may help because she has given thee thy head "; " Pepy
in future publications, and so it is well to suggest Nefer-kara thou hast received thy head." For other
the lines of research. extracts, from the Book of the Dead, see Wain-
2. When we seek for the starting point of the wright in Labyrinth and Gerzeh, pp. 10- 15.
funeral figures, we pass back stage by stage till The literary references accord with the actual
we reach the customs of primitive burial in Egypt, treatment of the head, as frequently found. This
so we should begin with that. As soon as the custom seems to be the origin of placing a stone
prehistoric burials were recorded, it was noticed head of the deceased in the shaft of the tomb after
that in many instances the bodies had been inten- the burial of the body (Ancient Egypt 1914, 125,
tionally dismembered (Naqada), and this has often and ]UN KER). If the actual skull perished, the stone
been noticed since in other cemeteries, extending image of the head would remain and be ever
down to the Vth dynasty (Deshasheh 20-24). ready for the benefit of the deceased (Ancient Egypt
Here we are not concerned with the general 1916, 48).
dismemberment, repeatedly found to have been 4. It is well known that in West Africa the skull
performed, though the bodies were subsequently of an ancestor is needed for the benefit of his
2 SUBSTITUTES FOR THE BODY

descendants, enshrined in the house, and receiving material side of the devotion recorded in contracts;
offerings at the family meals, in order to ensure but we must read into it the craving for the
the good will of the ancestral spirit (FROBENIUS, union with the family spirit, the ka, who had been
Voice of Africa 675). Such a primitive habit of manifest in the ancestor, and was transmitted to
thought, still surviving, well explains the purpose his descendants. It was not only the ka of the
of the prehistoric Egyptian in removing the head ancestor, but the spirit of the lineage of which he
from the body, and keeping it for some time before had been the embodiment. On dying, a man went
restoring it. to his ka, the ka interceded with Ra for the dead,
The next stage in this custom is to make a model and the offerings were devoted to the ka, as being
of the head, and to keep it permanently above the the protector of the dead. Such a dual view accords
tomb, in order to present the offerings before it. with modern African beliefs, and reconciles the
In New Calabar an image of the head and shoulders apparently contradictory statements of the ancients
of a chief, or a whole seated figure, is carved in (Ancient Egypt 1914, 162).
wood and placed on a wooden base or tray, some- Inscriptions on the statues only give name and
times with smaller images of the sons. The offerings titles. The earliest theological reference is in the
are then laid on the tray before it. This serves Vth dynasty, where the figure is called the amakhu .
as the centre of the daily or weekly worship, of kher neter oa, "worthy one before the great God."
which, as in Egypt, the eldest son is high priest In the Vlth dynasty appears, rarely, the list of royal
(LEONARD, Lower Niger 162-5). Hence we see that offerings given for the worthy one, or granted
the primitive veneration of the ancestral head passes from the royal food-rents due to the king. By the
into the veneration of a seated figure, and thus Xllth dynasty this was the constant formula; the
the rise of a system of funeral heads, and finally royal food-rents are taxed to give an offering to
statues, is actually seen in practice at the present a god, so that the god may provide for the de-
day. ceased.
5. Though the burial of a separate head in the In tombs from the !Vth dynasty onward, the stone
tomb, carved in stone, was in use as late as the figures were placed for safety in a closed shrine,
IVth dynasty, yet entire figures were made before or serdab, and were fed with drink and incense
that. The granite figure of the llnd dynasty, found through open slits. In the Xth dynasty tombs of
at Memphis (Cairo Mus. 3072) shows the offerer Antaeopolis, the provision of drink was supplied
kneeling, evidently in supplication. The inscription by a long channel which passed under the door·
reads " He gives an offering, the washer of the of a shrine containing the statue, so as to reach
high priest of Tehuti, beloved by Tehuti, Dat." the figure.
The earliest private seated figures, judging by the
work, are probably of the lllrd dynasty, such as CHAPTER II
the statues at Leyden and Naples (CAPART, Recueil ii,
THE SUBSTITUTE FOR THE MUMMY.
iii, li). These have long parted from the natural
freshness of the Ist dynasty style, and are not yet 6. In the Xllth dynasty a new style of figure
influenced by the grand dignity of the IVth dynasty. appeared, the beginning of the true ushabti. The
Rather later, probably about the middle of the downfall of the Old Kingdom system, and the
lllrd dynasty, are the standing figures of Sepa and destruction of its tombs, had deeply impressed
Nes (BISSlNG, Denkmiiler 5). The function of these Egyptian thought, and had shown the futility of
figures to receive offerings is not described in any trusting to the conservation of the mummy. Now,
text of the Old Kingdom, but the festivals are as physical food could be ensured in perpetuity
named. The same festivals recur in the prescribed by models in imperishable stone, it was only a step
ritual of the tomb of Hepzefa, of the Middle King- further to replace the mummy by a stone figure.
dom, and hence that may be taken as giving a Such seems to have been the origin of the rnum-
view of the function of the figures. On six great miform figures which begin in the Xllth dynasty.
festivals in the year spe cial offerings were made, As late as the XIX th dynasty the figure is associated
and on most of them illuminations of the tomb, with the bird figure of the ba, or soul, as in figs. 98
while on every day there was a loaf and a jug and 99 here, and the touching figure in Cairo where
of beer placed before the statue. Such was the the ba bird waits anxiously to enter the body.
 SUBSTITUTE FOR THE MUMMY 3

7. In the earlier ages the soul was supposed to 10. It should be noted that MARIETTE attributed
reside in the tomb, and to receive the offerings to the Xllth and XIIIth dynasties many ushabtis of
there deposited, and by its statue to benefit from the a later style, and this has been followed by LORET
incense and food continually offered in the tomb and others. The texts on these are not of Xllth
chapel. To ensure the protection and comfort of but of xvrnth type. The absence of legs to animal
the wandering soul, a model of a hut with food hieroglyphs is not a proof of early age, as it occurs
was placed at the side of the grave. It was later as late as the XXth dynasty (L.D. III 235-6), and
amplified as a house fitted with furniture. All this on an ushabti at Florence of Aohmes praiser of
implied that the soul remained on earth; but after Amen. Another reputedly XIIth dynasty ushabti
the Xllth dynasty a more spiritual theory arose, of Ren-senb (Cem. Abyd. II, r 13) omits nesut da
and it was believed that it belonged to the kingdom hetep and has the vocative before " ushabti," and
of Osiris, Prince of Eternity, Lord of Life. Instead the phrase aptu, and the sowing and watering
of wandering on earth, dreading to eat dirt, the clauses, all of the XVlllth or later. Whether this
soul was to go to Osiris, and to be employed in is the Ransenb of Tehutmes I (Arabeh xxii) is un-
the duties there, as on earth, and to have the certain, as GARSTANG supplied no numbers and PEET
pleasures also of its past life. This is familiar to made no plan, so the two accounts are unconnected.
us in the scenes on papyri of the XVlllth dynasty. Another ushabti reputed to give the early text
In order to perform these duties, hands are (Anhurmes in Arabeh 35) has the word am before
needed, and hence the mummy figure with visible clause 28, which is unknown till XXIst dynasty, and
hands. the smiting clause, 22, which is not early. It is
8. The examples of the successive stages of this of the type of the revival in XXVth dynasty, like
eschatology are as follows:- Harua and no. 545 in vertical columns.
It seems, then, that by the close of the Middle
Plain forms without hands, see pls. xxiv-xxvi,
Kingdom the duplicate figure of the mummy had
XII th dynasty.
been provided with arms and hands in order to
Called a royal offering, nos. 6-39, XVIIth dynasty.
act, and that it was generally inscribed with the
Called a shabti, nos. 40-44, Shauabti 45,
royal offering formula for the ka of the deceased.
XV!lth dynasty.
At this point we lose sight of it in the gloom of
Wrapped figure with hands, nos. 47, 48.
the Hyksos age until it reappears, further de-
With tools in the hands, 52, 53, and onward.
veloped, in the XVHth dynasty.
9. What appears to be the earliest type of
inscription on these figures is that from Hawara,
" A royal offering to Osiris lord of Restau that CHAPTER III
he may grant him (deceased) a coming forth to
THE GROWTH OF THE SHUABTI.
walk happily in the Duat, that he may behold Ra
at his coming forth in the horizon." From the fine 11. Of recent years a large number of :figures
work, this is of the Xllth dynasty but, by its source, have been found at Thebes, which are evidently
not before Amenemhat III. Another figure of the from a fami~y cemetery, shortly before the XVllith
same age is inscribed "A royal offering to Osiris, dynasty. The only description at first hand is by
lord of Zedu, that he may grant an oratory, food, NEWBERRY in Excavations in the Theban Necropolis.
and drink, for the ka of the lady of the house Scattered ones have come through dealers to the
Hent-nefert" (figures, Labyrinth xxx). Another British Museum, and at Thebes I bought about
figure, of the same form, reads "Made by favour forty.
of the king for the keeper of the great house of They are closely linked in formula to the stone
the king, Amenqen (Cem. Abyd. II, xxxix 5). The figures already described, all of mummy form with-
type without arms or hands was also made later, out hands; but in the intervening centuries there
as no. 49 under Tehutmes III, but it is rare. The was an enormous degradation. These are all of
type with arms also begins in the Middle Kingdom, wood, roughly split and chopped, and some even
as " Royal offering to Osiris for the ka of the show no difference between head and feet. Yet
Intendant of the North Land (Delta) Nekht," and they retain the old formula, and represent mum-
of a priest Nekhta (Arabeh iii, vi). mies, as many of them have model coffins, see
 4 THE GROWTH OF THE SHUABTI

