The Early Modern Cultures of Neo Latin Drama 1st Edition

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Collection Highlights

The Routledge Anthology of Early Modern Drama 1st Edition

Jeremy Lopez

Sex and Satiric Tragedy in Early Modern England Studies in

Performance and Early Modern Drama Gabriel A. Rieger

Muslim Cultures in the Indo Iranian World during the Early

Modern and Modern Periods 1., Erstausgabe Edition Fabrizio
Speziale (Editor)

Conversational Latin for Oral Proficiency Phrase book and

Dictionary Classical and Neo Latin Fourth Edition John C.
Traupman
The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Drama abridged
edition Xiaomei Chen

Modern Korean Drama An Anthology Richard Nichols

Ancient Drama in Music for the Modern Stage 1st Edition

Peter Brown

Teaching with the Records of Early English Drama 7th

Revised edition Edition Elza C. Tiner

The Life in the Fiction of Ford Madox Ford Thomas C. Moser

The Early Modern Cultures of Neo Latin Drama 1st
Edition Philip Ford Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Philip Ford, Andrew Taylor
ISBN(s): 9789058679260, 9058679268
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.00 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
 SUPPLEMENTA
HUMANISTICA LOVANIENSIA
XXXII
 SUPPLEMENTA HUMANISTICA LOVANIENSIA

Editors: Prof. Dr. Gilbert Tournoy (General Editor)

Dr. Godelieve Tournoy-Thoen
Prof. Dr. Dirk Sacré

Editorial Correspondence: [email protected]

Seminarium Philologiae Humanisticae
Blijde-Inkomststraat 21 (Box 3316)
B – 3000 Leuven (Belgium)

This publication was made possible with the financial support

of PEGASUS Limited
For the Promotion of Neo-Latin Studies
 SUPPLEMENTA
HUMANISTICA LOVANIENSIA
XXXII

THE EARLY MODERN CULTURES

OF Neo-latin Drama

Edited by Philip Ford and Andrew Taylor

LEUVEN UNIVERSITY PRESS

2013
© Leuven University Press / Universitaire Pers Leuven / Presses Universitaires de
Louvain, Minderbroedersstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven (Belgium)

All rights reserved. Except in those cases expressly determined by law, no part of
this publication may be multiplied, saved in an automated datafile or made public
in any way whatsoever without the express prior written consent of the publishers.

ISBN 978 90 5867 926 0

D/2013/1869/1
NUR: 635-694
 Table of Contents

— Philip Ford and Andrew Taylor, Introduction 7

— Olivier Pédeflous, Ravisius Textor’s School Drama and its

Links to Pedagogical Literature in Early Modern France 19

— Carine Ferradou, George Buchanan’s Sacred Latin

Tragedies Baptistes and Iephthes: What Place for Humankind
in the Universe? 41

— Elia Borza, La traduction de tragédies grecques: Alessandro

Pazzi de’ Medici et les problèmes liés à la métrique 63

— Howard B. Norland, John Foxe’s Apocalyptic Comedy,

Christus Triumphans 75

— Jeanine De Landtsheer, Lambertus Schenckelius’s

Tragoedia(e) Sanctae Catharinae 85

— Michiel Verweij, The Terentius Christianus at Work:

Cornelius Schonaeus as a Playwright 95

— Joaquín Pascual Barea, School Progymnasmata and Latin

Drama: thesis, refutatio, confirmatio and laus in the Dialogue
on the Conception of Our Lady (1578) by the Spanish Jesuit
Bartholomaeus Bravo (1553 or 1554–1607) 107

— Judi Loach, Performing in Latin in Jesuit-run Colleges in

Mid- to Late-17th-Century France: Why, and with what
Consequences? 113

— Jan Bloemendal, Similarities, Dissimilarities and Possible

Relations Between Early Modern Latin Drama and Drama in
the Vernacular 141
— Cressida Ryan, An Ignoramus about Latin? The Importance
of Latin Literatures to George Ruggle’s Ignoramus 159
— Sarah Knight, ‘Et spes et ratio studiorum in Caesare
tantum’: Robert Burton and Patronage 175
— Veronika Coroleu Oberparleiter, Simon Rettenpacher’s
Comedy Votorum discordia 189
— Arthur Eyffinger, ‘The Unacknowledged Legislators of
Mankind’: Greek Playwrights as Moral Guidance to Hugo
Grotius’s Social Philosophy 203
— Index nominum 219
 Introduction

Unlike other literary genres that developed in the early modern period,
neo-Latin drama had a relatively complicated and at times problematic
relationship with the classical models that would ultimately come to
dominate dramatic writing in the classical tradition. To a large extent, this
can be explained through the more complex aims, history, and reception
of drama in this period as compared with poetry, for example, where the
use of classical models and forms was far more evident. In drama, especi-
ally drama designed for performance, the relationship with the audience
is far more direct and immediate, and the rich tradition of the medieval
theatre, in both Latin and the vernacular, offered popular alternative
models which influenced the themes and their treatment by neo-Latin
authors. Mystery, miracle, and morality plays maintained their popularity
long after the advent of humanism, as well as even broader comedy such
as the farce and the sotie.
At the same time, despite the potentially popularist nature of theatrical
composition, humanist colleges were quick to see the educational advan-
tages to be derived from the staging of plays performed by the pupils. On
the one hand, they offered the opportunity to put into practice the final
two divisions of rhetoric, memoria and pronuntiatio or actio, but they
also delivered stories with a clearly moral message, couched very often
in memorisable, sententia-filled language. The practice of the humanist
colleges would be taken up, with great success, in the Counter-Reforma-
tion by the Jesuits, and both types of educational institution were highly
influential in the formation of future men of the theatre. However, other
models also existed, notably in Northern Europe where the theatre flou-
rished in a more urban, bourgeois setting, typified by the literary associa-
tions which grew up in The Netherlands.
Thus, while the break between medieval and humanist poetry in many
countries was abrupt and self-conscious, the early examples of neo-Latin
drama are frequently hybrid forms, with no clear classical models. Indeed,
the theoretical basis was far from systematic, with playwrights drawing on
whatever sources they could find: Horace’s Ars poetica insofar as it relates
to the theatre, but also Roman grammarians such as Donatus in relation
to comedy, as well as the practice of, in particular, Terence. Later on,
the Greek tragic theatre would also provide a model, as well as Seneca,
8 introduction

