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STUDIES OF THE AMERICAS

Street Art and

Democracy in
Latin America

Olivier Dabène
Studies of the Americas

Series Editor
Maxine Molyneux
Institute of the Americas
University College London
London, UK
The Studies of the Americas Series includes country specific, cross-
disciplinary and comparative research on the United States, Latin America,
the Caribbean, and Canada, particularly in the areas of Politics, Economics,
History, Sociology, Anthropology, Development, Gender, Social Policy
and the Environment. The series publishes monographs, readers on spe-
cific themes and also welcomes proposals for edited collections, that allow
exploration of a topic from several different disciplinary angles. This series
is published in conjunction with University College London’s Institute of
the Americas under the editorship of Professor Maxine Molyneux.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14462
 Olivier Dabène

Street Art
and Democracy
in Latin America
Olivier Dabène
Political Observatory of Latin America
and the Caribbean (OPALC)
Center for International Studies (CERI)
Paris Institute of Political Studies
(Sciences Po)
Paris, France

Studies of the Americas

ISBN 978-3-030-26912-8 ISBN 978-3-030-26913-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26913-5

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and
information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied,
with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published
maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover image: © ETrayne04/Alamy Stock Photo

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 To Mili
Thirty-five and still so much more
 Acknowledgements

This book finds its origin in a two-year stay in São Paulo, Brazil, in
2000–2002. My research interests back then focused on democracy
operating at the local level under very adverse background conditions,
including very high levels of violence and abysmal inequality. As I was
exploring some of the most deprived areas of the city, I soon discovered
they were home to amazing artistic creativity. I started to study the way
disenfranchised groups used the arts to voice their frustration and nur-
ture public debates. Rap music and marginal literature turned out to be
the subject of a book (Dabène 2006), while other fascinating politicized
artistic expressions such as graffiti writing were temporarily put on the
back burner. After a decade exploring other topics, I let my fascination
for urban culture regain preeminence with a new comparative research
study on street art and democracy. There was so much exciting fieldwork
to conduct and so little literature, selecting cases has been puzzling. In
addition to São Paulo, Bogotá was my first pick. Multiple stays in the
Colombian capital city had allowed me to witness a street art explosion
in the 2000s. The way Bogotá’s authorities dialogued with the artists
over the use of public space has been a key source of inspiration for my
project (Dabène 2016). I finally came up with a list of five cities (Bogotá,
Colombia; São Paulo, Brazil; Valparaíso, Chile; Oaxaca, Mexico; and
Havana, Cuba), each of which epitomizes a specific type of interaction
between street art and democracy. They constitute the backbone of this
book.

vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

During the course of the research, I benefited from the support of

many colleagues and friends in the five countries involved. I thank them
for their very useful comments and guidance. Arturo Alvarado in Mexico
and Luis Campos in Chile have gone the extra mile to help me. I am
indebted to them.
This research has rested on qualitative fieldwork. I conducted a
total of 63 in-depth interviews (see the list in the Annex). I express my
immense gratitude to all the artists who generously shared their thoughts
with me, and to the authorities who received me and kindly answered my
questions.
The research has been funded by two grants (Sciences Po’s SAB
2016–2018 and Sciences Po/Colegio de México research fund 2016–
2018). I thank the committees who selected my project. They have con-
tributed to scholarship on street art’s endless quest for legitimacy (Ross
et al. 2017).
I also thank Josephine Lechartre (Sciences Po) and Frida Crawford
(University of California San Diego) for providing very valuable research
assistance at various stages of the project.
Preliminary results have been presented during the following events/
lectures: Cuban Congress of Political Science (Havana, 8 April 2014),
Institut des Hautes Études d’Amérique latine (Paris, 29 May 2015),
New School for Social Research (New York, 16 March 2016), Chile’s
Catholic University (Santiago, 15 April 2016), Latin American Studies
Association Congress (New York, 27 May 2016), French-Speaking
Congress of Political Science (Montreal, 17 May 2017), University of
Chile’s Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism (Santiago, 12 July 2017),
RedGob meeting (PUC Rio de Janeiro, 30 November 2017), University
of La Habana’s School of Arts (Havana, 20 March 2018), University
of Costa Rica (San José, 30 April 2018), Latin American Studies
Association Congress (Barcelona, 24 May 2018), University of Lyon
(Lyon, 9 November 2018), Oaxaca (Mexico) First Forum on Graffiti
(7 December 2018), University College London’s Institute of the
Americas (London, 30 January 2019), London School of Economics’
Latin American and Caribbean Center (London, 27 February 2019),
Université libre de Bruxelles (12 March 2019), University of Chile’s
Faculty of Social Sciences (Santiago, 14 May 2019).
I have also tested my analytical framework with my Sciences Po Urban
School students. I thank them for tolerating (and sometimes sharing) my
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix

