Bonhomme Richard vs Serapis Mark Lardas

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Bonhomme Richard vs Serapis Mark Lardas Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Mark Lardas
ISBN(s): 9781849087858, 1849087857
Edition: Illustrated
File Details: PDF, 5.13 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
BONHOMM… RICHARD

S…RAPIS
Flamborough Head 1779

MARK LARDAS
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
BONHOMME RICHARD
SERAPIS
Flamborough Head 1779

MARK LARDAS

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

CONTENTS
Introduction 4
Chronology 8
Design and Development 10
The Strategic Situation 24
Technical Specifications 29
The Combatants 38
Combat 50
Statistics and Analysis 69
Aftermath and Conclusion 75
Bibliography and Further Reading 78
Index 80

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

 INTRODUCTION
The captain of the British 44-gun ship Serapis had entered the battle confident of
ultimate victory. Richard Pearson had only two ships to protect the convoy under his
charge, his own Serapis and the smaller 20-gun sloop-of-war Countess of Scarborough,
armed with 6-pounder long guns. Pearson counted six warships in the enemy’s
squadron, including a pair of frigates, three minor vessels, and another two-deck
warship that seemed roughly the size of his own command. Yet Pearson felt that the
odds were not nearly as bad as the raw numbers indicated. He was, he believed,
fighting a group of privateers, commissioned by the rebel Colonials.
For privateers there was no profit in fighting warships, like his. Privateering was
a legalized form of piracy, with the main objective of capturing enemy merchantmen.
At first Pearson thought his main task would be to keep his two warships between the
privateers and the convoy long enough to allow the merchant ships he was escorting
to escape. He was not surprised when two of the privateers engaged the escorts. The
smaller of the two frigates went for Countess of Scarborough and the big two-decker
paired off against Serapis. That was a standard tactic – tying up the escorting warships
allowed the unengaged privateers to chase the merchantmen. What surprised him was
that the two-decker pressed its attack against Serapis.
It was not unwelcome, however. Although the two ships appeared evenly matched,
Pearson valued the opportunity presented. A victory could make his name. Serapis
was a new ship, with a well-drilled crew. After exchanging a few broadsides it became
apparent that the Continental ship was less formidable that it appeared. Its broadsides
were ragged, and the rate of fire slower than his own. Furthermore, after firing twice,
the enemy’s lower-deck guns had fallen silent.
Pearson recognized that the enemy was full of spirit, regardless. The Continentals
4 had already once attempted to board Serapis. Now, however, Pearson had placed Serapis

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

across the bow of the enemy ship. While Serapis was at an angle where it could not yet The battle of Flamborough
fire on the Continental ship, Pearson felt that he could turn his ship to bear his guns. Head at its climax. To the left
is the match between Pallas
Confidently, Pearson called to his opponent, shouting “Has your ship struck?”
and Countess of Scarborough.
His opposite number, a short man with a pugnacious temper, immediately replied, To the right can be seen
“I have not yet begun to fight.” Nor had he. The fight would continue for another Bonhomme Richard locked
four hours. Along with the Continental captain’s defiant response, the battle would into Serapis, with Alliance
watching. This painting shows
become so famous as to become legend as well as history. The battle of Flamborough
the ships much closer than
Head became the most famous naval action of the American Revolutionary Wars. they actually were. (NHHC)
Larger and more decisive actions – Ushant, the battle of the Chesapeake, The Saintes
– would become almost forgotten historical footnotes, of interest only to historians
and naval buffs. But the battle of Flamborough Head became a symbol for both the
United States and Great Britain.
For the United States, the battle became a symbol of all that was American –
resolution, determination, and a willingness to press on to victory even when the odds
were against you. John Paul Jones, who commanded the two-deck warship Bonhomme
Richard during the battle, became the standard by which all subsequent United States
Navy officers would measure themselves.
For the British, the battle symbolized the Royal Navy’s tenacity and dedication
to duty. Richard Pearson was forced to strike his colors, but he did so only after 5

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

 protecting the convoy under his charge, and only after a second Continental warship
came to the aid of Bonhomme Richard – Pearson did not know the second Continental
ship threatened his opponent as well as his own ship.
While large fleet actions such as Trafalgar often decided the naval phase of the
wars of which they were part, single-ship actions – such as the one fought between
Bonhomme Richard and Serapis – were often equally famous. The War of 1812 duel
fought between USS Constitution and HMS Guerrière achieved fame, as did the action
between HMS Nymphe and the French frigate La Cléopâtre at the beginning of the
French Revolutionary Wars. Duels between ships-of-the-line occasionally occurred,
such as the brawl between HMS Mars and Hercule in 1798. A year before the battle
of Flamborough Head an action between the frigates HMS Arethusa and the French
Belle Poule became so famous that it inspired a ladies’ hairstyle, the Belle Poule, which
featured a model ship as a hat.
Those battles featured ships-of-the-line or frigates. Both represented a sailing navy’s
“first team.” A ship-of-the-line was a navy’s main weapon – heavy warships intended
to mete out and absorb punishment. The frigate was its primary scout, a warship
intended to seek out enemy fleets and duel with its counterparts. Both were expected
to fill the starring role represented by participation in a ship-to-ship duel.
Neither Bonhomme Richard nor Serapis was a ship-of-the-line or a frigate – despite
frequent claims that they were frigates. Rather, both belonged to an anomalous class
of warship known as two-deckers. Like many ships-of-the-line they possessed two full
gun decks, with additional guns mounted on their forecastle and quarterdeck. They

