INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF CAMBODIA
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND FOOD ENGINEERING
Laboratory practices
Analytical Chemistry
TP2: Determination by Spectrophotometer of
Potassium Permanganate
Lecturer: Ms. Pen Bonita
Group: I3-GCA-C-G3
Group member: ID:
LAM VICHIKA e20220506
LAY SOVUTHEA e20221494
LIEV TANGHANN e20220524
LOEUN TITHYA e20220950
LONG LYZA e20220938
LONG SIVTHEAN e20220691
Academic year: 2024-2025
Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Background ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Objective ......................................................................................................................... 1
2. Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................... 2
2.1. Materials and Reagents ................................................................................................... 2
2.2. Method ............................................................................................................................ 4
3. Result and Discussion ............................................................................................................ 5
3.1. Result .............................................................................................................................. 5
3.2. Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 8
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 9
Reference ................................................................................................................................. 10
Tables
Table 2.1.1: Material ………………………………………………………………………….2
Table 2.1.2: Reagents …………………………………………………………………………2
Table 3.1.1: Dilution factor, concentration and absorbance …………………………………5
Table 3.1.2: Result of concentration of analyzed solutions …………………………………7
Figures
Figure 3.2.1: The plot of DO=f(KMnO4)……………………………………………5
Figure 3.2.2: The plot of R2 and upper limit linearity ………………………………6
Rules and Responsibility
Name In Lab In Report
LAM VICHEKA Measured the absorbance Conclusion
LAY SOVUTHEA Note the data helped measured DO Result
LIEV TANGHANN Helped in dilution standard solution Introduction
LOEUN TITHYA Prepare the materials, clean after finish Discussion
LONG LYZA Control the value Method
LONG SIVTHEAN Prepared standard solutions Materials
• Observation of the DO value and claculation: Together
• Discuss the result: Together
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) is a strong oxidizing agent commonly used in
various chemical analyses and applications, including water treatment, organic synthesis, and
redox titrations. In spectrophotometry, potassium permanganate exhibits distinct absorbance
characteristics due to its colored nature, which allows for quantitative analysis of its
concentration in solution.
Spectrophotometry is a technique that measures the amount of light absorbed by a
solution at specific wavelengths. The absorbance is directly related to the concentration of the
absorbing species in accordance with Beer-Lambert Law, which states that absorbance is
proportional to concentration and path length. Thus, determining the absorbance of potassium
permanganate solutions enables the quantification of its concentration.
1.2. Objective
The primary objectives of determining the absorbance of potassium permanganate
using a spectrophotometer include quantification, analyzing purity, understanding reaction
dynamics, and method validation. The quantification objective aims to establish a
relationship between absorbance and concentration, enabling the determination of unknown
concentrations of potassium permanganate in solution. Additionally, assessing the purity of
potassium permanganate samples involves measuring absorbance and comparing it to known
standards. Researchers also seek to understand the kinetics of reactions involving potassium
permanganate by monitoring changes in absorbance over time.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
Table2.1.1: Material using in this experiment
Name Amount
Pipet 1
Pro-pipet 1
Graduated cylinder 1
Beaker 1
Volumetric flask 9
Polystyrene cuvette 1
Spectrophotometer 1
Table2.1.2: Reagent using in this experiment
Name Amount
Potassium 1
permanganate(KMnO4 ) 2nM
2
Pipette Pro pipet Graduated cylinder Beaker
Volumetric flask Polystyrene cuvette Spectrophotometer KMnO4
3
2.2. Method
• Preparation of Standard Solutions:
o Start with a 2 mM stock solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄).
o Prepare standard solutions using the following dilutions of the stock solution:
o 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, 2/5, 1/2, 3/5, and 4/5.
• Spectrophotometer Setup:
o Turn on the spectrophotometer.
o Set the wavelength to 530 nm, where KMnO₄ shows maximum absorbance.
o Fill a cuvette with distilled water and place it in the spectrophotometer.
o Zero the instrument using this blank (distilled water).
• Measuring Absorbance of Standard Solutions:
o Rinse the cuvette with each standard KMnO₄ solution before use.
o Fill the cuvette with the respective solution.
o Place the cuvette into the spectrophotometer and record the absorbance.
o Repeat this process for all standard solutions.
• Measuring Unknown Solution:
o Rinse and fill the cuvette with the unknown KMnO₄ solution.
o Measure and record its absorbance under the same conditions.
• Data Analysis:
o Plot a calibration curve of absorbance vs. concentration using the standard solutions.
o Determine the concentration of the unknown solution by finding the corresponding
value on the graph where its absorbance intersects the curve.
• Safety and Cleanliness:
o Handle KMnO₄ with care, as it is a strong oxidizer.
o Keep all glassware and equipment clean to ensure accurate results.