obsession with street art. Their pressing questions have allowed me to

better articulate my theoretical tools with my empirical evidence.
I finished writing this book as an OxPo fellow at Nuffield College
(University of Oxford), where I enjoyed perfect working conditions dur-
ing the 2019 Hilary term.
Finally, I thank Miriam Perier (CERI) for her wonderful editing job
and the two anonymous reviewers for their stimulating suggestions.

References
Dabène, Olivier. 2006. Exclusion et politique à São Paulo: Les outsiders de la
démocratie au Brésil. Paris: Karthala.
Dabène, Olivier. 2016. The occupation of public space between appropriation
and deliberation. Democratic graffiti in Bogota, Colombia. Paper presented at
the 50th LASA Congress, New York, 27 May 2016.
Ross, Jeffrey, Peter Bengsten, John Lennon, Susan Phillips, and Jacqueline
Wilson. 2017. In search of academic legitimacy: The current state of scholar-
ship on graffiti and street art. The Social Science Journal 54: 411–419.
 Contents

1 Introduction 1
Outline of the Book 8
References 10

2 Analytical Framework 13
Street-Level Democracy 13
Deliberative Democracy 15
Street Art’s Three Contributions to Democracy 17
Enhancing Political Expression 17
Empowerment and Urban Citizenship 20
Stretching the Public Sphere 23
Governance of Public Space 26
Interactions Between Street Artists and Authorities 31
References 36

3 Bogotá: Public Space Between Appropriation

and Deliberation 43
Part I: Voicing Concerns and Dissent Over Colombian Politics 44
Historical Background: Graffiti and Street Art Among
Political Turmoil 44
The Present Street Art Scene: Community and Urban
Citizenship 48

xi
xii CONTENTS

Part II: Regulation of Public Space 59

Participatory Policy-Making in Colombia 59
The Mesa Experiment 61
The Partial Resilience of Collaborative Governance 68
Synthesis: Street Art and Democracy in Bogotá 70
Voice 71
Regulation 73
References 74

4 São Paulo: Pixadores’ Public Scream of Hate 75

Part I: Voicing Rage About Socio-Spatial Exclusion 76
Historical Background: Origins and Evolution of Street
Art in São Paulo 76
Two Pioneers: Vallauri and Juneca 78
The Current Street Art Scene: Nuances of Urban Citizenship 81
Part II: Regulation of Public Space 96
Scope and Limits of Participatory Practices 96
Interaction Between Artists and Authorities 101
Synthesis: Street Art and Democracy in São Paulo 106
Voice 107
Regulation 108
References 109

5 Valparaíso: A Tale of Murals, Tags and World Heritage 113

Part I: A Tradition of Politicized Art Brutally Interrupted 115
Origins and Evolution of Street Art in Chile 115
The Present Artistic Scene: Actors, Styles and Urban
Citizenship 122
Part II: Regulation of Public Space 133
Participatory Democracy in Chile 134
The Politics of Public Space Control: Dealing with Heritage 137
Interaction Between Artists and Authorities: Types
and Evolution 140
Synthesis: Street Art and Democracy in Valparaíso 144
Voice 145
Regulation 146
References 147
 CONTENTS xiii

