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COMPUTER PART 1

A computer is an electronic device that calculates, stores, and

processes data.

The word "computer" is derived from the Latin word

"Computare" which means "to compute," "to calculate," or "to
count".

Components of a Computer

 CPU (Central Processing Unit): The CPU is also called the

"Brain/Heart of Computer" and the "Processor". It consists of two
parts: the Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) and the Control Unit
(CU).
 The CPU also contains a memory called a Register, which is
the fastest memory in the world, even faster than cache
memory.
 Intel : largest cpu manufacturing company.
 Motherboard: A motherboard is present in the CPU.
 PSU (Power Supply Unit): The CPU also has a PSU.
 Other devices: These include a monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
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Input Devices

Input devices are devices that provide data to the CPU.

 Keyboard: The keyboard was invented by Christopher Latham

Sholes. The current keyboard layout is called Qwerty. A
standard keyboard has 104 or 105 keys. The largest key on the
keyboard is the space bar.
o Function Keys:
 F1: Help
 F2: Rename
 F5: Refresh
 F7: Spell-check
 F12: Save as
o Combinational Keys: These are also called modifier keys and
include Ctrl, Alt, and Shift.
o Toggle Keys: These keys work like a switch (on/off) and include
Caps Lock, Num Lock, and Scroll Lock.
o Navigational Keys: These are also called arrow keys.
 Mouse: The mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart in
1964. It is a pointing device. The mouse has a left button for
selection, a right button to open a dialog box, and a scroll bar
for vertical (up-down) movement. A thin blinking line is known
as a cursor.
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 Scanner: A scanner can scan documents and convert them into

various formats like JPEG (Joint Picture Experts Group) and
PDF (Portable Document Format).

 BCR (Bar Code Reader): Transfers data to the CPU.

 OMR (Optical Mark Reader): Used to check bubble sheets or

multiple-choice question papers.

 MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition): Used for bank

cheques.
 Joystick: Used for games and for pilot training.

 Trackball: A replacement for a mouse.

 Microphone: Also called a mic.
 Light Pen: Used for Android mobiles.
 Webcam: A webcam is also an input device.

Communication Modes

 Simplex Mode: One-way communication, e.g., a TV or speaker.

 Half Duplex Mode: Two-way communication, but only one way
at a time, e.g., a police controller.
 Duplex Mode: Two-way communication, e.g., a mobile phone.

Output Devices

 Output devices give us output from the computer system.

 There are two types of output: hard-copy (permanent) and soft-

copy (temporary).
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Soft-Copy Output

 Monitors, also known as VDU (Visual Display Unit), provide

visual output in soft form.

 The size of a monitor is measured diagonally.

 The dots on a monitor are called pixels. The greater the

number of pixels, the higher the resolution.

 The oldest type of monitor is the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

Monitor.

 CRT monitors were improved upon and replaced by LCD

(Liquid Crystal Display) monitors.

 LCD monitors are used in devices like digital watches and

calculators.

 LED (Light Emitting Diode) monitors replaced LCD and are

known for their best quality and low energy use.

 LED monitors have two types: TFT-LED (Thin Film Transistor)

and OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode), which uses carbon
material.

 Speakers: Work in simplex mode and use magnets. They

convert electrical signals to mechanical signals.

Hard-Copy Output

 First printing press: 1400: John Jutton beg.

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 Printers provide hard-copy output.

 Printers have two types: Impact and Non-impact.

 Impact printers use a touch for writing.

 Non-impact printers do not use touch and are also called page
printers.

 Impact Printers:
o Character Printers print one character at a time. Examples
include Dot-Matrix Printers (DMP) and Daisy Wheel Printers.
DMP is used for things like railway tickets.
o Line Printers print a whole line at once. Examples include Drum
and Chain printers.
 Non-impact Printers:
o Ink-jet Printers use ink in a liquid form.
o Laser Printers are the most commonly used printers and offer
the best quality. They use toner in powder form which has a
positive charge. Laser printers also have a revolving drum. The
speed is measured in DPI (Dots per inch).
o LASER stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission
of Radiation".

o DPI stands for "Dots per inch".

