2.

2 D iff er en tia l st ic ki ng m ec ha ni sm
t ov er formation
When ov er ba lan ce of mu d we ighcking occurs. Th e
pressure is too lar ge , differential sti dr os tat ic he ad and
difference of pr es su re be tw ee n mu d hy of the drill string
for ma tio n pr es su re ac ts on the ar
ea
ich is in co nta ct wi th the we ll bo re wall, re su ltin g in a
wh
lar ge force tha t sti ck s the drill str ing
to the we ll bo re wall.
the dr ill str ing fro m
When the force_ re qu ire d to se pa ra te ea kin g str en gth of
the well bo re wa ll is lar ge r tha n the br
, the str ing is sa id
the w~ ak es t co mp on e~! in the drill string
to be <;iifferentially stuck. ·

Fi g11. Di ffe ren tia l stu ck up

--- ----
---------J®.---
Warning indications
a. Drill string was sta,ti:onafY·. b~fore ._st~ck up· took
place. :, :· · . · ·• · . .
b. Increase in tight pull,w.~s .being observed on p1ck1ng
up drill string from slips while tripping or after pipe
connection or after directional surveys.
c. SHA against dE3pleted and permeable formation.
d. Mud circulation i$.free without any pressure up.
e. Mud weight is ·much hi_gh.er Li')an the pr~ssure in the
formation with whicti]3}i-;l'~J~ ~urrently in contact.

·Preventative Measµres .-
a. Rig crew should be aware d.
depleted zoniand
should be extra careful when BHA i5. opposite •the
depleted zone. · -· .:"·: .. _.
. b. Drill st~inQ should be rotated during pipe connection'
and tnpprng when BHA is against the depleted
zone. -
~: Drill string should never be left idle. ..
Keep BH_A length to a minimum: Use as man
hea_vy_we1g~t drill pipes as.possible . Y
e. W h1le designing th II . ..
permeable zones b e w~ , isoJ.~►~~ ••- P~pleted,
zones wh·ich require
-· _( Yhia suitable
h casing)
·. •, ,. • from the ·
excessive over balance.g er mu~ weight t9 avoid
f. Ke~p n:' ud fluid loss to a minimu -
g. Ma1nta1n and run .
!· m. . ·
11
a mud . handl!ogfcleaning
 low
equipmen~s _to min imi ze concentration of
gra vity sol ids ,n the mud.
h. · Puff the drill ·st~i~g. within previo us casing shoe in
cas e of lon g wa1t1ng on repairs .
.. ,,.
-
Fre ein g ac tio n when pip·e is·dif fer en tia lly stu ck

Fir st ac tio n
.
a. Make su re th{ lt tbe pip e is dif fer en tia lly stu ck
.1. Mu d ~ir cu lat ion sh ou ld . ; be free with no
pre ss ure sh oo tup . _., )·
2. BH A mu st be> ·in --~. ,·d ep let ed pe rm ea ble
· for ma tioµ. . . ·, _. ~:'.;. ,:•::: · \.
e
· 3. St rin g sh ou ld .ha·v~ been idl e jus t befor
stu ck up .. .
..;-ll~ - St uc k /;/!:tt, olr to ; lace when dri ll str ing was
idl e cl ~-~ -~-·.:':~'fJ~ tr ipp ing , su rve ys , pip e
co nn ec~.~,;'_ j.:c ;; ,1r any sh ut down.
be trie d
··· b. lni ti;J lly rnttKfmuf1! cir cu lat ion sh ou ld
for a few "1ir;utes to ero de filt er cake. Work on
d
str ing be tv:,ee n ma xim um ov er pu ll an
ma xim um se t do wn weight.
aft er
c. Slu mp the str ing un de r co mp res sio n
ap ply ing sa fe tor qu e on the ~tr i~g .
the
d. If the str ing is no fre lea se d ag ain try to ero de
mu d - ca ke. '1Y ..~ir cu lat ing mu d .at ma xim um
cir cu lat ing rat e the n slu mp ... the str ing in
co mp res sio n wi th ma xim um all ow··ab le tor qu e .
on the str ing . · · · ·
e. Sim ult an eo us ly pre pa re stu ck bre ak er pil l an d
;,-s po t the sa me wh en ready~ · ··
 w :P A tM $$ \. Q
I
2.3
Well bore ge
mechanism ometrr . stickin
g
Key Seat & dog
le g
A k e y s e a t is fo rm ..
w e ll w a ll a t a fi x e d w h e n th ~ d ri l_
e d p o in tf o r'a lo n l_pi_p e ro ta te s against the
in th e w a ll o f th e g
w e ll vvhich is th e ~in,ie a n d c u ts a groove
It is n o rm a ll y fo rm s iz e·o f th e d ri lt'.p ip
e d d u e to _ro ta ti o n ;o f e body.
with th e h ig h s d ri ll p ip e in contact
id e o f th e w e ll b
a b ru p t a n g le c h o re ".-%7h ere .a ·•-ciog leg
s iz e o f th e d n ? n g ~_.- ~t9.
$.t s ~13in~~- thE: ~E:Y
se
or
m o v e m e n t o f ll pJpe .-:~.'bod y , .-c r~ s tn c ts thaet is o f the
m o v e m e n t o f B H ll _p.ip.ei to ol· joh Ji .--~n d obstruct~
d ri 1
upward
A. · ,., --the
 bit., sa IS«! MtC I!! Lit.
Warning indications
a. Presence of medium to medium hard formation i
the problem zone. . . n
b. Presence of dog leg /sudden change in angle in the
zone.
c. Spikes of pe.riod.i c•tight, pulls which co-relate with
drill pipe tooljoint.
d. Sticking ten_d~n~y I stuck up when BHApasses thru
the.z one, a fixed point in the well.
e. Problem is encountere_d ~hile pulling out or picking
the string up or11v~ .,. · ~:·:.:, ·• >: :, -
f. _The drill string has been -~:t otating at one point for
- ··1ong hours w ithout any trips due to very low ROP.