nos. 3, 3 A, 39 A, pls. xxiv, xxv. Some had a model do, yielding a bare sound without meaning, but
'-./ tomb also (N.T.N. 27). I heard a real oracle out of Memnon's own mouth,
Most of these bore the royal offering formula in in seven verses . . . On our return there happened
rude hieroglyphics, but later ones have the ushabti to be in the same ship with me a man of Memphis,
formula in hieratic. There are 59 royal offerings, ... of the sacred order, with a shaven crown, dressed
and 21 shuabtis at that date. The royal offering entirely in linen, always absorbed in meditation,
text, or plain names, are on nos. 5 to 46, transcribed speaking very pure Greek, a tall man, lean, with
on pls. vi, vii. Several have the provider's name, a pendulous under-lip, and somewhat spindle-
his mother or brother, " to cause his name to live." shanked ... When I saw him, as often as we went
This does not therefore refer to the posterity on shore, among other surprising feats, ride upon
continuing to live, but the name of the deceased crocodiles, and swim about among these and other
living when called to serve in the kingdom of aquatic animals, and perceived what respect they had
Osiris. for him by wagging their tails, I concluded that the
12. The god to whom the royal offering is made is man was holy, and sought to ingratiate myself with
Osiris on 34, Ptah on 5, Seker on 4 examples. The him that he might communicate to me his secrets.
position of Ptah, as god of the dead, is notable at At length he persuaded me to leave my slaves at
Thebes. The compounding of the gods is shown . Memphis, and to follow him alone, telling me that
by the singular daf, or the plural da-sen. Ptah and we should not lack for servants. When we came
Seker once remain separate, but otherwise united to an inn, he would take the wooden bar of the
as Ptah-Seker-Osiris, or Ptah-Osiris. The formation door, or a broom, or the pestle of a mortar, put
of composite gods was just in progress at this age, clothes on it, and speaking over it a magical
and this implies the complete fusion of the different formula, made it walk, and be taken by everybody
stocks of worshippers, perhaps due to the pressure for a man. This servant went to draw water for
of the Hyksos. us, did the cooking, arranged the furniture, and
13. The group from 5 to 28 is entirely of one showed itself in every respect an intelligent and
family of six brothers, sons of Antef and Sat-art. active servant. Then when Pancrates no longer
The successive deaths are traced by the names of needed it, by a second enchantment it became a
the dedicators, broom if it had been a broom, a pestle if it had
been a pestle . . . One day hiding myself in a
for the son Antef by Teta-nefer (12)
dark corner, I heard, unknown to him, the magic
for Teta-nefer by Teta-mes ( 19) and Teta-onkh ( 18)
formula. It was a word of three syllables ...
for Teta by Teta-mes (ro) and Teta-onkh (17)
Next day when my Egyptian was occupied in
for Teta-on by Teta-onkh (24) the market place I took the pestle, I dressed it, and
Other royal offering formulas are on 3 r to 39, pronounced the three magic syllables and ordered
and the shuabti formula on 40 to 45, all cursive it to go and fetch water. It brought me an amphora
hieratic. full. ' Enough,' I said, ' do not bring more water,
14. At this point, in view of the mere scraps of become again a pestle.' But it would not obey me,
wood which were to do all that the deceased could it continued bringing water, and filled all the house.
do in the underworld, we may well turn to an I knew not what to do. I feared Pancrates would
account which is a satire on this belief, as it still be angry on his return, as he was when he did
existed in Greek times. It is so entirely foreign come. I seized an axe and split the pestle in two.
to western magic that it is evidently a parody true Immediately each piece of wood took an amphora
to its surroundings. Lucian, in his dialogue on and went to fill it with water, so that in place of
lying, gives a story by Eucrates as follows:- one servant I had two. At this point Pancrates
"While I resided in Egypt, whither I was sent returned, guessed at once what had happened, and
very young by my father, for the purposes of study, turned again to wood my two water carriers, as
I conceived a desire to go up the Nile to Coptos they were before the enchantment. But some days
for the sake of hearing Memnon, who at sunrise afterwards he left me without my knowing it, and
utters such surprising tones. (Coptos being the I have not known since what has become of him."
garrison town would be headquarters for a trip to Now whether this was borrowed directly from
Thebes.) I did hear him; not as the generality the belief in the shuabti or no, the magic ideas are
 THE GROWTH OF THE SHUABTI 5

closely the same. A shapeless piece of wood, like 18. We next find the formula lengthened by a
these early shuabtis, can by a magic formula be repetition, before being amplified by more subjects.
made to do all the work of a man; and even if The duplicated formulae are no. 28 N.T.N., "Shuabti
split in two, as rudely as these shabtis are split, this, Aohmes, if one summons thee to all work in
each piece will continue to have the same magic Kher-neter, 'I am doing' say thou, as a servant;
powers. Perhaps the word of three syllables refer- if summoned to fill channels, or sand from east to
red to was Sha-uab-ti, as that is the word first west, 'I am doing' say thou." No. 32 N.T.N. is
uttered in conjuring the figures to do the work. rather longer, " 0 Shauabuti this, if one is going
This story has been revived in modern times in to send in the name of N efer-hetep, to carry sand
a French symphonic poem. of west to east, say thou ' Behold I am doing,
15. Various sources for the word Shuabti have behold me '; if summoned in the name of N efer-
been proposed. Shau to be useful, or serve, or hetep to works, say thou, repeat thou to him,
appointment, or fitness (sha to appoint). Uab satis- 'Done' to him." For the general view of all this,
faction, contenting, uabti he who is satisfied. Usheb and following inscriptions, see the tables pls. i-iv,
to answer; but the figure is never commanded and the general table of formula growth, pl. v.
"usheb," but "ka," in reply. Shuab is the persea 19. The next idea that comes in is the reckoning
tree, but no figures of that wood are known. Usheb of the workers; the work is to be not merely a
means also to eat or nourish, Ushabti nourisher, casual order to be done when called for, but a
but the work was weaving or shifting sand, not numbering-ap-of the workers, counting them up.
providing food. The hieratic shabti U. C. 41 reads "Shauabti this,
if one calls and numbers such an one to do all
CHAPTER IV works there in Kher-neter, 'Behold me' say thou."
The same, rather fuller, appears for Teta-res (Z.A.S.
GROWTH OF THE SHUABTI FOR.MULA.
xxxii, r 13) "Shabti this, Teta-res, if is numbered
16. The simplest type of formula, found on the Teta-res to do all works that are to be done in
earliest class of figure bearing the name of shuabti, Kher-neter, to make grow the fields, to fill the
is merely "0 shabti of Sen·hetep, made by his channels, to produce ... to transport sand of the
brother making his name to live Aoh-hetep" (42). east to the west 'Behold me' say thou." This is
"Shauabti this, Aoh-mes Sa-pa-(ar)" (45). "0 sha- the first extension of the formula to field cultivation,
uabti Sa-pa-art" (44). These simply assert that and there was also added the clause "to produce"
the figure in some way belongs to the deceased. (sekheper, something erased), which never occurs
A further step is to call it "shabti for the ka of again. The details were still quite variable, and
Sa-ra" (43). Thus the shabti is to act for the not yet crystallized. It is to be observed that the
family spirit (see sect. 43, pls. vi, vii, xxiv-xxvi). shabti is still called by the name of the man, Teta-
17. In only two instances do we find the royal res; it is to be identical with him in all claims for
offering formula associated with the shabti formula. working.
This indicates a very brief overlap of the two 20. The next new clause appears in the figure
formulae; when the shabti formula was once started, of Teta-on (N. T. N. 22), and best, perhaps, on
it was soon the only one accepted. No. 18 of that of Qed-hetep (Arabah xv). The latter reads
NEWBERRY reads "Royal offering to Osiris lord "0 shauabti this, if one numbers Qed-hetep in all
of Zedu, great god, lord of Abydos, may he give works to be done in Kher-neter, as a man at his
an oratory, oxen, geese, clothing, incense, ointment business, to cause to grow the fields, to cause to
... for the ka of N ... made by his mother who fill the channels, to transport the sand of the east
makes his name to live, M ... Shabti, if one calls to the west, 'I am doing it Behold me,' say thou."
for me (to carry) sands of west to east, 'Behold The new clause that the work is to be done " as
me' reply thou." No. 19 of NEWBERRY gives a a man at his business" is obscure, probably owing
longer form, after the royal offering. "0 Shabti to its colloquialism; the " business," kheriu, means
this, if one summons thee in the west or in the anything that is put under a man, within his power
east to carry sand or water, to weave clothes, then or control. RENOUF renders it as "abilities," LORET
(reply) thou to Osiris 'I am doing it behold me' as "condition," we might also say work on subjects
reply thou to him." that he can do, or affairs. We should try to grasp
6 GROWTH OF THE SHUABTI FORMULA