Other Output Devices

 Plotters: Used for high-quality graphics, banners, and charts.

They give output in vector graphics.
 Projectors
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 Braille readers
 Sound cards
 Video cards
 Headphones

Computer Memory

 Computers use binary code language (0, 1) and store data in

binary form.

 Units of Memory:
o Bit: The smallest unit, represented as 0 or 1.
o : 4 Bits: 1 Nibble =Half byte
o 8 Bits : 2 Nibbles = 1 Byte
o Byte : smallest addressable unit of computer memory.
o 1024 byte = 1 kilobyte(10 3 bytes )
o 1024 Bytes KB =1 Megabyte (MB): (10 6 bytes )
o 1024 Bytes MB =1 Gigabyte (GB): (10 9 bytes )
o 1024 Bytes GB =1 Terabyte (TB): (10 12 bytes )
o 1024 Bytes TB =1 Petabyte (PB): (10 15 bytes )
o 1024 Bytes PB =1 Exabyte (EB): (10 18 bytes )
o 1024 Bytes EB =1 Zetabyte (ZB): (10 21 bytes )
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Types of memory : 2

Primary Memory

 Also called : other names : main or internal memory.

 ROM (Read-Only Memory):

o A non-volatile (permanent) memory used for booting and
authentication.

o Has three types: ROM

1. P-ROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory),

2. EP-ROM (Eraseable Programmable ROM),

3. and EEP-ROM (Electrically Eraseable Programmable ROM).

 RAM (Random Access Memory):

o A volatile (temporary) memory.

o Has two types:

1. S-RAM (Static RAM)

2. and D-RAM (Dynamic RAM).

Secondary Memory

 Also called external memory.

1. Magnetic Tape: An early form of secondary memory.

2. Floppy Disc (FD): Replaced magnetic tape. A 3.5-inch floppy disc
had a storage capacity of 1.44 MB.
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3. CD (Compact Disc): Replaced floppy discs. Had a storage

capacity of 680-700 MB.
4. DVD (Digital Versatile Disc): Replaced CDs and has four types:

o Single-sided, single-layer (4.7 GB).

o Single-sided, double-layer (8.5 GB).

o Double-sided, single-layer (9.4 GB).

o Double-sided, double-layer (17.08 GB).

 Hard Disk (HD): Replaced DVDs and is known as the

"powerhouse of the computer."
o Has two types: HDD (Hard Disk Drive) and SDD (Solid State
Drive).

o SDD is the fastest and latest, and has no limit for storage
capacity.

 USB (Universal Serial Bus): Replaced HDs. Includes devices

like pen drives, memory cards, and SD cards.

 Networking is the process of connecting one PC to another PC.

The internet, also known as "inter-networking", was created by
connecting computers from all over the world.
 ARPANET, the first network in the world, was created in 1969.
ARPANET stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network.
 Networking has three main types:
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o LAN (Local Area Network): This network is within a building. Its

range is 0-10 km. Wi-Fi is an example. PAN (Personal Area
Network) is a part of a LAN. Bluetooth and wireless are
examples of PAN.
o MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): This network covers a city,
college, or university. Its range is 10-50 km.
o WAN (Wide Area Network): This network is within a country,
connecting city to city. Its range is 50 km to unlimited.
 ISP (Internet Service Provider): Examples include PTCL, Storm
Fiber, and Nayatel.
 Modem: This stands for "Modulation Demodulation".
 WWW: Stands for "World Wide Web".
 Browser: A browser allows us to reach different websites.
Google Chrome is an example.
 Website: A website is a group of webpages.
 URL: A URL, or Uniform Resource Locator, is unique for every
website.
 Search Engines: Google, MSN, and Bing are examples of
search engines.
 E-mail: Electronic Mail can be transferred from one PC to
another with the help of the internet.
o The first email was sent in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson.

o The first email service provider in the world was Hotmail,

launched in 1996 by Sabeer Bhatia.
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o HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is used to create a

website.

Types of Computers

Computers are categorized based on their size and work.