Preventive M>t.t?-~~ 111$e s

a. Avoid rotating the string at one spot for long hours.
Periodic reciprocation after every half hour or so of
drilling will help. .
b. Regular wiper trips, after 24 hours or. 200 m of
drilling, whichever is earlier, will be of great help.
c. Avoid formation of dog leg / sudden angle change
_r,- in the well. Conduct wiper trips, ream with string

. reamer/ key ·s eat wiper to smooth out the ·dog leg/

. key seat. .
 Freeing action when pip e is stu ck du e
to we ll bo re
ge~metry - , , ,: .
Fir st action I

··. ,., --~, ,.

1. When dr ill str ing is stu ck ~h~le pu lhn g o~
a. Mud cir cu lat ion ~ shti.9.l~ . be c'! nt ,nt ue d an
d
excessive pu ll sh ou ld no t be appl1ec!,. . .
.
b. The maximum pu ll ap pli ed :.o n .a </l~
~II st rin g
showing sticking 'tendency"-should not ·b
e more
than ha lf of th e'b ilo yed BH A--weigh t. . -
c. The str ing sh ~u ld ·be im m,~ dia te ly ke pt
un de r
compression 'If re qu ire d by ap ply ing to
the str ing . ., ,. . . · rq ue to
_. _.. ;_·
·d. Ap ply tor qu e ar idja r do w1'~-- _ ,~
e. Ap ply ing pe rm iss ible cy t llc to rq ue ca
re fu lly
ma y als o help. · .
f. If released~ve ry slo wl y.BJ,ge.;!1
ream. It m ay tak e
ho ur s to come ou t o~ ~ ~ ~/PO~. An y ov
er pu lls -
mi gh t ge t the str ing A~f.man ~n tly stuck~
2. When dri_ ll string is_stuc1tWhi1e runnin·g ·in
a. :Ap ply ma xim um ov er pu ll im me dia te ly wi
maximum m ud cir cu lat ion . .. th
· -
b. Work on string betwiiei, maximum overpu/1
arid
fre eh an gin gs tri ng we igh t. . · . _·_. :~~- .· . .. ,_. . .. . ..
c. C~reful/y apply cy cli c , torque O#'I , the str ing
. w, t~o ut a9 Pl yin g an y .overpu//" '· cfr"·' se
weight. t do-wn -~ :-·~-
-·
Note-Never apply torque with overpu/1.
 Chapter 3
. 111 - stuck breaker pills
- gac11on-
secondarvtreem . . . ,.. . n·
stuck breaker oil based pill (spo 1ng
3.1
fluid} - _. -'' '... . :-.. .
.. · SBP) Will give best results if
1. A stuck breaker prll/ f ur hours of stuck up.
spotted within three O O . reduce its ~ffectiveness
2. Spotting after 12 _~_ours WI 11
g:~~~a~tcittin9 i:vith RtuG k breaker pill_s, free point
3. should be calculated by mechanical stretc~
methof The -size of ti,e pil!"should be such that rt
covers the drill string i~t the annulus at least UR to
the free point. Add 2fi {~{ f~~tra volume fo~ hole w~sh
out especially if hoie :>~~_,~; been show!~9 caving
problems. However it rnust be made sure th~t
hydrostatif head una er- .balance due to SB P pill
does not allow formation.fluid to enter the well bore.
4. Ahead of the stuck breaker pill, a high viscous -
\ high weight (1 ppg higher.t,~an current mud weight)
spacer pill should be _ :pumped to prevent mixing of
SBP with mud. . . . ~-~.,.-1,-;,r., ,~ · · ·