this in its form here, because soon after it becomes shabti, and seems likely to be connected with the
mixed up with another clause which complicates instruction by the deceased to the shabti.
it. It might be paraphrased, " if the deceased is The earliest dated formula of this type is of
levied to do work of the kind of work that he Senemaoh (47), under Tehutmes I, and this is
understands and can perform." identical with the figure of Nehi (48) governor of
21. At this point of development come in two the Sudan under Tehutmes III, which may be taken
new features, the title of Osiris for the deceased, as the finest work, and most complete type, of the
and the phrase sehez. Before both become generally early sehez form: - " Make clear, royal son of the
used together, there are noted 9 with sehez alone, land of the south, Nehi, maot kheru. He says, O
and 5 Osiris alone; but each term was occasionally Shuabti this, if one numbers the royal son of the
used alone in later times. The priority is settled land of the south, N ehi, in works to be done there
by those with Osiris alone being of the rude style in Kher-neter as a man at his business, to cause
of figure, while those with sehez alone are of fine to grow the fields, to cause to fill the channels, to
work. This shows that Osiris was of earlier in- transport sands of east to west, 'Behold me' say
troduction, but was not regularly used till after thou."
Nehi the viceroy of Tehutmes III. The earliest 23. With the coming in of the complete formula
Osiride formulae (N.T.N. 3o, 29) are "This Osiris sehez Asar, is also another phrase unknown before,
Tetamesu. 0 Shauabti 'I am doing it, behold me ar heseb tu, "if one reckons." The figure of Userhot
with thee' (say) as one calls thee because of carry- (U. C. 52) shows the beginning of a new order of
ing from west to east "; also of the same man, things. All the earlier figures were simply mummy
"0 Shauab this, if one numbers Osiris Tetamesu figures or had hands shown, but at this point there
to all works to be done in Kher-neter, to cause appears a hoe in each hand and a bag at each
to grow the fields (to cause to fill the channels), side. The details of shabti tools are dealt with
to transport the sand of the west to the east, 'I am later (sect. 37, pl. xiv), but here we note that the
doing it, behold me,' say thou." This shows that radical change takes place with the later style of
the assertion of the shauabti being the man in ribbed wig, the sehez asar formula, and the phrase
question continued until the man was Osirified, of reckoning. The inscription of Userhot is "make
whatever that may mean; but evidently the co- clear, Osiris, scribe of the troops of the lord of
deifying of the man must result in a separation two lands, Userhot; he says, 0 Shabti this, if one
between him and the figure which is to be ordered numbers, if one reckons in (all) works to be done
by Osiris. The Osiris title is the first occurrence in Kher-neter, as a man at his business ... " (the
of regarding the shabti as a slave, though a sign remainder is lost). A rare link with the past is
of that appears, probably earlier, on the figure of the early formula of a royal offering in a column
Aohmes (N.T.N. 28) where the shuabti is to reply down the back of the figure.
"like a servant." 24. The next stage is the introduction of the
22. The meaning of the term sehez, which became clause about smiting evils. This is usually joined
universally applied to shabtis, is not yet settled. to the clause "there as a man at his business,"
It means not only to make physically bright, but but not always so; the other connection of it helps
also to explain or interpret writings, as in our to show the sense. The smiting is to be by, or
phrase "illuminating." It even becomes used for for, "him if numbered at any time." Now, the
an overseer, sehez per being translated " overseer whole structure of the inscription is based on the
of the palace," the man who "brightened up" the following type:-" Says he to the Shabti, if N. is
place, as we say. It is by no means always joined called to work, to carry sand, then one smites for
with the Osiris title, often it is applied directly to him evils." Him, f, cannot here refer to the shabti,
the name of the man and, in one instance at least, but to the person who is directing the shabti, and
to the shabti. (" Sehez shabti this of Osiris Teta- who is called on to work. Hence it cannot read
nefer born of Baka," &c. Z. A. S. I 894, I I 5). It is "then shall he strike down evil," because the person
certainly not an adjective, as it precedes the subject. is supposed to be quiescent. The sense therefore
It becomes universal in shabtis; it is rare, or un- seems to limit the meaning, by the various con-
known, on steles or other places. Hence it appears texts. Clauses that are sometimes omitted are here
to be an order or declaration connected with the in []~and explanations in ( ), as follows :-In the
 GROWTH OF THE SHUABTI FORMULA 7

xvmth dynasty the person says, if he is called on Between 29 and 35 "(to cause to fill the chan-
to carry sand, "then thou (the shabti) shalt smite nels), to do all messages to be done in Kher-neter.
for him (the person) evils as a man at his business 'I am doing, behold me' reply thou in the con-
if numbered at any time,"-that is, to act as a body dition of one carrying. The Osiris Bakenamen is
guard. In the XXVlth dynasty the person says, if harboured in peace at Amenti as chief of a city "
called on to work in Kher·neter, "then thou (shabti) (Cairo 97, LORET).
shalt smite for him (person) evils as a man at his After 33 "(as a man in his business, to be num-
business (thoroughly), Behold me, reply ye, if bered at any time) as thou repeatest well 'Me,
numbered at any time to work there, to cause to behold,' reply likewise (ye) who daily for ever
grow the fields," &c. Thus when the person is repeat (this)." Upuat-mes (Leiden, Mon. II, iii).
called to work, the shabti is to work for him, and After 38 " (behold me reply thou) there; listen
to protect the person. thou to him who made thee, do not listen to his
The royal figure of Amenhetep II, no. 65 (see enemies, as one calls thee because of carrying from
inscrip. pl. ix, 65) differs from private ushabtis in west to east, (say) 'I am doing, behold me, with
nature, not being called an ushabti. It reads, thee'" (Berlin, Z.A.S. 1895, 119).
" make clear, king Oa-khepru-ra maot kheru; he After 38 "(reply thou) there in Kher-neter."
says 0, these (statuettes) of the eternal prince Any (R.M.A. xli).
Amen hetep, neter heq an, if it is ordained, if one After 38 " (reply thou) there in the hour when
numbers, to do all works that are to be done in following Unnefer, great god, prince of eternity."
Kher-neter, then smite thou as a man at his business; Tau (M.C.A. 425).
behold say thou maot kheru." After 38 "(reply thou) if reckoned at any time
25. During the XVlllth dynasty the formula was in the business of every day." Ptahmes (M.C.A.408).
by no means crystallized, but it fluctuated some- After 38 (carrying sand) " if one calls, if I am
what in order, and by new sentences added at the sought in the timing of every day, I am doing,
writer's discretion. This is seen, in the comparative behold me." Neny (Leiden, Mon. II, x).
table of texts, by the quantity of exceptions at After 32 (carrying sand) "if I am sought at any
this period. We shall here note the exceptional time at all." Mehy-hetep (U.C. 106).
sentences in the order in which they occur in the The figure of Huy (Leiden, Mon. xv) may be
standard text. The context of the standard is accepted as the most perfect text of the XVIIIth to
in ( ). XIXth dynasty. It reads "Make clear, Osiris ...
Between clauses 12 and 18 "(If one numbers, Huy, He says 0 shuabti this if one numbers, if
if one reckons) if I am sought at any time (to do one reckons, the Osiris Huy to do all works to
all works, &c.)" (Cairo, no. 75, LORET). be done in Kher-neter, to cause to grow the fields,
Between 16 and 29 "(If thou art summoned, to cause to fill the channels, to transport the sand
Aohmes) there go (to cause to fill the channels)" from east to west there, as a man at his business,
(N.T.N. 20). smite for him evils there; if numbered at any time
Between I 7 and 29 " (If one numbers, if one 'I am doing, behold me' say."
reckons, the Osiris Ra-user in Kher-neter) saying 26. At the close of the XVIIlth dynasty there
be strong with the hoe in the pools (to cause to arises in the inscription the greater frequency of
fill the channels)" (M.C.A. 427). This gives the the clause "if numbered to work at every day"
name for the hoe usually figured on the shabti, or "continually." This change was assigned by
aken-nu. LORET as distinctive of his second version, in
After 22 "(thou shalt smite for him evils, as a which he also included the change of the middle
man at his business) if thou art summoned daily" XVIIlth dynasty, introducing the clause of smiting
(Amenmes, U.C. 60). evil. Indeed, it is not clear which of these changes
After 28 "(to cause to grow the fields) united he means when naming the second text. He places
with its people." That is to say, along with the the beginning of the second text to Amenhetep III
other serfs of the field. in three instances, Heq-er-neheh, Thuaa, and a sarco-
After 29 "(to cause to fill the channels) who phagus; and among the seven shabtis of Thunure
art of the court of servants." See nameless figure, (Cairo 32) there is one of the first text, and the
M.C.A. 43r. rest are of the second. In no clause is there at
8 GROWTH OF THE SHUABTI FORMULA

all the clean division of date between a first, second doing it, behold me' say thou." After this, there
and third text, such as has been assumed by various are no further changes except degradation, until the
writers. The only statement that can cover the latest text appears at the end of the XXX th dynasty.
facts, is to date the order of introduction of the For royal shabtis, the text was kept up almost to
single clauses, and their period when possible, as standard form until the last native king Nekht-
we are doing here. The greater frequence of the her-heb.
continued work is associated with the conception
of the figures as slaves, rather than as doubles of CHAPTER V
the deceased person. With this arises the idea of
OTHER TEXTS ON SHUABTIS.
needing task masters, dressed in a waist-cloth and
carrying a whip; the earliest of such figures be- 28. Various other texts occasionally appear in-
longs probably to the age of Sety I, as we shall scribed on the figures. The earliest such is on
notice further on. The shabtis of the xrx th to three rough wooden figures of the XV!Ith dynasty
XXVth dynasties show a continual shortening and (N.T.N. XX, 24-26). Prof. NEWBERRY's translation
corruption of the inscriptions. The only distinct is much cleared by the relationships of the persons
change is that the clause of "smiting evil thorough- given by their shabtis already described, sect. 13.
ly " begins to be placed before instead of after the The person named Teta-res is probably the same
triple field works, probably starting there in the as Teta-on, being written with the same eye sign,
XIX th dynasty (Ptahmes inlaid glaze, Cairo) and but with different spelling. Teta-nefer and Teta-
never found placed after the field works later than on were brothers according to the relations shown
the XX th dynasty (Rameses IV). by the shabtis, and Teta-nefer died before Teta-on.
27. The last great change in the history of the We can read the inscriptions in view of these facts.
text was the establishment of a long standard edition Explanations are in ( ).
at the beginning of the XXV!th dynasty, after which No. 26. " 0 Teta-res wander to seek Teta-nefer
the only variation is shortening by omission. This (who died before) go around if (thy shabti) is
new text was beginning about 690 B.C. as shown bringing for thee sand." That is to say, he was
by the figures of Amenardas (U. C. 53 5-8) and her to seek his elder brother and help him with his
high steward Hema (540); to this class belong the shabtis' share of carrying sand.
figures of Nesiptah (534) and Anhurmes (542) which No. 24. " Royal offering to Osiris (lord of) Zedu,
have no back pillar. Nesiptah has a beard, while may he give an oratory, oxen and geese, for the
the more completely inscribed Pedu-amenapt has ka of Teta-res (son of) Antef.. (Message) Teta-res
none, showing an overlap of customary form. The wander to seek and he will be found (Teta-nefer)."
next stage is that Shepenapt II, perhaps 650 B.C. No. 25. "Pa-medu wander to seek Teta-res, that
has the introductory clauses with the name, but he may call by name to the ka of Teta-nefer. If
not the fullest text of Peduamenapt. This latter you are told to carry sand of west to east 'I go '
noble has left many shabtis, now all broken, dis- say." Here a servant, Pa-medu, is told to seek
united and scattered among many museums; they Teta-res to give him a message for the guardian
are of brown serpentine, of the finest engraving ka of Teta-nefer, and to accept orders from him
and the most complete text known . They serve to work.
as the standard text for all later time, and read These are very interesting, as messages given
thus:-" Make clear, Osiris, chief reciter, Pedu- at burial to the corpse to be delivered to those
amenapt; He says 0 Shabti this, if one calls, if previously deceased. This implies more of the
one numbers, if one reckons, the Osiris, chief reciter, interaction of the deceased than is generally sup-
Peduamenapt to do all works that are to be done posed. The messages belong to the earliest period
there in Kher-neter, then thou shalt smite evils of the Theban royal wooden figures, as the family
there, as a man at his business; 'Behold him' say only use the royal offering formula, and never the
thou if one numbers at any time, to be done (act) word shauabti. These injunctions remind us of the
there, to cause to grow the fields, to cause to fill old Scotch woman who was told, when dying, to
the channels, to transport the sands of the west take various messages, and replied " Hoot awa,
to east, and vice-versa, 'Behold me' say thou if one ye dinna think I'll gae clack-clacking thro' heven
seeks the Osiris, chief reciter, Peduamenapt, 'I am looking for your folk."
 OTHER TEXTS OF SHUABTIS 9