though the influence of Aristotle’s Poetics, in particular the important

distinctions he makes between ‘history’ and ‘poetry’, ‘truth’ and ‘verisi-
militude’, and his concept of the tragic hero, would be relatively late in
coming in most European countries, and often imperfectly understood.
What was easier to understand was the formal structure and ‘rules’ of
classical drama: the five-act play, the use of the chorus, the restriction to
three speaking actors on stage at any one time, etc.

The papers in this collection dealing with neo-Latin drama were given
at the Symposium of the Cambridge Society for Neo-Latin Studies held
in September 2007 with the intention of exploring such issues. A number
of them focus on neo-Latin drama as an educational activity in humanist
colleges. Olivier Pédeflous, for example, examines the dramatic produc-
tions of the highly influential humanist and pedagogue Ravisius Textor
(Jean Tixier de Ravisy, 1493-1522). In addition to his hitherto better
known works, such as his Latin verse handbooks and didactic poems, he
was also the author of a large number of dialogi, intended less to provide
moral education for his students at the prestigious collège de Navarre in
Paris than to offer rhetorical models in the Erasmian tradition of copia,
allowing them to develop an understanding and appreciation of the flow
of good colloquial Latin and of extending their vocabulary. This did not
mean, however, that his dialogues were without a controversial side, since
Textor was a fierce defender of academic freedom in the face of increasing
centralisation and absolutism on the part of the French monarchy, and
some of his plays, including Ecclesia, in which the Church laments the
greed, incompetence, and decadence of her clergy, found favour across
the Channel in English evangelical circles.

Textor’s Dialogi were published after his death in 1530. A decade or

so later, another product of the Parisian humanist college tradition, the
Scotsman George Buchanan, was writing his own plays for performance
by the pupils of the collège de Guyenne in Bordeaux. Whereas Textor’s
plays draw to a large extent on the medieval tradition of the morality play,
whose characters are largely personified abstract concepts, Buchanan
turns to both the classical Greek theatre, in particular Euripides, and to
the Bible for the form and themes of his original tragedies, Baptistes and
Iephthes. Carine Ferradou studies these two plays, with an emphasis on
the human and ethical message which the Scottish humanist wishes to
convey in his plays. This does not mean that rhetorical considerations are
 introduction9

absent in Buchanan: Ferradou shows how he provides examples of delibe-

rative rhetoric in the staging of the dilemmas that the protagonists have to
face in the two plays with regard to political and religious issues. But she
also demonstrates the way in which the plays are informed by a mixture of
classical, pagan ethics and Christian principles, which emphasise Bucha-
nan’s insistence both on the limits of the human condition, but also on
human dignity and worth. While Buchanan’s Greek-inspired tragic form,
with its episodes divided by choruses, would be supplanted in France by
the Roman model of the five-act play, the moral issues he presents, parti-
cularly in Iephthes, would certainly resonate with other playwrights.

It is precisely on the dissemination of the Greek model through translation

that Elia Borza focuses in his paper, but in an Italian rather than a French
context. Alessandro Pazzi de’ Medici translated plays both by Sopho-
cles and by Euripides into Latin in the 1520s, though they did not find
their way into print. However, his Latin translation of Aristotle’s Poetics
was published posthumously in 1536, bearing witness to the far earlier
engagement with this important work in Italy than in the rest of Europe.
Borza examines Pazzi’s translations, taking account of the constraints of
his decision to render the Greek plays into Latin verse, and highlighting
the modifications to the text that this entails. While he finds that Pazzi is
quite faithful to the original Greek in the dramatic sections of the play, the
choruses prove to be more of a challenge, leading in particular to a simpli-
fication or adaptation of much of the original imagery. He also sets the
Italian’s practice in the context of other translations, by Erasmus, Gentier
Hervet, Thomas Watson, Jean Lalamant, Thomas Kirchmayer-Nao-
georgos, and Georges Rataller.

John Foxe’s Christus Triumphans served more explicitly polemical ends

in the early decades of the Reformation, a period when English Protestant
apocalypticism emerged through the writings of John Bale, then Foxe
himself, primarily in a European context. This ostensibly allegorical play
seeks to recruit converts to religious truth, dividing Christendom into true
and false churches by asserting that the very nature of the church militant
was, and always would be, defined by the struggle between false authority
and suffering for truth. That such suffering is given meaning (in albeit
a discontinuous series of events), and implicitly seen as betokening the
ultimate good, is traced by Howard Norland in this ‘apocalyptic comedy’.
Christus Triumphans was published by Oporinus in Basle in 1556, and
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 Economics - Summary Sheet
Second 2023 - School

Prepared by: Instructor Johnson

Date: August 12, 2025

Quiz 1: Learning outcomes and objectives

Learning Objective 1: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 8: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 2: Case studies and real-world applications
Example 10: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 3: Experimental procedures and results
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 21: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 23: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 25: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 28: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 4: Theoretical framework and methodology
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 35: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 36: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 43: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 44: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 6: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Practice Problem 50: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 52: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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