-. ; ·.. ·.. ~:- ~ . · . .: ..
5. In so~e ca_ ses it has been observed that during the
soaking period of 6-8 hours, the pill starts..to surface
at_the shale shaker. This make§Jbe .pill in.effective.
It IS therefore recommended -to leave at least 50-
100 m more of SBP column inside the drill string
compared to the colur:nn height in the annulus and
...
--- -- -- -- -i @ ,- -- -: -- -- -- -
 a n h o u r s stroke
Every ha lf
k e ll y c o c k . th e a n n ulus. s
I c lo s e
sh'?uld b e p u m p e d th r u drill s tr in
o m
g
p
in
r e
to
s s io n if bit is off
s h o u ld b e k e pt under c la ti o n is free
6. S t n n g d c ir c u
y a f e w m e te rs and mu il e p icking
b o tt o m b n p la c e w h
a n d s tu c k u p h a s ta k e
o r p a r ti a l
in g o r s tr in g w a s s ta ti c . in hole,
u p th e s tr h il e r u n n in g
s t u c k u p to o k place w d r ill string
7 . In c a s e o r p a r ti a l,
u d - c ir c u la ti o n is fr e e a k ing.
and m n d u r in g s o
u ld b e k e p t u n d e r te n s iq c o m m e n d e d to
sho it is r e
m u d c ir c u la ti o n exists, r p ills before
8. In c a s e it h th r e e st~ c
_k : b r e a k e
a t le a ~ t ~ ·
:-y w
r s h in g o p ti o n s ~- -
g oin g fo r ::.~;'}S
fi
a k e r p il ls s h o u ld
s . o f stuck br e
:; , : '~ e n o
N o t e : A t l e a .S i~ a n y o t h e r a c tion.
p l a c e d b D t ~; \~ t ti k i n g
be

- - - - - - -
- - -- @ - -- - -
-------
 c f Chapter 9 f: s• 11
••
Appendices

9. 1 Margin o fover pull (MOP) .

'

im um pu ll th at ca r,. . b~ sa fe ly applied to a
This is the max
sing it~ fail.ure.
stuck drill string without.cau .: • .
' ' .
•

factor) _-
, ,

r~ pg th _.o. f dr~ H pi pe x sa fe ty
MOP = (tensile : st lo w the point in
· · ·w e·f gh t of sl rin g .
· be
(buoyant
considera(i,on) · ··. ·:

tio n st rin g, .:-rh av in g 5" S an d G grade and

For a com bi na . . .. . ._.. ,. , . - ~t~ .,..,, - .. ,

{ we af <& ~[ go jn t m ay no t be at the surface

3-1 /2" drill pipes·
~•~••~ •:~-~•:::,: ~~:k~:.;~.~~f;. ;~: • ~ :
oe 6e - at th e to p of th e string)
1. -,M0P(S;:!;Jy ra p(
ght in MT/m +
T xs af f . :.> ! ->: to r) - [( L x W ei
_'(255 M 1

:,,~ .;.~' :
,t::. ~ ..'. L x W ei gh t in MT!m)] x
· h2-~x .w ei gh t -ir ~ J - 3

Biioyan:ey fac(pr:·--· ·. ·; . . ~·-

P. 8, G .9 r~ de pi pe "'e 'o w S -g ra de pipes)
2. . N1 W ei ght in MT/m +
= (197.6 M T x s2 fs + ~ t f8 ct or )- [(L 2
y factor
x
L3 Weight in MT/n:, )] x B.uoyanc
bo tto m of the stririg above
3. MO_P (3 .5 " dr ill pi pe a
._ t th e
af et y fa ct or ) - ( L3 X Weight i_ n
BHA) = ( 17 0. M T X 's
. .MT/m)}(._Bu~yancyfactor
. ···.·· . .

th e ttl re e wi ll be ac tu al M O P' ir{ M etric Tonnes (MT)

-.::_The least of • -.t,4.'
~ •..