Britain felt their sailors to be

superior to those of all other
nations. As shown in this
1780 cartoon, Jack Tar was
thought capable of besting
6 four foreign sailors. (LoC)

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

 John Paul Jones shown on the
quarterdeck of Bonhomme
Richard during the battle.
(LoC)

were a type of miniature ship-of-the-line. But two-deckers were considered too small
to stand in a line-of-battle. Their scantlings were too light to absorb the punishment
meted out by a ship-of-the-line, and their guns too light to create the damage that
a broadside of a ship-of-the-line created. Nor were two-deckers as fast or weatherly
as frigates. They were slower. Even modest seas could prevent a two-decker from using
its lower gun deck.
Two-deckers were a navy’s reserve team, not intended as ship-killers. They were
auxiliaries – convoy escorts, flagships in remote stations that were unworthy of a
ship-of-the-line but too important for just a frigate, and cargo-carriers in waters
requiring a heavily armed ship. The ultimate irony of the battle of Flamborough Head
is that a battle that has become a symbol of naval combativeness was fought by two
ships never intended to fight ship-to-ship duels. 7

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

 CHRONOLOGY
1731 1776
March Richard Pearson born. May 10 John Paul Jones takes command of
sloop-of-war Providence.
1745 May 10 John Paul Jones given command of
Richard Pearson joins Royal Navy sloop-of-war Alfred.
as a volunteer.
1777
1747 February 21 John Paul Jones promoted to
July 6 John Paul Jones born. captain.
June 14 John Paul Jones takes command of
1765 sloop-of-war Ranger.
November 28 Duc de Duras launched.
1778
1775 February 14 Ranger is saluted by the French
April 19 American Revolutionary Wars Navy, marking the first time the
begin with the battles of Lexington American flag is recognized by a
and Concord. sovereign nation.
October 13 Continental Navy is established April 24 USS Ranger captures HMS Drake
when the Continental Congress off Carrickfergus, Ireland.
authorizes purchase of two
warships.
Shortly after the alliance between France and the United States was
December 7 John Paul Jones receives a concluded, France recognized the United States as an independent
commission as a lieutenant in the nation when the French Navy formally saluted the Continental
Continental Navy. sloop-of-war Ranger in Quiberon Bay on February 14, 1778. (LoC)

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

 The naval power of the new United States lay mainly in small
warships, especially privateers, which would capture British
merchant vessels and harry British warships. (USN)

1779
February 4 John Paul Jones given command of
Duc du Duras, which is renamed 1788
Bonhomme Richard. April 15 John Paul Jones goes to Russia and
March 4 HMS Serapis launched. takes an admiral’s commission in
August 14 Accompanied by privateers the Russian Navy.
Monsieur and Granville, and June 28–29 John Paul Jones commands the
commanding a squadron consisting inshore squadron at the 2nd battle
of Bonhomme Richard, Alliance, of Limons in the Black Sea.
Pallas, Vengeance, and Cerf, Jones
sails from Île de Groix roadstead. 1792
September 2 Battle of Flamborough Head. July 18 John Paul Jones dies in Paris.
October 2 Jones’s squadron arrives at Texel, in
the Netherlands. 1800
November 12 Serapis turned over to the French Richard Pearson is appointed
Navy. lieutenant-general of Greenwich
Hospital.
1781
July As a French warship, Serapis burns 1806
and sinks off Madagascar. January 26 Richard Pearson dies. 9

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

 DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT

18TH-CENTURY NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

By 1700, the design of the standard major oceangoing warship had evolved into the
configuration it would maintain for the next 100 years. It was a configuration that we
associate with the wooden sailing ship even today – three square-rigged masts and
two or more full tiers of guns running the length of the ship.
This configuration was then used by all ships large enough to be commanded by an
officer holding the rank of captain in the Royal Navy or its equivalent rank in other navies
– ships that were known as either frigates, two-deckers, and ships-of-the-line. In 1700 the
true frigate did yet not exist, only emerging in the middle of the 18th century. The cruiser
and escort roles were instead filled by ships mounting two complete gun decks; albeit
smaller vessels than ships-of-the-line, the name given to warships deemed worthy of
joining the line-of-battle in which naval actions were then fought. Two-deckers were
simply smaller versions of the ship-of-the-line. Where ships-of-the-line mounted at least
64 guns, two-deckers split as few as 30 or as many as 60 guns between two gun decks.
One reason for this was that the hulls of virtually all seagoing ships had the same
basic shape. The length of the ship at the waterline was 3.6 to 3.8 times greater than
the breadth of the ship. A ship’s draft was typically one-seventh to one-eighth of its
length at the waterline. Some ships were larger and others were smaller, but all shared
this ratio for their principal dimensions. The two-decker was an outgrowth of these
10 dimensions, and wooden construction.

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Learning Objective 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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• Experimental procedures and results
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Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
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Example 20: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
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• Fundamental concepts and principles
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[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 64: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 66: Study tips and learning strategies
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Note: Literature review and discussion
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
References 8: Interdisciplinary approaches
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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[Figure 72: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Practice Problem 74: Study tips and learning strategies
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
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- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 9: Experimental procedures and results
Remember: Historical development and evolution
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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