The Great Bear at War The Russian and Soviet Army 1917

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The Great Bear at War The Russian and Soviet Army
1917 Present 1st Edition Chris Mcnab Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Chris McNab
ISBN(s): 9781472836540, 1472836545
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 59.34 MB
Year: 2019
Language: english
The Great Bear at War Layouts v8.indd 1 18/07/2019 08:59
The Great Bear at War Layouts v8.indd 2 18/07/2019 08:59
 THE RUSSIAN AND SOVIET ARMY 1917–PRESENT

Edited by

CHRIS McNAB

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 OSPREY PUBLISHING
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
PO Box 883, Oxford, OX1 9PL, UK
1385 Broadway, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10018, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

www.ospreypublishing.com

OSPREY is a trademark of Osprey Publishing Ltd

First published in Great Britain in 2019

© Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2019

This electronic edition published in 2019 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

Material in this book is adapted from the following Osprey publications: ELI 5 Soviet Bloc Elite
Forces, ELI 10 Warsaw Pact Ground Forces, ELI 12 Inside the Soviet Army, ELI 197 Russian Security
and Paramilitary Forces since 1991, ELI 217 The Modern Russian Army 1992–2016, ESS 69 The
Russian Civil War 1918–22, ESS 75 The Soviet–Afghan War 1979–89, ESS 78 Russia’s Wars in
Chechnya 1994–2009, MAA 29 The Soviet Army, MAA 216 The Red Army of the Great Patriotic War
1941–45, MAA 293 The Russian Civil War (1), MAA 464 World War II Soviet Armed Forces (1),
MAA 468 World War II Soviet Armed Forces (2), MAA 469 World War II Soviet Armed Forces (3)
and WAR 123 Soviet Rifleman 1941–45.
Artwork by Ronald Volstad, Andrei Karachtchouk, Johnny Shumate, Michael Roffe and Howard
Gerrard © Osprey Publishing.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information
storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: HB 9781472836533; eBook 9781472836526; ePDF 9781472836540; XML 9781472836557

Maps by Peter Bull Art Studio

Index by Fionbar Lyons
Layouts by Myriam Bell Design, Shrewsbury, UK

Front cover: Shubenmer/iStock

Osprey Publishing supports the Woodland Trust, the UK’s leading woodland conservation charity.
To find out more about our authors and books visit www.ospreypublishing.com. Here you will
find extracts, author interviews, details of forthcoming events and the option to sign up for our
newsletter.