C ur re nt . st re ng th o f dr ill pipes must be

Note;-;-· its w ear and tear
w
_ ng ra de d ba se d on
-e.vafuflt~d/ do
.-: : before 'applying MOP.
, ·.•~· ®r-~------
S-Grade, 5" 19.5 ppf drill pipe, L1 meter

G-Grade, 5" 19.5 ppf drill" pipe , · L, met

.er

G-Grade, 3-1/2" drill pipe,

L3 meter
 a l p ro c e d u re fo r lo c ating
9 .2 M e c h a n ic
e p o in t in a s tu c k d ri ll string:
fre
e st ri n g = w e ig h t o f st ri n g a s p e r
• A p p ly a p u ll P 1 to
th
w e ig h t in d ic a to r+ 1 0
to 1 5 M T
• M a rk ke lly a s M 1 t a n d pu ll a g a in to P 1 , p u t a
n g w e ig h
• R e le a se p u ll to st ri id p o in t o f M 1 & M2 a s A
s M m a rk m
m a rk o n ke lly a 2 ,

A g a in a p p ly a p u ll P2 = P 1 + 1 0 to 1 5 M T
•
a s M3
• P u t a m a rk o n ke lly h t a n d p u ll a g a in to P 2 , p u t
its w e ig
• S la ck th e st rin g to
a m a rk o n·ke lly a s M 4
M a rk th e rn id p 0 in t o f M 3 & M4 a s B
• dr ill p ip e s d u e to p u ll
; th e
• A B is th ep s\:., . -i~ :, ...
·_

P -- (P2- 1/ fV ~ :
U se th e fo rm ~ ~
, ,~ to ca lc u la te fr e e p o in t
•
S tr e ss /s tr a in
Y o u n g 's =~'-v:! ,c: , E =
1
"' ''

( cr o ss se ct io n a l a re a o f d ri ll p ip e )
P ( f-" .'" ) IA I

E=
e lo n g a ti o ri )/ L ( fr e e le n g th o f st ri n g )
e (

Kelly
 A .e .E
Hence free length of drill strin L=
g,
p
E= oung' modulus of elastic
ity fo
e= ~longation in string, length r_ ste_el
A B m diagram.
L=free length of drill string
P= (P 2-P1) •·.
A= cross sectional area of dn. .
ll pipe ~ody---,
• Cross sectional area:
- ·.. _._ · ·
5", 19.5 ppf class 1drill pipe
=34:03 _cm 2. - _
5" , 19.5ppf premium Class
2 dnll pipe =2~. 79 cm 2.
5", 19.5 ppf class 3 drill pipe
= J 0 .65 c ~ ~ ·_·_ -··
Young's modulus for steel =2
.1 x1o- i<g / cm - .
Final free length with a correc
tio n fo;, ,~Q91 joints: . _
8

Le= 1.05 L

Example
On applying 15 MT ( 15000
kg
stretch of 30 cm ( 0.3 meters ) l?f,.diff~~e ntial over pull a
• ,rl••" '•

)'was observed in 5'.' drill pi

string with cross sectional pe
length L of drill pipe to locate -area '~-~ ·20.6 cm ·~ Find free
2
free p'oint. ..
Young's modulus for steel, E ~l· ,· ,.-:

=2.1x10 6 _. kg/cm~~
20.6x0 .3x2.1 x·10 6
L=
. 15000 =865m _.: · ·.

=
Le 1.05 ~-:-~~5 m ~ 908
stretch of dr!~I p_
' " ..

m (corrected J°~"ngth -ignorin

.
·,
' .
'

Ipetooljoints) g
. ·:_ .~ . - --
... . ■-7A174
\. ! : J I- - - - - -.·:·...-
-..-
. : ·, -
 fig Mt! .; .#£. "idrelAZ J
• #lTP::5'i?tttWz
nwt:rrW@ @J,@4

9.3 Stuck breakerpill volume calculation

Calculating volume of stuck breaker pill to be placed to
free a stuck string: J '

1. The basic idea behind pill volume calculation is the

assumption that normally BHA is stuck and the
entire BHA should t?e submerged in spotting fluid.
Additional voh.ime is added for hole enragement
due to caving and ·tor pumping the fluid after every
half hour and to keep the BHA soaked during
periodical pumping.
2. In rare cases the free point may be abfove the_BtHbA.
Hence it is preferabl~ to calcul~te ree pain Y
mechanical stretch method and 1f no well control
issues are there, the pill shoul? be placed to cover
drill pipes also.up to the free point.
:· . ;:·

Total inner volume 0 !~HA

:_•_:,: . . - ··-- --. t - of. -HWDP (heavy weight drill
v1 = Inside cap3=~~1Y, - th of HWDP + Inside
pipe) per. fmDet~llrto~l~t: ~9;9 meter x total length of
capacity o n
Drill Collars-.