6 Oaxaca: Revolutionary Art and the (Difficult)

Quest for Democracy 149
Part I: Voicing Ideals—Muralism from Propaganda
to Protest 150
Historical Background: The Incommensurable Legacy
of Mexican Muralism 151
The Current Depoliticized Artistic Scene: Oaxaca
as an Exception? 154
Part II: Regulation of Public Space 169
Contrasting Participatory Practices 170
Interaction Between Artists and Authorities:
Type and Evolution 173
Synthesis: Street Art and Democracy in Oaxaca 179
Voice 179
Regulation 180
References 181

7 Havana: Going Public, No Matter What 183

Part I: Silencing the Artists’ Voices 184
Historical Background: Culture and Politics in
Revolutionary Cuba 184
The Current Street Art Scene: Main Figures and Styles 189
Part II: A Public Space Monopoly and the Ways to Keep It 200
Governance of Public Space Between Local Democracy
and Centralized Repression 200
Old Havana: The Office of the Historian
and Participatory Urban Planning 203
Interaction Between Artists and Authorities:
Types and Evolution 208
Synthesis: Street Art and Democracy in Havana 212
Voice 213
Regulation 214
References 215
xiv CONTENTS

8 Conclusion: Street Art and Democracy—Lessons Learned 217

Part I: City Cases in Comparative Perspective 217
Bogotá: Anchor Case 217
São Paulo: Most Similar Case 218
Valparaíso: Deviant Case 219
Oaxaca: Most Different Case 219
Havana: Most Unlikely Case 220
Part II: Urban Citizenship and Governance
in Changing Contexts 222
Urban Citizenship(s) 223
Context-Dependent Collaborative Governance-Led
Democratization 228
References 233

Annex: List of the 63 In-Depth Interviews 235

Bibliography 239

Index 255
 List of Figures

Fig. 3.1 “No one wins” stencil (Artist: DjLu. Photo credit:
Olivier Dabène) 52
Fig. 3.2 Signs for a better world (Artist: DjLu. Photo credit:
Olivier Dabène) 53
Fig. 4.1 Pixação in downtown São Paulo (Artist: Unknown.
Photo credit: Olivier Dabène) 84
Fig. 5.1 Anarchist tag in the lower part of Valparaíso
(It is the amazing hate that pushes to go out)
(Artist: Unknown. Photo credit: Olivier Dabène) 127
Fig. 5.2 Tags in the lower part of Valparaíso (Artist: Unknown.
Photo credit: Olivier Dabène) 128
Fig. 5.3 Mural in the upper part of Valparaíso (Artist: Un Kolor
Distinto [UKD]. Photo credit: Olivier Dabène) 129
Fig. 6.1 “We plant dreams and harvest hope” (Artist: Lapiztola) 166
Fig. 6.2 “Union and strength” (Artist: Lapiztola. Photo credit:
Olivier Dabène) 168
Fig. 7.1 90+ (Artist: Unknown. Photo credit: Olivier Dabène) 198
Fig. 7.2 Tagged 90+ (Artist: Unknown. Photo credit: Olivier Dabène) 199
Fig. 7.3 Self-censored artist (Artist: Unknown. Photo credit:
Olivier Dabène) 200
Fig. 8.1 Imagine San José without window bars (Artist:
Yamil de la Paz García. Photo credit: Olivier Dabène) 224

xv
 List of Tables

Table 1.1 City cases selection criteria 5

Table 2.1 Heuristic typology of interactions between artists
and authorities 33
Table 2.2 Synthesis of the analytical framework 35
Table 3.1 Bogotá 2004–2018 73
Table 4.1 São Paulo 2012–2018 109
Table 5.1 Valparaíso 2008–2018 147
Table 6.1 Oaxaca 2006–2018 181
Table 7.1 Havana 2008–2018 214
Table 8.1 Evolution of interactions between artists and authorities
in the five cities 221
Table 8.2 Democratizing democracy: A voice-activated
and governance-driven sequence analysis 232

xvii
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• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Chapter 9: Theoretical framework and methodology
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 88: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Topic 10: Theoretical framework and methodology
Practice Problem 90: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 92: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 92: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 93: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 95: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 97: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 98: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 11: Key terms and definitions
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 101: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 12: Best practices and recommendations
Example 110: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 111: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 112: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Summary 13: Research findings and conclusions
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 122: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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