Another early formula (N.T.N. 15) resembles that (praises), du em hesu, of the man. A fine example
of the oldest mummiform figure, desiring a coming here is U. C. 4-9• " Given in honour from the king
forth in the Duat; it reads " Royal offering given for the praised (dead), who greatly filled the heart
to Osiris, great god, lord of Abydos, that he may of the lord of both lands, child of the harym (kep),
give things good and pure, and entering and going chief of the archers of Zaru, keeper of the horses,
forth in Restau, for the ka of Mesu." Restau, now Monuna." The title khred ne kep, here rendered
Resht, was the port of A alu on the Caspian Sea. "child of the harym," occurs on other shabtis, as Senb
29. A formula of the time of Amenhetep III (Cairo, M.C.A. 385), Mentu, Arab, and Amenmes
(Cairo, 50 LORET) names both Anubis and the Aten. (all Bologna) with the house determinative. Another
It reads, " Royal offering to Anpu who is in the such formula is Du em hesu nt kher nesut, " given
temple, the great god, lord of Amenti, that he may in honour from the king, for the keeper of the
give a glorious coming forth to behold the Aten, cattle, fan bearer, Amen-qen" (Cairo, 4-5 LORET).
to breathe the sweet wind of the north, for the ka 32. The idea of personal service was developed
of the Osiris greatly favoured by the good god." from the XIX th dynasty onward. Even in the be-
The standard text of the orthodox Aten wor- ginning of the XVIIIth dynasty, there is the injunction
shippers is given by two figures: C is one in Cairo to act as a servant. Early in the XIX th there are
(Musee Egyptien III, 27) and Z is one in Zurich figures of the deceased High Priest Ptahmes, grind-
(P.S.B.A. 1885, p. 202). These are identical except ing corn, inscribed " I am the servant of this god,
in the passages in [ ]. They read,-" Royal offering his grinder." But this was a substitute or servant,
given to the living Aten who makes bright th~/ not the person, as another inscription reads, "Says
earth with his beauties, may he give sweet wind he I am the grinder of Osiris, servant of Nut, for
of the north, a long duration of life in the excellent the ka of the guardian of the treasury, Mery-mery"
Amenti, C. gifts cool water, wine, milk, on the or Mery-y. The purpose of these figures is essentially
table of offerings of his tomb, C. [gifts of all young different from the old figures of domestics of the
flowers, Z.J for the ka of the lieutenant Hot, C. Vlth to Xllth dynasties; these are to work for the
[his sister, lady of the house, Qedet, Z.] " These gods in lieu of the noble, the older figures were
figures are not at all alike, the Cairo one is of slaves to work for the noble himself. These belong
most exquisite carving of wood, that at Zurich of to the heavenly kingdom of Osiris; the others be-
brown pottery; hence the text must have been longed to the life of the dead on earth (Z.A.S. 1906,
general, because carved by artists in different 55). The idea of a substitute being a servant grew
materials. in the XIX th dynasty, until one figure is inscribed
30. Early in the XIXth dynasty, another formula "Servant of Tauekhed" (Z.A.S. 19II, 127). Yet
is found (Leiden, Mon. II, xvi). " Royal offering even here the figure has the long full wig of the
given to Osiris Khent-amenti, to Ptah-seker lord lady herself, and is therefore intended to personate
of the shethy (shrine), to Anpu within the temple, her, although called a servant.
that they may give an entering and going forth 33. In the XIX th dynasty a new opening to the
into Kher-neter, breathing sweet wind of the north, formula was sometimes used, " Speech made by
taking bread forth before the roll of rations of the the Osiris N., says he 0 Shabti, &c." (Z.A.S. 1905,
lord of Ta-zeser, following Seker in Restau and 81 ). Here the word " speech " stands in place of
Osiris in Zedu, and a good burial for the future, sehez; this confirms the meaning of sehez, preceding
in the western temple of Memphis (DE ROUGE, the address to the shabti.
Geog. 4-), for the chief of the Memphite palace of Very short formulae occur on the figures of
the lord of the lands, Aohmes." Down the front of Zedptah-auf-onkh of the XXIInd dynasty; on some
the dress, in one column, is "A forthcoming of " I am Z., behold thou "; others " I am the follower
everything upon their table of all things good in Amenti" or "in Duat," or the follower of Osiris
and pure." This is parallel to the inscription on (Ree. V, 70). These seem to show at that time a
the front of the dress of Khoemuas (U.C. 99), weakening in the idea of service to Osiris, and
"A forthcoming upon the table before the lord of there only remained the intention of providing a
Ta-zeser, for the king's son Khoemuas." substitute for the mummy to follow the gods.
31. A form rarely found, in the XVIIIth dynasty, The latest appearance of some formulae may be
was to state that the figure was given in honour noted here. The royal offering occurs in the middle
IQ OTHER TEXTS OF SHUABTIS

of the XVIllth dynasty (Hor, Cairo 43, 61, and Huta the sand dunes which encroached on the cultivated
68) and in the XIX th (U. C. from Rifeh). Ne ka ne land. In parts of the western edge of the Nile
occurs on two figures of the XIXth dynasty (Bologna, valley, high sand dunes slowly march forward and
U. C. 233). Amakh, after the early XVIIIth dynasty, extinguish the fields; in one district, half a dozen
was revived in the XXVIth. 0 shabti after the early ridges of dunes, about a furlong apart, line the
xvmth, was revived in the XXVth, XXV!th and xxxth valley edge, with grassy plains low enough to
dynasties. be inundated lying between them. Such masses,
34. Various questions regarding the usual formula twenty to forty feet in height, could hardly be
do not seem to have had enough consideration. shifted by man, yet in other districts (as Saqqareh)
The nature of the work which Osiris would require low rolls of sand a foot or two high encroach on
of the deceased, and which was passed on to the the cultivation. Where a water channel bordered
shabti, is an essential matter. What appears to be the western edge (as it usually did, owing to that
the earliest requirement is the weaving of cloth- being lower than the rest of the alluvial plain),
ing, next the carrying of sand, then irrigation, then shifting the sand by boat across from the fields
and the last claim was for making the fields grow. to the desert, from east to west, might have been
The provision of tools does not appear till some worth undertaking. This seems to be the least
generations later than the demand for works. It improbable sense of the instruction.
seems that the subjects of Osiris were to take For references from the photographs of ushabtis
part in an organized society, doing all the needful to the text, first look in Chapter vii, transliterations,
business of life, and not only agriculture. What for the name corresponding to the number of the
then is the meaning of carrying the sand of the photograph. Refer the name to the alphabetical
east to the west? In the cultivation of Egypt, as list of names, pls. xvi-xxiii: this will give the titles,
we know of it, there is no great carrying of sand. name, and parentage, the form, material, arrange-
It has been suggested that it might refer to taking ment and type of formula, also the museum reference,
the sebakh dust from the towns bordering the Nile according to pl. xv. Next refer the number to the
on the rocky eastern side, across to the broad facsimile copy in pls. vi to xiv. The list of names
cultivated plain on the western side. Although in and titles, xvi-xxiii, gives a catalogue of the shabtis
two of the earliest texts, and some later ones, the of Bologna, British Museum, Cairo, Florence, Ley-
word for carry is fat, which might mean by land den, Naples, Collegio Romano, Turin, Vatican, as
or by water, yet the regular word here is kheny well as those in University College, London.
"to row," and the determinative of a boat is added.
This strongly shows that the sand had to be movjld
across the water from east to west. The diffi9tilty CHAPTER VJ
in supposing this to refer to sebakh is that there
FORM AND MATERIALS OF SHUABTIS.
is no evidence that the town dust was utilised
anciently as a fertiliser. If used as at present, some 35. The history of the form of the shabti should
reference would surely be found to the interminable be considered with reference to the types of names
details of farm life in contracts on Roman papyri. associated with the forms. There is no published
It was used before 1800 A.O. as the ruins of Bubastis list of names giving the range of date of each,
are shown dug out, in the French views of the and therefore we need first to gain some idea of
Description; no high house walls could remain bare the changing fashions in names. The political im-
for centuries, in the Delta, without being weathered portance of different centres brought certain gods
down fiat. Also no trace of ancient digging over into prominence at one time or another, and this
sites has been observed during modern excavations; is reflected in the devotion to those gods. But
town mounds of all ages still stand in their original more important is the form of devotion. The child
strata and levels. It seems quite impossible that is ascribed to divine favour, as Amenhetep "Amen
an extensive system of sebakh digging was a main contents,'' or Erdune-ptah, " Ptah gave "; in later
labour in Egypt when the shabti instructions were times dedication to a god is more usual, as Pen
framed. Again, it is questionable if town dust would amen," This is for Amen," Bak-ne-khensu, "Servant
be called sho, sand. The only labour in moving of Khonsu," Nesiptah "He who belongs to Ptah,''
sand that we can imagine would be shifting back Pedu amen "The gift of Amen." Here we can only
 FORM AND MATERIAL II