Total annular volume around BH.A

d HWDP per meter x
V2 = Annular volu~~ ::i:ular volu,me around drill
total length of H~ tal length of drill collars.
collar per meter x o - - -- - - - -
- - - - - --@
_ ___ _ _lflliM _ _ _ _

Total volume to be pumped

v= v + V 1 X 1.25 to 1.3 (25-30 % extra for hole

2

enlargement) + 100 meter x inside capacity._ of drill

pipes per meter (extra height inside the . · drHI-•pipe
compared to annulys level). . · ·•·: :::·.-,~_
. .,.

Placement of Spotting fluid pill (stuck brea~er'pllQt··. .

Point A
~JIE=:J

'
~ud Pump
.___ Surfa~e !in.es including
Kelly -.·_: _
..,,.; ,, -: ,:· •,_ •- .. . r-,,,
.-_,.

'
':"~
~-
Tank with Spotting fluid 7; 4

. '
. . :' .

•!
. .
· -~ :·:....•
• •

·\ "" ·} - - Drill pipe .. ~

~ ...
llilllllsl~ . Mud in the annulus
·> & inside o~l!I pipe string
Spotting fluid pill placed
"· . BHA including drill
ar?u~d BHA and 100m insid
drill pipe string collars, stabilizers and
bit
Stuck up area,
.,....__ ,-.__._ _.,....,
_ ....;...normally BHA
. . ·. -J~_~tuck

.·, :,~ .,
 @hq;; ,,Alr@l&
The figure above sh "" .A\41i!A%4 l o!l II
~g ~ell control issue~~ ~:~i~rectly placed stuck . --- w .
ho~rs200 m of pill should bet:~~~H~should be s~~':;ker Pill. 11 there are
1 . U;,der inside the drill pipes~~:d;n the pill and
' . . . compression If th . i soak for 6-8
J:Jickrng the strin u
tf e Sfrmg got stuck . .
clea~ance below e t,t ,a;d there is at leas7hrle pulling out I
2. Bu~ if the string got stu ;t sh'?uld not be at the~ f:w meters of
~t11~·-0r if ther.e is c ~hlle running in or loo o'!')-
- tension, and monit . very_ little open hole be/ wenng !he drill
To .p lace the pill c or cortmuously. ow the bit apply
. . ,.. orrectly pump th .
:::we 0 -voli:i'!"e of surface lines ae,::;/~~~1 t~en dis~lace it by total
een_po,nt A and point B ( . pipe str,ng volume V
strokes to be pumped for placinsh:;,wn !n the figure). The number of
by dividing the volume v b gl e p,t/ correctly can be calculated
into acCOl!,IJf pU"inp volum~trfc v:,;:::::, ::tr stroke of the pump( take
No. ofstrokes
stroke, liters ' "" ~i:;:;iac
- ement = Volume y).V"' liters
.
. Ipump output per

lmportarit: ,,
1. I~ cas~ of high mud weight pump a spacer of high
v1scos1ty muct ahead of the pill to prevent migration \,
of stuck brea,ker pill to the surface during soaking I

period. . ·. .
2. To prevent back flow of spottinQ fluid, keep Kelly
cock/ safety valv~ in closed position during
soaking; Open only during pumping.
3. pump 5 _strokes every half an hour (after initial
soaking period of 6-8 hours) and work on the s~ring.
4. Working on string should be betw~en ~ax,_mum
pull or set down weight in th,e opposite direction to