1. By Size

 Microcomputer:
o Used for office work, examples include PCs and laptops.

o The first microcomputer, named Altair 8800, was invented in

1975.

o It has the lowest speed among the different computer types.

o The IBM PC was introduced in 1981.

 Minicomputer:
o This is a mid-size computer used by 2-3 users at once, and can
support up to 2-200 users.

o Examples include billing processes.

o The first minicomputer, DEC PDP-8, was invented in 1965.

 Mainframe Computer:
o These computers have the biggest storage capacity.

o They can be used by 100-1000 users and can process millions

of instructions per second.
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o Examples include banking and telecommunication.

o The IBM-360 is a mainframe computer.

 Supercomputer:
o These are the fastest and most expensive computers,
processing trillions of instructions per second.

o An example of its use is weather forecasting.

o The first supercomputer was invented in 1970 by Roger Cray.

o In 2022, the Frontier is the latest supercomputer in the USA.

2. By Work

 Analog Computer:
o Provides a continuous signal in the form of a graph.

o It does not use digital or discrete data.

 Digital Computer:
o Takes digital data as input.

o The result is in the form of 0s and 1s.

 Hybrid Computer:
o A combination of analog and digital computers.

Software

 Software is a program that instructs a computer on what to do.

It does not physically exist.

 There are three types of software:

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o System Software: This is the software without which a

computer cannot run. It includes operating systems, compilers,
and interpreters.
 Operating System: An operating system is also called a user
interface and works as a manager between the CPU and the
user.
 The first version of Windows was introduced in 1985 as Win
1.0, but it was not successful. Windows 95, introduced in 1995,
was a successful version. Windows 11 (2021-2024) is the latest
version.

 GUI (Graphical User Interface) was introduced after Windows.

Before Windows, TUI (Text User Interface) or CUI (Character
User Interface) were used.

o Application Software: This software makes work easier.

Examples include Play Store, MS Word, and MS PowerPoint.
o Utility Software: This is used to protect the system. Examples
include Antivirus, Anti-Spyware, and Anti-Malware.

Hardware

 Hardware refers to all devices that physically exist.

 Examples include a keyboard and a mouse.

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History of Computers

 The word "computer" is derived from the Latin word

"computare," which means "to calculate".

 In scientific terms, a computer is called "silicon sapiens".

 Abacus, a calculating machine, was created in 2700 B.C.. It is

also known as a "counting frame".
 In 1614, John Napier created a machine called "Napier's
bones" for calculations.

 William Oughtred invented the slide rule in 1630 for complex

calculations.

 In 1822, Charles Babbage invented the Difference Engine,

which was an automatic mechanical calculator. It was properly
launched in the London Museum in 1991.
 In 1837, the Analytical Engine, which included an arithmetic
logic unit, was invented by Charles Babbage. It was completed
in 1910 by his son, Henry Babbage.
 Charles Babbage is known as the "Father of the Computer".
 The Mark-I computer, a fully digital computer, was invented by
Howard Aiken in 1937.
 John von Neumann is the "Architect of the Computer" and also
invented UNIVAC.
 UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer.

 John Vincent Atanasoff is the founder of the Electronic Digital

Computer.
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 The Turing Machine, the first programmable machine to use an

algorithm, was invented by Alan Turing.
 Alan Turing is also considered the "Father of Computer
Science".

Generations of Computers

There are five generations of computers.

 1st Generation (1946-1959):

o Used vacuum tubes and machine language.

o ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was

invented by Eckert and Mauchly.

o Examples are ENIAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC.

 2nd Generation (1959-1965):

o Used transistors.

o High-level languages like Fortran and Cobol were used.

o Examples are IBM 700, Atlas, and KDF 9.

 3rd Generation (1965-1971):

o Used integrated circuits.

o Examples are IBM 360 and NCR 395.

o The development of minicomputers started in this generation.

o Keyboards and printers were first used.

o Magnetic disks were used for secondary storage.

o Maximum memory was in megabytes.

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 4th Generation (1971-1985):

o Used microprocessors, LSIC (Large Scale Integrated Circuit)
and VLSIC (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit).

o The development of micro-computers started.

o The mouse was introduced.

o Maximum memory was in terabytes.