notice a few of the limits of age of certain forms a shabti was buried in a model coffin with wooden
of name which help in dating the shabtis. Names models of hoes, buckets and yoke, and brick mould,
with nekht begin as early as the Xllth dynasty, see apparently to make bricks rather than to do cul-
Amen-nekht (LIEB. Diet. 114) and Sebek-nekht tivation (El Amrah xxxix). The tools were other-
(Scarab r2 E). Amen-nekht and Sebek-nekht occur wise of bronze, inscribed with the owner's name,
under Amenhetep III, but the main period of the as a model bag (El Amrah xxxviii, xl) and model
name was in the XIXth dynasty. Penaati occurs axe, chisels and hoes (El Amrah xlv).
under Tehutmes III, and Penanher had a sister 37. The hoes are at first of two forms, broad
Hat-sheps (LIEB. 437), though the type of name and narrow (see 66 and pl. xiv); later they are
was far commoner in the XIX th dynasty. Bak-names usually only narrow. In the XXVIth dynasty a pick
begin in the XVlllth dynasty, as Baken-khensu who with a short blade is always shown with the narrow
was high priest under Amenhetep III. Nesi was hoe. This pick always has the blade tang inserted
used in names of the Old Kingdom, as Nesemnau; through the wooden handle (see 547 and 55 r, 553,
in the Middle Kingdom, Nesonkh-senbef, and Nessu. pl. xiv).
The earliest of the frequent nesi-names seems to The provision of water pots and yokes (see r r3
have been given under Ramessu about r r40 B.c., and l 12, pl. xiv) is less common, being only placed
Nesi-ba-neb-zedu of Tanis; a generation later the on about one in thirty. They are probably all
use of nesi- spread to Thebes, in the name Nesi- of the 1time of Ramessu II, as not one of the
khensu. The form Pedu- first appears with Pedu- twenty-four names need lie beyond that reign.
bast high priest under Ramessu III. The form The baskets or bags were at first carried in the
Zed- is probably as early as the XIXth dynasty, in hands with the hoes (see 63, 66), but the position
Zed-ne-skhoba-ast (LIEB. 97 5), but began to be usual on the back hung over the shoulder became general
with Zed-khensu-auf-onkh son of Panezem II. All (see r 13 and pl. xiv). From the form and size they
of these points serve to show the limits of different are for carrying seed, not earth.
classes of shabtis. 38. The figures of overseers with a kilt begin
36. The figures with hands but without any tools in the XIXth dynasty, not a single name shows an
are a sixth of the whole; they were usual for royal earlier date. The earliest class (XV 52, see nos. 94,
persons, as Sety I, Ramessu III and VI, Amenardus roo) is that with folded arms. The same is true
and Shepenapt. Of private persons with hands of the class XV 58 with two hoes, and the type
empty, the names are nearly all of the XVIllth dynasty with 60 (see no. 85) thet and zed in the hands.
style, and the latest are three Ramessu names. The later classes (54, 56) are those with the whip
One Zed-khensu is copied from the Vatican; in in one hand, and the other arm down the side;
the glass cases the details are not seen, so the tools these begin with the X!Xth dynasty, as the beautiful
could not always be recorded. The purely mummy Hor (here no. 253) belongs almost to the Akhenaten
figure without tools ceases with the xvmth dynasty, glazes, and the latest of this style with whip in
except in royal persons or rare examples of private right hand are of the XXIst dynasty, and with whip
persons. The beginning of the representation of in left hand, of the XX!lnd dynasty. The two figures
tools is more difficult to define, as the personal with long robe are for Panezem I, XX!st, and
name does not entirely prove the date, for names Zed-bast-auf-onkh (477) probably of XXIInd dynasty.
tend to drag on. Of those here, User-hot (52) is The overseer figures continue in very rude form,
probably the earliest and, from the style of work, without names, down to the end of the XXlllrd dynasty,
apparently between Tehutmes III and AmenhetepIII. but they are never found in the revived style of the
The bronze figure of Any, found buried on the XXVth dynasty and onward.
road to the shrine of Osiris at Abydos, has no 39. Regarding materials, the stone figures of
tools in the hands, but model tools were buried the Middle Kingdom were usually of fine hard
with it. This I should attribute to Tehutmes III. white limestone, or of dark brown serpentine.
It seems, then, as if the idea of the figures being Wood rarely appears then; but it became the only
fitted out for their work began after the great material in the dark ages, as we find in the rude
importation of slaves from the Asiatic wars of figures of the XVIIth dynasty. It was used for
Tehutmes III, and became universal about r50 years the finest work, as ofNehi (43) under Tehutmes III,
later. One of the early stages of tools was when and Thay (73), and it continued usual throughout
12 FORM AND MATERIAL

the XIX th dynasty. Some very rude figures, degenerated in the xrxth dynasty, from fairly good
perhaps of the XXl!nd dynasty, are covered with figures as 123, down to the rudest lumps at 155·
green colour-wash, like the mud figures, to imitate Such figures are often inscribed in hieratic, see
glaze. After that it seems never to have been pl. xiv. For instances of the variety of rough
used. pottery figures found together in the XIXth dynasty,
The next material employed was soft limestone, see the groups in Gizeh and Rifeh (double volume),
as in the figure of Sen-em-aoh (47) under Tehutmes I, pl. xxxvii C.
and this continued m common use till the The next stage was the adoption of glazing for
X!Xth dynasty. After that it only appears rarely figures. This naturally followed on the great
in the xxvth dynasty, as Anhermes (542). A black development of glazing under Akhenaten. The
limestone came into use, perhaps first for the shabti was not in favour at the close of the
figures of Amenhetep II; fine work in this material XVIIIth dynasty, but when it revived, glaze became
is seen in the figures of Min-mes (66), Sadiamia (68) the favourite material. At first glaze was on stone,
and Mutnezem (Brit. Mus.). An easy imitation of as the schist figures of Sety I (Florence, U.C. 87,
this was the black steatite as in Mehy-nef (69) 8g) of the vizier Paser (U.C. g3) and a figure of
and Ta-neb-nefert ( 70 ). The use of this in the Nekhtamen (Florence). This soon vanished, and
XIX th dynasty is seen in the figure of Kho-em-uas glazed pottery alone reigned supreme; beginning
(gg) and another ( lOO ), and the fine bust of that under Sety I (as U.C. go, gr, g2) of fine work, it
age (101). It does not appear to have been used rapidly degraded. Some of the early examples
later than Ramessu II. are striking experiments; an exquisite one is of
Alabaster was occasionally used from the late white glaze inlaid with violet signs (Cairo), some
XVIIIth to the xxth dynasty. Probably it was started have red glaze faces and hands, and other colours
by the alabaster carving of Akhenaten's age; inlaid, as U.C. 222. Under the XXIst dynasty an
though the names do not appear to be earlier intense blue was used for the royal figures, but
than the XIX th dynasty. The end of it (as 24g) the inscriptions are coarse and very carelessly
was in the very rude pegs of stone, daubed with written. In the XXI!nd dynasty the figures degrade
red and green wax, for Ramessu VI. to very rough execution, and in the XXIIIrd they
Serpentine, brown or green, was adopted in the become at last almost shapeless and often without
revival of the xxv th dynasty, by Amenardus, any pretence of inscription. In the XXV!th dynasty,
Harua, Peduamenapt and Shepenapt. glazing was fully r..,vived and was the constant
Sandstone rarely appears, plain or painted, and material of shabtis, down to the brilliant ones of
only early in the XIXth dynasty. Red granite was N ekht-her-heb.
used for the figures of Amenhetep III andAkhenaten; Mud was used, covered over with a green or
grey granite was used for Amenemant, in the blue wash, to imitate glazed figures, in the XX!lnd to
XIX th dynasty. xxvth dynasties, at last degrading to tiny dumps
Bronze very rarely appears, as for Any (under of plain mud, as U. C. 513. Another treatment of
Tehutmes III? Brit. Mus.), Ramessu II (Louvre), mud was to varnish it over, and inscribe it with
and Ramessu Ill (Cairo). yellow paint as U. C. 43 1, 432.
40. Red pottery figures were made in the latter Exceptional figures are found sometimes, as the
part of the XVIIIth dynasty. Those of Amenemant solid blue glass shabti with gold leaf bands, found
(U.C. 58, 5g), were plain when baked, and engraved at Abydos, now in Cairo (El Amrah xxxix).
afterwards; some black ink shows that they 41. The number and mode of burial of the shabtis
were not stuccoed. Another incised figure of varied much. About the time of Tehutmes III, and
Amenmes (60) has traces of white stucco, and on to Ramessu II, single figures were buried on the
blue colour in the signs. The next step in way to the reputed tomb ofOsiris at Abydos. Single
manufacture was to carve one fine shabti, and figures are likewise found in the tombs from the
then make a mould from it, and thus mould many Xllth dynasty and XVlllth dynasty; and it seems to
copies in pottery; such are 6 l and 62 of the high be rare to find more than one shabti of a person
priest of Amen, Paser. Plain figures of pottery before the end of the XVIIIth dynasty, except of
were used as a base for painting, as in the bust kings. This accords with the view of the shabti
7g and figure 78. This latter system rapidly being the substitute for the mummy. The reckoning
 NUMBER OF SHUABTIS