@
 - I~--;.!.-.-. .
the direction in
wh
stuck and neutr ich it was m?ving ~efo_re gett
al (free hangin ing
weight} in the dir g dnll pipe ~tr
ection of stuck ing
S. careful cycli up. . · : ;: ., · -
ng of torque b
help. Utmost ca y usk
re should be ta 1ng roht~-_ry w111 also
the torque to p en w 11·e re 1eas
revent opening ing
hole . ~o f d~,ill s~rir19,_do
6. Pill should p wn
referably be pla ·,.:: ;··,:..• ··-.. ·
-
~ .:_,.: :.·.
passage of time ced ·withffi ·2 ho
the frf3e point ·t urs. With
the string. ends·.to _rn.,qy_ e -up in
7. Trip tank sh · ·-- - ·: _ ·
ould be rea dy ?
HSD filling line t c1 t1 rop e_rl-y li-n
·ed up with
8. Pill pumping to mini mize p : :'.· r~-:l e,cem _ eriftlr.n·e.
time shou ld be
2 s_!. 0¥ta-s··.·p-o
sstple
Note : Placing
a pill o f HSD
effect. At leas only has ·v e i
t 3 % o f pipe y 'limited
stuck breaker la~- o r any ot
get the desired chemical should be ~ad her special
result. . ·. ded to ·-• HSD to
- -~- _·,- .

., •..· '
....
,·
: .~
·:·>:~ -' . :-. ...... .
. .• -~ . •' ;. r- ; ~
·:,,- ~
 9.5 Use o fDrilling Jars

9.5. ·1 Lag/delay time o fa Jar

8
- - . - - r - - - - . -- -r -i
8 - - - - - . - - - , - - - - ,-- ;- ;- t- t- ~ ,- + -- ~ 7
7 ~ -- t- ~ H -- ~ ~ -r H -- -- -+ -i 6
-- -- t- -t -t -- ,-- r- -r -- ;- t;- r- -1 1r -- -"
--- +- --- --+ -I 5
61
, _ ·.
--- r-~ - -- -- -= =, ~4
41 --- --T "M ~- ,.r -t- -," ---
ir- --t --- t-1 3 DELAY
--t --- --t --- -+ -- TIME
DELAY .3 i.. --- -+ ... ... --- '71
TIME 2 (MINUTES)
-
--1 --t --- -t- --- +-
(MINUT~S)2 1- --- --- t.. .,- --- •
.:-:!':-1 1
- -- -+-
1 -- -•.,,_·-- +- -- -- -.......+-- - I '

\SH ORT
..... - .. CYC LE
-...---- 0 4 l_n
4
JAR
· c ~ , . - ~-- . , __ . . . . . - - -
0 L--~
'' 10 10 40 50 f 100
100 MAX4¾"
MAX4f'
--- .-- -+ -- -- -r -- -- -r
-- -, 6½", 8", 8f" JAR
a- ~ --- , ····- -
r--r-.,............-......,........~ -.- --,
L.l "'-~ _,_-_ - ~-·--. TE T 50 100 150
500 400 130 200 I l :: ;,.-
MAX : MAX : 112"
1\r;._: _,,... ;~ .,
.-
10
MAX: 1/2
I - .- - .•
♦ I
10 40 90100
500 400 300 · 200 150 1Ou .../i-. . '.-iJ
····-~

MAX : 1/2" - ,;-~:. !.OAD X1000 lbs

-,JV,..""!.lLLAT JAR · SETDOWNAT JAR____,.
~

e
_ nt s pu ll-,or - se t··dow n w ei gh t applied to the
X - axis repr es
en ts tim e ne ed ed fo r Ja r to fire after
jar and Y- a?5is '. repr es
.
applying pUll7set down .weight.
.
;._ ,-

ng up ac co rd in g to am ou nt of jarring over
1. JJV_hile'Jarrj from a less than a
to the Ja r, it m ay take
p~II applied
in ut e to ·se ve ra l m in ut es to de liver up jarring blow.
m
ilarly -· w hile ja rri ng do w n --depending upon
2. Si_m II

_ ,; _ _ -- -- --
.. _ ,. .. ._ -- -- -- -- -- -@ .- --
 amount of set down weight applied to the jar, it may_
take from less than a minute to several minutes to
deliver down jarring blow. ,-;k.· .
• ; • • ; •. I

9.5.2 Pump Open Force _ ·.. ·• . •

It is a force that acts on .the i-~-Qer:b~a"rrer of the jar' when

jarring operation is carried out__"vvilh:a running mud pump.
Pump.open force reduces the jar blow, while jarring
down and increases the jar blow while jarring :·u p by a
load that depends upon pump--circulating pressure_,,p{jmp
open force can be calculated from ma_r,ufacturer suppl.ied
charts ( refer charts 1 & 2 for u~g~(~t sizes..Qf,u_p _&-,down
Bowen jars) by locating curre! ~{'._i\:-ri3cl pump pressl1·re on
the X axis of the chart corre~:t1dnding ·pump..- open force
can be found on the Y axis. ·

-8
0
10~--- --1

L..
co
-,

---- --~ ---@ .--- -_ _;___•'(_.•... ' ..-•.' ' :