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3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Result
After the experiment has been completed, each diluted solution’s factor and
concentration were calculated and noted, and the absorbance of all the solutions were
obtained. The summed-up table shown:
Analyzed
Diluted solution
solution
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dilution
20 10 5 5/2 2 5/3 5/4 1 - -
factor
C, [mM] 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1 1.2 1.6 2 - -
DO 0.017 0.032 0.063 0.128 0.162 0.195 0.267 0.335 0.072 0.169
Table 3.1.1: Dilution factor, concentration and absorbance.
Absorbance vs [KMnO4]
0.4
0.35 y = 0.1677x - 0.0032
R² = 0.9994
0.3
Absorbance (DO)
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-0.05
Concentration [KMnO4] (mM)
Figure 3.1.1: The plot of DO=f(KMnO4)
From the obtained graph, the curve shows a clear linear trend, indicating that the
absorbance is directly proportional to the KMnO4 concentration within this range.
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Determination of finding the upper limit of linearity of the standard curve.
Figure 3.1.2: The plot shows R2 value and upper limit linearity.
R2 value, also called coefficient of determination, is a statistical measure of how well
the data fits a linear model. It helps tell how well the linear model represents the actual data
point. The greater the R2 value closer to 1, the better the linear relationship of the actual data
points.
The plot of absorbance (DO) vs. KMnO₄ concentration displays a strong linear trend,
confirming that the Beer-Lambert Law is followed well up to 1.6 mM. The data points lie
very close to the regression line, with minimal scatter. However, the final point at 2.0 mM
shows a slight deviation above the expected linear response, suggesting the onset of non-
linearity. Therefore, based on this fact, the upper limit linearity is likely around 1.6 mM.
Determination of finding the concentration of the analyzed solution.
Form figure 3.1.1, the plot of DO = f(KMnO4), we have y = 0.1677x – 0.0032 is the
linear model line equation. It can also be written as:
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.1677 × 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 0.0032
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 + 0.0032
=> 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
0.1677
− For 9th solution (DO=0.072)
0.072 + 0.032
𝐶9 = = 0.62 𝑚𝑀
0.1677
6
𝐶𝑖 2 𝑚𝑀 5
Dilution factor 𝐷= = ≈
𝐶𝑓 0.62 𝑚𝑀 1.6
− For 10th solution (DO=0.169)
0.169 + 0.032
𝐶10 = = 1.198 𝑚𝑀
0.1677
𝐶 2 𝑚𝑀 5
Dilution factor 𝐷 = 𝐶 𝑖 = 1.198 𝑚𝑀 ≈ 3
𝑓
Therefore, we have a summarized table with the result and calculation:
Analyzed
Diluted solution
solution
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dilution
20 10 5 5/2 2 5/3 5/4 1 5/1.6 5/3
factor
Concentration
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1 1.2 1.6 2 0.62 1.198
(mM)
Absorbance
0.017 0.032 0.063 0.128 0.162 0.195 0.267 0.335 0.072 0.169
(DO)
Table 3.1.2: Concentration of the analyzed solutions
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3.2. Discussion
After getting all the results, there is some information we need to know Such as
Spectrophotometer, Cuvette and some other factors that affect the optical density. For
Spectrophotometer, before all samples are placed in it, filtered water is the first thing. Which
is included because the filtered water will cause the OD to be zero and it is correct Sample.
Next is the cuvette; The cuvette is the material from which the pattern will be transferred.
Log in and place in the spectrophotometer. Cuvette has two parts, a clear part and a corner.
With their specific functions. The precision part is the part that for the light of the
spectrophotometer to through the sample to the detector and the corrugated side is the holding
part. Last story There are a number of factors that affect the optical density, such as
dissolution and retention of samples. Dissolution will reduce the concentration, so if filtered
water is added above the water on average, it will affect the optical density. Leave the sample
for a while without shaking It will also be problematic because when the sample is left
without rain the specimen will collapse and the light will not be absorbed by the rain properly
or correctly.
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4. Conclusion
The spectrophotometric analysis of potassium permanganate was successfully
performed by measuring its absorbance at a wavelength where KMnO₄ exhibits maximum
absorption. We also investigated how to determine an unknown concentration by plotting the
DO values and using the graph we generated in the "Results" section through a philosophical
approach. Additionally, this experiment enhanced our foundational knowledge on preparing
stock solutions, from which we can derive standard solutions. This experiment that
spectrophotometry is an effective and reliable method for quantitatively determining the
concentration of potassium permanganate in solution. Furthermore, we acquired experience
in operating a UV-Vis spectrophotometer during this experiment.
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Reference
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Retrieved on February, 6, 2018.
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Sharp-Edged and Rounded Orifices Under Steady Flow Conditions. Proceedings of the
37th Iahr World Congress August 13 – 18, 2017, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
4. Derasari, J. U. (1993). M.Sc. Thesis, Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of
the Oklahoma State University.
5. Dhumal, D. S, More, Y. R &Gawai, U. S. (2017). Design, Fabrication & CFD Analysis of
Multi-Hole Orifice Plate International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology.
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