of the shabtis as servants, which became usual The main objection to the addition of a tenth of
from the rise of the XIX th dynasty, naturally overseers is that there were no figures of overseers
resulted in needing many figures of them, and led in these six groups of about 400: the fig-ures were
to the supply of an overseer. The numbers were all alike in form, and we can only suppose that
yet small about the beginning of the XIX th dynasty; the purpose was to deposit about 400.
seven in one tomb (Abydos III, 50); in another was In the XVIIIth dynasty the sole shabti was sometimes
one of sandstone inscribed, two of limestone and placed in a model coffin of wood or pottery. In the
five of rough pottery, uninscribed (Tanis II, Nebesheh, XIX th dynasty, round pots were often made for this
p. 20). In other tombs 6 glazed, or 2 limestone, purpose, which have been confounded with canopic
or 3 red pottery, 10 glazed and 2 r,·d pot, all of jars as they had heads of the four sons of Horus
the XIXth dynasty (Neb., p. 32). The royal shabtis upon them; yet their contents were from 6 to l 2
of the XXIst dynasty were 75 of Pinezem I, 158 of ushabtis of pottery (El Amrah, p. 78, lvi). Square
Ramaka, but the full numbers do not seem to boxes of pottery were also used for the rough
have been published. Of the XXIInd dynasty about pottery shabtis, pl. xxxiv. Later, wooden box.es
50 are together (p. 33). Of glazed shabtis in the of the form of a round-topped shrine were usual
XXVIth dynasty, 11 ( 1 inscribed), 16 ( 1 inscribed), (Qurneh liii) sometimes painted on the sides with
50 (5 inscribed), 325 (3 inscribed), and 266, in figures of the gods.
different graves (Neb., pp. 21-22). Larger numbers There is one curious evidence that the inscriptions
were however quite usual; of the XXVth dynasty were in some instances recited to the makers, who
at The bes there were two wooden boxes with each wrote down what they heard. There is at Bologna a
coffin, in one pair 200 and 203, total 403, in another shabti inscribed for Psemthek, son of Thes-net-peru,
pair 185 and 183, total 368, of rude little figures and one at Florence for the son of Thes-net-meru.
of mud (Qurneh 15). In the XXV!th dynasty at Such an error could never arise in reading by
Hawara, the great burial of Horuza had two eye, but would easily be due to mistaken hearing.
recesses for shabtis, one containing 203, the other
196, total 399 (Kahun l 9 ). These shabtis had been We have now reviewed the gradual cha nges and
made by many different hands, for 17 varieties of growth of an intimate subject of Egyptian thought,
style could be traced; as the number of each style and seen how it was influenced by the revolutions
was always irregular, and different from the others, of the civilisation. The beautiful work of the
it seems that the making was not sub-let to workmen, Xllth dynasty became degraded to rough sticks in
but was done in one large factory. As late as the the XVII th; the noble figures of the XVIII th rapidly
XXX th dynasty, at Abydos, a burial in the tomb of waned to the rough granite and coarse wood,
Zeh er had two boxes, with 198 and 196 figures, supplanted by a revival in fine glaze which degraded
total 394. The burial of Pedu-asar son of Zeher intb mud dumps in the XXIllrd; finally, the Ethiopian
had 385 figures (Abydos I, 38, 3g). A later burial revival of the art in fine stone, dwindled in the
(undated) at Abusir el Melek contained 365 ushabtis XXXth dynasty to the roughest pottery. The Greek
(Z.A. S. 1904, 8). In Cairo is a group of 397 figures domination ended the ushabti, as also the scarab;
of Pehem (LORET 507-904). the inherent ideas of Egypt were outworn, and
One view has been proposed that the Abusir find the civilisation could never retrace its steps as it
was to provide a figure for each d ay of the year; had r epeatedly done before.
and a shabti (Berlin) with a month and day marked
on it, has been considered to support this view CHAPTER VII
(Z.A. S. 1904, 8). Unless we had several different
TRANSLITERATION OF NAMES OF USHABTIS AT
days named on one group, the day might as likely
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE.
be the day of death, or even the day of birth for
a horoscope. That the numbers are in no other (Materials uninscribed. I Wood. 2 Pottery. 3 Black Ser-
case 365 contradicts the year-day idea. Then it pentine. 3 a, White Limestone. 4 Wood. 5 and onward, see
has been proposed that there were 365 and 1 reference in catalogue by names.)
overseer for every 10 men, or 4 o l in all. The actual 5-7 Teta. 8, 9 Teta-an. 10-17 Teta-sa-antef. r8-
totals stated above are 368, 403, 399, 394, 385, 397; 23Teta-nefer. 24- 7Teta-on. 28Antef. 29,29A Tehuti.
none of them agreeing with either number proposed. 3o Ta-nehesyt. 31 User. 32 Antef. 33- 4 Hetep-sa.
 NAMES AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

35 Tha. 36 Tunefer. 42-3 Sen-hetep. 44 Sa-ra. XXIst dynasty, blue glaze. 254 Hent-taui (queen
45 Sa-pa-art. 46 Aohmes-sa-paar. of Pionkh). 255 Painezem. 256 Kheper-kho-ra,
XVI/Ith dynasl.Jr. 47 Sen-em-aoh. 48 Nehi. setep-ne-amen (Painezem I). 257 Kheper-kho-ra.
49. Monuna. 50 Baka. 51 Aniy. 52 User-hot. 53 Ra- 258 Maot-ka-ra (queen of Painezem I ). 260 Men-
em-heb. 55 Mes. 56 Pe-kharu. 58-9 Amenemant. kheper-ra. 261 Mysa-hert. 262 Ast-ne-khebt (queen
60 Amen-mes. 61-2 Pa-ser. 63 Huy. 65 Amen- of Men-kheper-ra). 263 Hent-taui (queen of Nesi-
hetep (II). 66 1finmes. 67 Rather-pert. 68 Sadiomia. ba-neb-zedu). 264 Pa-nezem (II). 265 Nesi-khensu
69 Hentmehy. 70 Urt-neb-nefert . 71 Mer-ant. 73 Thay. (queen of Panezem II).
74 Set . . . 75 Mohu. 76 U ser-hot-amen-em-neheh. XXIst-XXIInd dynasties. 267 Mut-em-hot (queen
77 Mehy-hetep. 78 N eteth-khenti. 79 Kana. 80 Amen- of Usarken II). 268-9 Mut-mery, meht-ne-usekht
hetep (III). 81-2 Akhenaten. 83 Kanure. (queen of Usarken II). 270 Menth-em-heb. 271 Res-
XIXth dynasty. 85 User-menth. 86-92 Sety (I). thu. 272 Yimadua. 273 Pedu-amen. 274 Pipay.
93-5 Pa-ser. 96 Ta-ast. 99 Kho-em-uas (son of 275 Nesi-amen. 276 Nes-pa-her-on. 277 Amen-hetep.
Ramessu II). 100 Huy. 102 Thenure. 103 Nashu. 278 Amen-hot-pa-masha(?). 279 Her. 280 Usarken.
104 Ramessu. 105 Set-mes. 106 Mehy-hetep. 281 Sekhmetu (?). 282 Pa-kharua. 283 Zed-ptah
107 Hetep-asa. 108 Khnem-em-ua. 109 Piam. (auf-onkh), (son of Takerat II). 284 Pa-kharu.
l 10 Hent-nefu. l r 2-3 Bu-ar-er-tu-khemt. l r 4 Sunure. 287 Nef-nezem. 288 Mery. 289-90 Huy. 291 Hotu(?).
l 15 Auy. I 18-9 Hent-ur. 120 Baka. 121 Ymuda-taurt. 292 Nes-pa-ka (shuti). 293 Nes-neb-taui. 294 Bak-
122 Nefer-ob-heb. 123 Res-su. 124 Mes. 125 Nekhtru- ne-mut. 295-7 Merth-ne-amen. 298 Nesi-aohta, see
amen. l 26 Kanure. l 27 Khnem-pa-taui. l 28 Shed- 312. 299 Pedu-mut. 300 Pa-pes-sa. 301 Her-ub ...
mes. 129 Mut-em-per. r3o N afi. r31 Sebek-mes. 302 N es-ta-uzat-aakhet. 3o3 Thay-nefer. 304 Em-
132 User-menth. r33 Nefer-her. 134 Kho-em ... kak-ra. 305 Ast-em-kheb. 306 Thent-mau. 307 Hent-
135 Moaa. r36 Hot-aay. r37 Nefer-her. r38 Au. taui. 308 Pa-shed-ne-khensu. 309-10 Nes-pa-her-
r39 Pa-ra-khou. 140 Thay-mes. r41 Bakuu, Nenoy. ne-hot. 311 Then-amen. 312 Nesi-aohta, see
142 Ast. 147-8 female figures with overseer. 298. 3r3 Thet-du-amen. 314 Zed-menth-auf-onkh.
152 Her-kho. Next a canopic pot of Hapi brother 315 Zed-her-onkh. 316 Nesi-mut. 317 Neb-zed-ast.
of Her, for priestess of lord of Matenu (Atfih), 318 Thent-her-kena. 319 Ta-nekht-mut. 320 Zed (or
Rest. 153 Pay-denurga. 156 Rames. 157- 8 Nerau- Nes-)ne-amen. 321 Nesi-hetep-amen. 322 Nesi-amen.
nefer. 159 Nes-pe-uah-maot. 160 Sunure. 162 User- 323 Nes-menth. 324 Tehuti-mes. 325 Pa-nes-taui (?).
menthu. 163 Amen-em-apt. 164 Ta-user. 165 Mery-ra. 326 Hent-taui. 329 Zedi-hetep-mut. 330 Ast. 331 Ast.
166 Aymy. 167 Nefer-hetep. 168-9 Huy. !70-1 Nes- 332 Yi-hetep-em-mut. 333-4 Nes-pa-nub. 335 Nebt-
mut. 172-3 Nef-per-pa. 174-5 Mery-mo. 176 Hent- neheh. 336 Neb·neheht. 337-8 Her-taui. 339 Her-
ef-nefer. 177 Neheh-neferta. 178 Ta-ur-em-her. sekhen-ast. 340 Her-khebt. 341 Her. 342 Zetta- ·
181 Ramessu-er-neheh. 182 Pa-ra-em-nenu-ra-neb. s et (?). 343 Shaq-sha or Ha-qe-ha. 344 Bak-khensu.
183-4 Nefer-renpet. 185 Res-su. 190 Nefer-am. 345 Ym-hetep. 346 Zed-mut. 347 Pa-shed-khensu.
191 Bak-amen. 192 Patnub-heb. 195 User-maot-ra- 348 Thent-shedot. 349 Thent-th-shedu. 3 51 Pa-shed-
nekhtu. 196 Payutu-heri. 197 Meru-onkh. 198 Ta- khensu. 352-3 User-hot. 354 Menth-aus-onkh.
ua-shed. 199 Amen-mes. 200 Mutnefert. 201 Bak- 355 Ta-nebu-net. 356 Buararuhot. 357 Ta-nebu-net.
amen. 202 Hetep-mut. 203 Ta-urt. 204 Ta-on. 358 Mena Duat. 359 Pa-khred-ne-ast. 360 1\fon-am.
205 Ta-nekhtu-ra. 206 On-mut. 207 Oat-urt ... 361-2 Bakhet. 363 Baky. 365 Neb-her-thes(?).
210 Nefu-nefer. 211 Pazay. 212 N eferu. 214 Mentu- 366 Thent-du-amen. 367 Ra-mes-user-taui. 368 Oa-
hetep. 215 ... H at-her. 216 Suah, S ahu? 217 Mer-f. .. za-dep. 369 N et-urt. 370 Bak-khensu. 371 Amen (?).
219 Ta-nes. 220 Nebtu-her-ta. 221 Sebek-hetep. 372 Padu-amen. 373 Nesy-neb-taui. 374 Her.
Glazed pottery. XIXth dynasty. 222 Aaa. 223 Pa-ser. 375 Her-mut-nekht-khensu. 376-7 Pa-nekht-es-maot.
224 Ast. 225 Refuy. 226 Urta. 227 Nekht-amen. 378 Padu-pa ... 379 Buareru, see 356. 380 Tehuti.
232 Nezem. 233 Ra-user-maot-nekht. 234 Nes-pa-ra. 382 Pa-du-amen. 383 Khensu-mes. 384 Thent-nun.
235 Nefer-ta. 236 Amen-hetep. 237 Tehuti-mes. 385 Onkh-ef-ne-khensu. 386 Her.
238 Amen-mes. 239 Ray-ra. 240 Tehuti-mes. Green painted clay. 390-1 Onkh. 392 Onkhef.
241-2 Nes-pa-ra. 244- 5 Amen-em-ant. 393 Bak-ne-khensu. 394 Bak-ra. 395- 6 N es-ta-nezem.
XXth dynasty. 247 Ramessu(IV). 248 Ramessu(VI). 397 Onkh-es-ne-mut. 399 Onkh-ef-amen. 400 Onkh-
250 Nehay. 253 Her. ef-ne-khensu. 401 Neb-aakhety. 402 Neb-aakhet-per.
 NAMES AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE 15