_•"".•'••;•.•_
M•_
 Ex~mple - If mud pump pressure . . .
psi then correspon ding pump openW,,h,te up Jarring is 3000
Ja,;f rom pump open force chart 1 wi~~~e3fo7roaoo6.,2bs"- 6. 75"
Jarrmg ·
. . a t20T., puII app1·1ed to string should b s.Forup
[
·37000/bs. (17 T)] = 3 T. e 20 T -
In case of down Jarin,g net.s~t down weight in the above
example will be 20 T + 55000 lbs (25 T) = 45 r.
where T = Metric Tonne ..__ _.- ::-:. _.

Pump open force for different sizes of Bowen Hydraulic down Jar
_2
- 160 - ,_·-I,.J. ·. . . - - - - - - - - - - ,
=---.·•~-
_ -
- - -4.25" Dn Jar
~ - - - - - - - - - - ~"'"4
•6.25 - 6.75" Dn Jar

- be used :
It may •
. . here drill pipe string length is
·1. In s.haHow depths w .
I s ··:. · h. hdrag.
2 . l~sb~re holes having vebr~r 'for the string and tackle
3. ~:- -Acts as ~•-sho?k absor
· syst-em, · - above 1t. ·- ol· w.
4: Intensifies the Jar @1- ----- ---
9.5.4 Placement & operation of drilling
Jar, gen~ral guidelin~s:
Following factors should be taken into acco~nt. while . <·
deciding Jar position in the drill string and operating.1t: · · ,....

1. Likely spots in well bore where.stuck up may occur.

2. Likely jarring direction required (up or down).
3. Position of the axial .neutral point while drilling with
maximum weight on bit should be considered.
4. Jar should always be plqced above buckling.;n_e!Jtral ·
point that occurs when mayirn..•HJJ.WOB is applied. ·
5. Well bore contact/ differential ·sticking risk for jar
should be considered and ~i-aftferential sticking is a
factor, differential sticking r- ·~'1tion substitute can
be used with the jar.
6. Up and down drags in curre~! ~:::~e section,.should be
known & considered whi!e tryin~ to calculate the
weights to cock and fire the Jar because drillometer
may not readily help with clear indications...
7. In shallow depths jar int~nsifier can:be-used.
8. Stabilizer should never be used above the Jar~. __--~
9. In directional wells ( 45° & above) Jars shouJg not.be., . · ~--:.
plac~d where_.~i_t . may ·be ~.-~.buckled. In ··horizontal
section, howev~r~ there is po~sibility ~of Quckling·'Of'.:.<~.... :i.
J~r. Bu_t tran~m,ttmg loa~ to the Jar foF cocking and ,,,.~
firing will be difficult to fire 1t down. ··.· ·. · . :·.
10. A few heavy weight drill pipes should be placed ·. ··.•· :,'.:;
above the Jar.
.
· .-,.
- - - - - -- --1@ .----- - - --
 111 • - - ··•·I Chapter 2 r 57
5 ··
C -

Sticking mechanisms, reasons, preventive

measures &First freeing action
2.1 Ho le pa ck · o ffI br idg ing _sti ck ing
me ch an ism _;: ·. ':~ .~ ·.
' .; . . ·, . :
-·,_::·
·' ·_·
;,. .
•.:
...

• It happens due to increased _.;~d'ntacf between drill-

string and accumulated cuttir19?frr;Jaterial in an·nulus.
• Compaction of cuttings in th~ ·a'r,.nulus t~kes place
due to pump pressure as flow,of muq is restricted.
• Hole is partially or completely -· pfugged with
cuttings/cavings or junk.
• Mud circulation is tota Hy or parti~Hytestricted. ~ i:.

Causes for ho le pa cl<:

• Cuttings accumula tion.
• Accumulation of cavings.
• Unconsolidated formation.
• Fractured formation.
• Junk can also cause bridging.
• Collapsed blocks of cement . . .,
• Stressed and reactive shale. · ,_
• Overburden and tectonic stresses. -~ : :·
• Excessive rate of penetration. ,. ·
• Annulus loading due to poor hole cleaning ,\', : .. ._
• lmprop~r m~d parameters like PV, YP, viscosity·'· MW· ·
• Insufficient circulation.
• High hole angle (35°~55°). 1
•.•

- -- - - - ---1 0r --- --- :-- --. :.~..:....__ ~ ......