The Great Bear at War Layouts v8.indd 4 18/07/2019 08:59

 CONTENTS
FOREWORD BY MARK GALEOTTI 6

INTRODUCTION 10

CHAPTER 1
THE EMERGENCE OF THE RED ARMY, 1917-39 14

CHAPTER 2
DEFINING MOMENT 1939-45 56

CHAPTER 3
COLD WAR ARMY 138

CHAPTER 4
DESCENT INTO DEFEAT: AFGHANISTAN 1979-89 208

CHAPTER 5
THE POST-SOVIET ARMY: DEFEAT IN CHECHNYA 260

CHAPTER 6
VICTORY AND RESURGENCE 302

CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE 367

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND FURTHER READING 371

INDEX 373

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The Great Bear at War Layouts v8.indd 6 18/07/2019 08:59
 FOREWORD:
A NATION FORGED BY WAR
A
ll nations have been tempered by war, but few have been so forged
in the fires of conflict as Russia. Indeed, the very concept of ‘Russia’ as
a nation is a product of conquest, as Viking warrior-traders looking
for land routes to fabled Byzantium decided to carve themselves out their
own principalities ruling over scattered Slav tribes. Over the years, Slav
and Varyag (‘Varangian’) would intermarry, and the Rurikid dynasty of
invaders would become the backbone of the country’s aristocratic families.
War was never far from Russia, though. With no obvious natural borders
to hem them in, its people would drift south and east, soon to be followed
by the tax collectors and soldiers and governors of the state. More to the
point, Russia’s position as a Eurasian nation, at the crossroads of Europe
and Asia, north and south, meant that it was perennially on the path of
each generation’s conquerors. In the thirteenth century, it was the Mongols
from the east who would dominate the cities of the Rus for more than two
centuries. Later the Russians would have to face Poles and Lithuanians
A Red Army soldier, wearing
from the west, Swedes from the north, Turks from the south. Napoleon
the classic greatcoat and
was able to take a Moscow the Russians were willing to burn rather than let fur cap of the World War II
him enjoy, and then he had to watch his Grande Armée harried in the long, era, March 1946. Notably,
painful, frozen retreat. Hitler broke his Wehrmacht on the gates of Moscow, he has armed himself with
a captured German MP 40.
Leningrad and Stalingrad.
(Photo by William Vandivert/
‘No one and nothing is forgotten’ runs their minatory slogan of World The LIFE Picture Collection/
War II – tellingly known to the Russians as the Great Patriotic War – and Getty Images)

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 8 THE GREAT BEAR AT WAR

the lesson that the world is a dangerous place and that weakness means
vulnerability is one successive leaders – tsars, general secretaries and now
presidents – have encouraged and exploited. Head to the new Russia –
My History museum in Moscow and you will be treated to a version of
the national story that explicitly draws this connection. ‘Atomization!’
screams the caption across a map of early Russia that shows its division into
myriad princely domains, each feuding with its neighbour and thus easy
pickings for the Mongols. Just in case the message is lost on the crocodiles
of schoolchildren being guided through the exhibit, later Russian martial
triumphs, from the victory over the Golden Horde at Kulikovo in 1380 to
rolling into Berlin in 1945 are presented as the fruits of unity, determination
and a necessary ruthlessness.
Today, this is a country where a school might have an old World War II-
vintage anti-tank gun on display in the playground, where children are
encouraged to join the ‘Young Army’ and learn soldierly skills, and where,
on the annual Victory Day celebrations, veterans parade in their medals.
There is, of course, much more to Russia than war, but the shadow it throws
over the nation is long and deep.
Over the years, Russia has presented itself as – and believed itself to be
– a peace-loving country, one that arms for war in the hope of averting
it. Yet the legacy of its history means that its notion of defence has often
taken distinctly offensive forms. Potential invaders must be neutralized
before they set their boots on the soil of Mother Russia, and if this looks like
unprovoked aggression, then so be it. The paradox of talking to Russian
soldiers is precisely this, that they see themselves often as men of peace, but
forced to earn peace for Russia at the price of war for others.
Certainly they have not lacked for work. In the early modern era, their
predecessors fought wars of conquest and defence, civil strife and imperial
adventure. Later, they followed Napoleon all the way back to France (leaving
one very distinctive mark: the word bistro comes from bystro, ‘quickly’, an
order snapped to their waiters by impatient Russian aristocrat-officers
enjoying the perks of being conquerors in Paris). They brought Tsarist rule
to the Caucasus with fire and the sword through to the nineteenth century.
In the twentieth century they fought and lost in both the Russo-Japanese
War and World War I and then in their new incarnation as Red Guards
and then Red Army, tried and failed to spread ‘socialist internationalism’ to
Poland, but would then bring it to Central Europe on the back of T-34 tanks
in and after World War II. They kept it there until 1989 with force when

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Other documents randomly have
different content
 Environmental Science - Instructor Guide
Winter 2025 - Laboratory

Prepared by: Instructor Jones

Date: July 28, 2025

Methodology 1: Case studies and real-world applications

Learning Objective 1: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 11: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 14: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 15: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 16: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 18: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 3: Experimental procedures and results
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 25: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 28: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 4: Historical development and evolution
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 35: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 39: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 5: Ethical considerations and implications
Practice Problem 40: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 48: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
References 6: Key terms and definitions
Example 50: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Discussion 7: Study tips and learning strategies
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 62: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 63: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 64: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 65: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 67: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 8: Research findings and conclusions
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 72: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 75: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 79: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 9: Experimental procedures and results
Practice Problem 80: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 83: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 85: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 86: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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