403 Neb-aakhety. 404 Pa-user-amen. 405 Nesi-hetep- mes. 543 Prince Nesptah born of Shebnet-
amen. 406 Onkh-es-ast. 407 Bak-ne-mut. sopdu.
Coarse green glaze, faded. 408 N es-pa-hent-taui. Incised glaze. XXVIth dynasty. 544 Tehuti-her.
409 Nes-pa-her. 410 Hot. 41 l Teduament. 545 Nes-her. 546 Pa-nef-anet. 547-53 Her-uza.
Wood painted black. 424 Pa-ari. 425 Bak- 554 Aohmes-nefer-sekhmet. 554 and 557 older
ne-khensu. 426 Hent-ma-amten (?). 427-8 Ur. figures, reused with altered name. 555 Psemthek.
429 Huy. 430 Dada-sebek-mes. 431-2 Zed- 556 Pamau High priest, Thebes. 557 Asar-ardus.
khensu-auf-onkh. 558 Psemthek-ptah-mer. 560 Her-em-hetep. 56r Her-
Pottery painted. 433 Nes-ptah. 434-5 Onkhu-mut. taui. 562 King Aohmes-sanet. 563 Her. 564 Zeher.
436-7 Hot ... 438 Ast. 439 Amen-her ... 442 Pa- 565-6 Zeser. 567 Hapnen. 568 Dut-em-hetepy-net.
dut-khensu. 443 Nes-mut. 444 Zedu-maot-ast-onkh. 569 Her-uza. 570 King Ra-uah-ab (Apries). 571 Ra-
445 Pedu-her. 446 Khenm-khert-ne-khensu. 447 Pa- uah-ab-neb-heb. 572 Hesu. 573 Queen Net-khadeb-
duat-ament. 448 Arer ... 449 Onkhef-khensu. 450 Ta- ar-bent (mother of Nekht-neb-ef). 574-6, 9 King
bak-khensu. 45 l Pa-du-amen. 453 Khenm-khert-ne- N ekht-her-heb. 577 Tha-ne-heb. 578 Psem-thek.
khensu. 454 Kha-os. 456 Nes-amen. 457 Nekhtu. Band and column inscribed. 580 U ah-ab-ra-em-aakhet.
458 Pa-kharu. 459 Then-amen. 460 Onkhef-ne- 582 Psemthek-onkh. 583 Her. 584 Oha. 585 Her.
khensu. 461 Onkhes-pa ... 586 Hap-men. 587 Aohmes. 589 Aohmes. 590 born
Green glaze. XXIInd dynasty. 464-5 U asarken, of Renpet-nefer. 59 r U ah-ab-ra. 592 Ka-em-hesuia.
High Priest of Memphis. 466 Pedu-mut. 468 Hera. 593 An-hetepu. 594-7 Thent-aqera. 595 Ast-dus.
469-72 Pa-tehuti. 473 Onkhes-en-ast. 474Amenardas. 598 Amen-ardas. 599 Nayroarud. 601 Tehuti-em-hot.
475-6 Uasarken, High Priest of Hermopolis. 602 Aohmes. 603, 8 Uza-her-ne-nesut-per. 607 Uah-
477-8 Zed-bast-auf-onkh. 478 Great God (King) ab-ra-ptah-mer. 609 Pa-du-amen. 610, 1 l, see 554.
over the enemy Dut-pa . . . 479-80 Pa-duat. 612, 14 Ymhetep. 6!3 Pe-sa-ahet. 615 Pe-du-bastet.
481 Nes-khensu. 484 King· Ra-user-maot, setep-ne- 616 Mera. 617 Arer.
amen, sa-ra-amen-mer, sa-ne-Bastet (Sheshenq III). Narrow, usually inscribed back pillar. XXVII-XXXth
485-8 Thes-theren. 493-4 Zed-tehuti-es-onkh. dynasty. 620 Her-kheb. 621 Auf-oa. 622 Un-men-hap.
495 Nes-mut-onkhet. 518 Nes-mut-seonkh. 531 Ast- 623 Her. 624 Atmu-hetep. 625 Hepa. 626 Ptah-hetep.
ne-kheb (dau. Shabaka). 628 Aoh-mes. 632 Apentet-neb-em. 634 Pe-du-ptah.
Incised stone. XXVth dynasty. 532-4 Pedu-amen- 635-8 Hen-ka. 639 Mentu-hetep.
apt, standard text. 535-8 Amen-ardas (queen). Latest class. 64r Zeher. 642 Pe-hoti. 643-4, 9 Pe-
539 King's dau. of Paonkhy, queen Shep-en- du-asar. 645 Neferu. 646-8 Zeher. 651-5 uninscribed
apt. 540 Harua (Assasif tomb). 542 Anher- in tomb of Zeher (Abydos I, 37-9).
 INDEX

Amakhu, devoted to deceased, 2 Magic servants 4

revived in XXV!th dynasty, 10 Materials for shabtis r r
Aten formula on figure g Messengers to seek the dead 8
Mummy-subst itute carved 2, 3
Bags on shabtis r I
Baskets on shabtis I 1 Name caused to live 4
Beard of shabtis 8 Names, periods of, xo
North wind desired g
Coffins, models for shabtis, 3 Number of shabtis 12

Dismemberme nt of body r Offerings to statues 2

at tomb, for spirit 3
Eschatology, stages of, 3 Osirification 6
Exceptional sentences 7 Osiris, kingdom of, 3, g, 10
Overseers, figures of, 1 1
Factories of shabtis I3
Family provide shabtis 4 Peduamenapt shabtis scattered 8
Family spirit, or ka, 2 Pick on shabtis r 1
Food offering 2 Pyramid Texts, restoration of head, 1

Formula, simplest, 5
References, method of, ro
Royal offering formula 3, 4, g
Glass shabti 12
Glazing, period of, 12
Sand to be moved IO
Gods, compounded, 4 Sehez formula 6
Grinding corn by deceased g
Seker to be followed g
Servant figures g
Hands of shabtis r 1 Smiting evils 6
Head, placed at African meals, 2
Statues in grave, origin, 2
removed and kept, r
stone, in grave, 1 Table of offerings prayed for g
Hesu praises, honouring deceased, g Taskmasters, origin of, 8
Hoes, two forms of, 1 1 Tools of shabtis 1 r