 U t&S.%itiiW&iltMiUt&
2. 1. 1 . P:o o r hole m f!, cuttings and Ii
cavi cean
ul~t,on and cutting
· b e d : g s accum ~•· '·

~nnulus m a y b e lo a d e d with
Dutt€:1to followin_g re a s o n s w e ll . · : .-, ._
cu ngs o r cav1f)gs:
a'rg e resulting in lo w a n n u la r
d is c h
• ti~i::i~ent P,~
; ~ P
tion time.
• p e ti c ie n t m ·Hd ~ir.pulae te rs .
• Improper m u d-'·p a ra m a ti o n a ro u n d th e well
a l a g it
• Insufficient }J1eshanic
b o re ~nnulus~ . ··
.
• Very h ig h drillfng rate
to p a c k o ff th e a n n u lu s
T h e s e cuttingst~a~
ings te n d u d , in c re a s e ro ta ry
ng, re s tr ic t flo w o f m
a ro u n d th o .=--·; J J3~ri a n d m a y e v e n tu ally re s u lt
torq_ u e c·, n d c r .·;d d o w
. .-
-rn d ra g s
in·'a-~s tu c k d _~;:I t,,t ·1 0 • .,p

, se tt lin g o f c u tt in g s a n d
ona l w e lls
In h ig h a n c1t·:i ; c\·:·ecti s e form~tion o f c u tt in g b e d s w h ic h
d

au
cavings o n lo vv s id e c
-

·.• ·
may cause . :
o w n d ra g s a n d s tu c k p ip e s
& d
• _ In c re a s e in u p H A . _,_ · _
espec ia ll y a ro u n d B
a i1 g le th e c u tt in g bed has a
le
• In th e 35°-65° · ho w n th~ ~ n n u lu s a n d _pack !h e
do
~- le n ;~ e n c y to slide tely se121ng th e m u d c1rculat1on
drHf s tr in g o ff comple
in g a n in s ta n t s tu c k pipe.
. '. ·- . -- -~· a n c :l c a u s
e d o w n m a y h a p f? en w h ~ n m u d
b e d slid
;_)· · \ .• T h e cutting o r e v e n w h e n p u m p 1s ru n .n. ,n g .
pe d
,. _._·_;,- p u m p ' is s to p , .

.. ,. ! '~ ;;._!: .
. ··:. ~,s
 m

Warning In d ic at io n s
• In cr ea se in ro ta ry to~que.
• Pu m p pr es su re sh oo t up . .
dd en in cr ea se -in up & do w n dr ag .
• Su
th e sh al e ~hak_er.
• Very little cu tti ng·s a.m er gi ng on n ,n th e
en ce of so m tf ca vi ng ·p ro ne fo rm at ,o_
• Pres · :· ·.
current drillin·g ph as e. (L G S) du e to
in Lo w - G ra vi ty So liq s
• Increase . .. .
regrinding of cuttings.
ag m ay be .e nc ou nt er ed in si de th e ca si ng .
• Dr
"·. ..-~· :it. ..,·1

tio ns ar e pr es en t, im m ed 'iatej~;p re ve nt iv e
If ab ov e in di ca
ha ve to be in iti at ed to av9_t.~ · a st uc k pi pe
n:ieas_ure s ·.:r ··· '.c:i; .
s,tuat,on.

•.
. . '
:. ~ .. ··
..'
'~
·'·.=·

- - - - ( ! ) , -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
----
preventive & corre ctive mea sure s
• Use rn_axim_um_pump discharge for high annular velocity
especially 1n high angle directional wells (ref table 1 on
page 45 forrecommendedpump discharge).
• Use prope r circulation time before tripping out (ref table
2 oq page 45 for recominended pottoms up cycle).
• Use mechanical agitation method to agitate cuttings by
reciprocating and rotating ·:the string periodically at
maximum possible RPM for most effective cleaning of
cu'ttings·and cutting beds. · ..·
• U$~~r~commended mild parameters especially mud
· rh~o/6gy i-(YP-PV). Medium range mud rheology is
· most effective in high angle wells and higher rheology
is more'.effective in near vertical wells..
• Use high Vis or tandem Jo v~s - hi vis I hi weight pills if
:_ hole_cleaningproblemspers1st. : .· . .
• Monitor mud parameters ve,y closely and maintain as
per recom mend ed plan. Change ff_ current well
condition demands. .·
• Monitorreturn ofdrilled cuttings on the shale shaker.

·,·

'.
•. .

.
· , Figl. Cuttings & caving's accumulation
~

. .
m --- --- --- -