Ka, the family spirit, 2 Water pots of shabtis r 1

Wooden figures, rough split, 3
Lucian's account of magic figure 4 Workers counted 5
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Mw l.2. i; 171T
A t 2-4 f
A 11 z.4 K n5 ~~1r
r-?
( ~~~ :J>.1~) A b- 2.lt'?. ib7
-~ t Aw 2.1.. {' 2-0C
~~ l:2- SEE~~ 375'
o~ ~ 94-s C.
,.._. .>.. 4q SS--9 c
....,.,.... A~'' 11s--7 c
............ ~ "-- ,, At 2.'t E 130
///// ...--. ~ ~ """' ~ ~ ~ :z. .2-2. ~ Io3
~ ~), 4~ 67 c
__..,.LI ~ ..,__-==- Aw g r .B
Q~ 9-..J. p---4.:=-,"<1.= ~ q :)...__J W k 2..4 ~ 1osT
~CJ I .;;;:::7i:.,QQ qq Ap 5-~t 403
= t:.0LJ M Aw 2.4 f 4~i
.:.(}~ ~~- ~ g_
~
+ )_,-.-:-;-
~
.;;::::;:;>-Q.l'.(-..;:r,
B L 14K 83
Alr-i.4-)... V
t ~\-~ : "'-'-~ ~~~~ ~ U(L42.s- B
~ ~ u i.. S2. 0 - F
~~~~t
<::> >L-

==="'~=f44°lf Uu S-&J) 14T

'=:=:::::>~A._4,,.q Bk g !... \/
= e>C>(,,, ~ ')7 c.
~ i ~ '° A t. i.4 t- F
"="" """"' ..c=:J L L 3 o cp It> <J T
==7,.._~~\f LL zo-i; 170T
= ~ ~-' ~ ~ ! Aw 2.4- "A T
"C:::>' ,.,..., ~-=., ~ M w 2-4- -i- 7&T
~ -_?--1 AL n '£. 42.T
~ 1° l t..fu A & 2.4 ~ 336
=~cao Ac.U+-~3bS°
~ ~
...;;:::::> A c. s-4 ~ 335
~= Aw2-2.~ F
...::=>=~~*-""""'.:SA i.ttf.. 7s1T .
= oe-u.1 Til.:::.."Y~q Aw g f
t
z..i.o
~""'""g:i.l A~:z.1..°E. F
-=" ~...rl ~ A /:r 22~ 3 11
r9'I ."!. M k 8 '1 F
rEfl 0 I\ I 5E~45)> 2'1\.IT. M .
ret' I?.== 1 r ~ A L :u+ er 70 T
rsi s .:::;;:: ~ b o u. ,s-,_--i; F
'8' ,c. · ~ "'T Aw SO er 73T
~ I:""' ')f_. l'J, Aw 3 b). 17z.-3
T~ h''~q 79 c..
1T" e' t ~ AvJ b/\ 2-10
~ ... %.._~ A !r :.z.4'!: 2.87
t~t1 Aw21.r 190
t !:; ~ ~ 86 c.
t; ~-1J """"'0 Al 8 /\ 17-.2...
b~ ~ :~ ML 2.4--i:: F
r.~.'~ A<L!?f 2.3S
tf"i' ULs-t>-i- F
t-=- { H w ~bf> 183-4
1;C::.f Wv 2.47: I='
b -3/.c> I \J W 8 'J; f
+ "--"" C,uP..oB At 133
d ==> :¥> I R1 F l!tt 2.L~ ~ 137
pt .:r>.-;:::; ~p~~ Lv i.e+ i: 144T
t '.,B:,~ QW24"'!: /67 .
°t ~Q ML Sep B
t .g.. ~ 83 c.
t~ · ~g l\\J'2.~~ F
b' ~ ti A cJ... i-'+ f r v
i ~ -d2..(3 68 c.
t~-~ Ac...gf 2.3S-
t !i:5: =~ IS3 C.
t~-z=ti {ML n v V
11 Aw BK '2.o!'T
-;;::::, I <5?" ~ .e. L l 1. 4- ~ .B
';;::, [ i)7r/ ~ Z' .-----. LL g <P 6 6 T .
 XIX
CATALOGUE OF USHEBTIS

'\ "':":"':'
~ .--.si I
""""'
~~--~~ r;i
~~J p.a-~q~ i;i ~
Wb--~~~
~
~ -!t
1-Jb '

..;:iq,_...~~ ~n I

t7i~~4~

~· ~ ,...;.._ Q~.
- ~n
""' I

'\n1n
@;\~
9-:J. :-=- Q.e.
~I&\--~ 13 c..
,._,......... · n1"~-
r-"~ '1..-...., . 81 c.
*'ic;-r' ~~~~
A~ 2.4l:, -
M" &'*2 B
Q... L 24 f 96
~ 1-4 t ///,// .MwBrr 117...I
'=' n I
A"SA. T
M..w 3o.p 102.T
Aw :J.?.~ 'Z..o~ .
b~ c.
 CATALOGUE OF USHEBTIS XXI

(:::>--:=>~•)I Ac. 24~ 4ss-8

'C>' M !:=> ==), ~f/t/ A I< z.z. er f"
""'
~ '"';"' "*',........ t~ ~~A-J4~ Alr24z 2>1.3
+-...... 4~ ))
A-I ..:::::::> t I I \..J-1
A-I.:=- .. ... ~
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A t
8 'A
i. '2.)..
2.02.
4 z,o
-=--~.~~ 73 c.
*
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to
F
c.
J.:AJ sc
~~ 18 c.
~ ~ A"66'l..'J 2.?c:t Ac~~ 360
~ ~ ft\ n ' M v '-4 ~ F
..J!i:;~lt'\I' M~i~ F
.Js:; ~ 1'\ f\ A "- i4 Z. .3 i. 4
J. ~ 1l'l ~ A c.{~~!-- t~~
~~ rt<\f\3:. ,Mj 8 cp F
~ ~::;:;::: ~ ~ A ,t 2.4 <Y""" 267T
~= /l. ... ~ At,. 2-4~ .:!.42.
! "' ~ t·:;;;;:- Aw 24 ~ i.10
~~A 11 ... A lr 'l..4S. 2-8?,-
~ ~ 1.4':.t.-..~ f" A lr 2.4-~
n
~ ~ qL -it- ~ 42 7 c. c. so
.~ "-- J ~ TlL 2.4 7: 16s-T
"==7 n ~e. ~ q r.,.
f- A s 24 (' 444
- I
\ =-
~ ~"°9--"0' l-.:L u+Z. F
,, A~ }'lz 3~.\
'°l ~ A'p1..42.. r
A &- 5"21- !i. ~46
A~'-4:E. F
A c. 2. 1- .)) V
A b- 2.4 ~ 2> I S-
A tr 2.4~ 329
"'='
0
n \
A o 2..4 ?t· '2..4iT
,, ,A.°I g ~ v
~,e._l~~----Jt A~so~ 4~1
Ao2..,_~ 431
A b- 'l..43.. -
A. LY z..4 ~ 49"b
A& S"b ~ 494

\1i: 11.~. 4~ 0i::."'f

~~

fr'<\ 9.J ~ :---

l-J\:i ~ "!" ~ "'Lf' ~ -
= '="'
4>--=>-1//// ; ; ;

~~///r
A t !.4- ~
A;-24.r
4-4 o
. 4~9

*
.:-}-:!I-ft,.......- ~ ~
// / / // / A (,-S4- ~
A i... t,).
Aw bot...
1.80
117
180
~ t ~ ---- "=" LL .?.o')( 54.
A c. "l.4~
A b- 2..4-~ z..91
~
'\'\.,d-\.-..4-

x_,.~~
A l.:r '14-z '3>32..
A lr i-t 3.. 3 i..s-
/)//// ,.e...-l A lr 1-'t ,.... 2.lf. 3
/// --~--.'~ ~ ~ L fr l....\ 3 .81
A p 1..lf-~
448
r;:;;:.~///I A t 14 er I 3 'l-
A \"'24 1S6
At: S f 17..5"
V.:.... 4-l..<J> 2..46
Be:.. 6 r N
l-(kS'>'J R.
Lcl 24 <:/:> F
Awbre. S
kl,, ////r / A & SL. !L 351>
 CATALOGUE OF USHEBTIS XXll

PAR .ENT
0 b '!.I 't 5"4b
Mc.. LI f ~
M (._ 1-1 't: . V
s 609
c.. 2.1 r
Bc..~1~ . B
Oc... 2..1 'l1. .B.
/I'\ c. 2.1 ~ S-S"b
Nc.2.1~ 1Sl>"?T
92~ c.
4S:t.-SZ>6 C
S-07 -9°4- c.
lk 2.1 ~ 610-11 ~~~ Lb-2...lt'z 642
f'I\ c. 2.1 '.):: ~.SPJ,60>-6 .-.P'A ~ B &- 2.?>13 2..37 T
483--sobC ~~Ji--~ M~2.lri:: B
.D c. 2..1 ')\ 62.1 i~ s b- 2...1 ~ 613
Mn 8 ?'! S35-S ~6 S /1 2.t t:r B
F c. z.1 f' s-,S 'ft: ~ Mc. 2.1 -r;- B
M k.11 T N Mc.. 21 &: 12.:!>I
'}!7-69 c
Oc...z..1-r ~
l_cp-6 C.
B ·~
f<f>
1...f"t_o-
F
.S
M<:..'1..1 "t- B I
B c... 1.1 'A ~3 M f:r.,_1 "'1 9~T
Bc.2-1')... M c.i..11: T
tX_k s ~

,,
/I

1i IC~
H :t =:
tk. ~
H--u

1! R~
ii f..to 'L!) '.!.... c.
~ ....,~*i Fe. '-'e s99
Mc2..n ,z.f;;T
A& u 64s-
 CATALOGUE OF USHEBTIS XXlll

~~a 907C
~ "'-1~ h-- Sc 2...1 i:r E
Mt2.1'l" S-NT
~c. 2.~ ~ B
2...91 c.
574 Mc. 2.1 T 57s:.6·9

Oc 2-1 T S-4-3 12

M c. 2-1 T 214-T
S~9
Kc:.. 2-1-C F. f>
!:. c.. 21 er B Sc.'2-10- E>
Mc.. 21 t9T P, l:,. 2-.I " S-,2.
lJ c.. '2..I '3 B
& ~ 21 tr ~ De.. i.3o- 2.ssT
M lr 2.1 1=- s71 ~ ls- 2-1 "A .e,
J-\ c. :z..! ~ B
e,c. :z.11: F
~c.. i..1 er N
0 c... '2..1 cp 508
Mir 2-! cp 577

Av b ~&'4-1
Mc.. i...1 cp .B
e, c.. 2...1 r 594-'6'7
A b- 70 o1.. 2.4:t....,..
Hc2~'A T
Fe. '-If 601
f> c.. '2..I ~ 5'1\4
~c..z_1.f F
L lr 4-I "'] 1,<>T
M Is- z.1 'r: 504
A l.-- 24- 64-b-8
B c. 24(' 641
M 1:- :z.1 '"l= ~s=-b
.s c. z..1 ~ F
~c...:..1 er · N

,, {t B ::. 2.1 a- s-90

\~.·.1 e, ~ ::Z..I )', S88
1:2 USHEBTIS, XllTH TO XVllTH DYN. XXIV
1: 2 USHEBTIS, XVllTH DYN. xxv
USHEBTIS, XVllTH DYN. XXVI
:2 USHEBTIS, EARLY XVlllTH DYN. XXVll
1: 2 USHEBTIS, MID XVlllTH DYN. XXVlll
:2 USHEBTIS, LATE XVlllTH DYN. XXIX
1: 2 USHEBTIS, EARLY XIXTH DYN. xxx
USHEBTIS, XIXTH DYN. XXXI
2 USHEBTIS, XIXTH DYN. XXXll
1: 2 USHEBTIS, XIXTH DYN. XXXlll
USHEBTIS AND CASES, XIXTH DYN. XXXIV
:2 USHEBTIS GLAZED, XIXTH TO XXTH DYN . xxxv
1: 2 USHEBTIS GLAZED, XXTH TO XXIST DYN. XXXVI
1; 2 USHEBTIS GLAZED, XXI ST DYN . XXXVI
1: 2 USHEBTIS GLAZED, XXJST TO XXl lN D DYN. XXXVI
1: 2 USHEBTIS GLAZED OR PAINTED, XXI ST DYN. XXXIX
1: 2 USHEBTIS PAINTED, XXI ST DYN . XL
1: 2 USHEBTIS GLAZED OR PAINTED, XXIST TO XXlllRD DYN. XLI
1: 2 USHEBTIS, XXVTH TO XXVITH DYN . XLll
1: 2 USHEBTIS, XXVITH DYN. XLlll
1: 2 USHEBTIS, XXVllTH TO XXXTH DYN. XLl\J
1: 2 USHEBTIS, XXIXTH TO XXXTH DYN. XLV