 5th Generation (1985-Present):

o AI (Artificial Intelligence) is currently being used.

o ULSICs (Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits) are utilized.

o RAM and ROM were introduced.

Computer Languages

 There are two types of binary languages (0s and 1s):

o Low-Level Language (LLL): A machine language that the

computer understands very well.
o High-Level Language (HLL): A language that a person
understands well. Examples include Java, C++, and Python.
 Assembly Language: A language with special codes, which is
not currently in use.
 Compilers: A program that translates an entire human language
program into binary language at once.
 Interpreters: A program that translates a human language
program into binary language one line at a time.
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 Assemblers: A program that translates assembly language into

binary language.

Organizations that Define Network Standards

 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

 International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

 Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

Network Topologies

 Network topology is the physical layout or arrangement of

connected devices in a network.

 Different types of topologies include:

o BUS Topology

o Tree Topology

o MESH Topology

o Ring

o Star Topology

Devices Used to Connect Networks

 Routers: Routers can connect multiple networks that use

similar or different protocols. They can also connect networks in
different countries. Routers transfer data in less time and
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consist of both hardware and software. The software includes

the operating system and routing protocol, which manages the
best route between two communication networks. The
hardware can be a network server or a separate computer.
 Gateways: Gateways connect two or more networks with
different types of protocols. They receive data from one
network and convert it to the protocol of the other network.
 Bridges: Bridges are devices that connect two network
segments. They are used to connect similar types of networks.

Cybersecurity and Cybercrime

 Cybersecurity: Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting

computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems,
networks, and data from malicious attacks.
 Cybercrime: This is an unlawful action against a person,
computer, or its systems using online or offline applications.
 Virus: A virus is a program that can harm devices and infect
files, making them unusable. Examples include: Worm, GLOVE
YOU, SQL Slammer, Stuxnet, Crypto locker, Tinba, welchia,
and Slayer.
 Anti-virus: This is a software utility designed to protect a system
from internal attacks from viruses, Trojan horses, spyware, and
so on. Examples include: Norton, McAfee, and Kaspersky.
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General Information:MS WORD

 Microsoft was invented by Bill Gates and Saul Allen in 1975.

 The company was invented in New Mexico on April 4, 1975.

 The current CEO of Microsoft is Satya Nadella, who took the

position in 2014.

 MS Office is an application software.

 MS Word is an application software used for tasks such as

writing documents, biographies, and letters.

 The first version of MS Office was Office 1.0, released in 1990.

 The latest version is MS Office 2021, which is also called MS

365.

 MS Word can be opened in three ways:

1. By writing winword.exe in the Run dialogue box.

2. By typing "MS word" in the search box.

3. With the help of a file.

MS Word Document and File Management

 The default name for a new MS Word document is "Document

1".

 The file extension for MS Word documents before 2007 was

.doc.
 The file extension for documents created after 2007 is .docx.
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 The default zoom percentage is 100%.

 The minimum zoom percentage is 10%, and the maximum is

500%.

 When data is copied or cut but not yet pasted, it is saved to the
Clipboard.

 The Clipboard is a feature that holds existing or copied data.

Keyboard Shortcuts

 Copy: Ctrl+C
 Paste: Ctrl+V
 Cut: Ctrl+X
 Save: Ctrl+S
 Save As: F12
 Undo: Ctrl+Z
 Redo: Ctrl+Y
 Find: Ctrl+F
 Find & Replace: Ctrl+H
 Open a Document: Ctrl+O
 New Document: Ctrl+N
 Hyperlink: Ctrl+K
 Bold: Ctrl+B
 Italic: Ctrl+I
 Underline: Ctrl+U
 Subscript: Ctrl+=
 Superscript: Ctrl+Shift+=
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 Line Spacing:
o Single spacing: Ctrl+1
o Double spacing: Ctrl+2
o 1.5 spacing: Ctrl+5
 Alignment:
o Right Alignment: Ctrl+R
o Left Alignment: Ctrl+L
o Centered Alignment: Ctrl+E
o Justify Alignment: Ctrl+J
 Breaks:
o Page Break: Ctrl+Enter
o Line Break: Shift+Enter
o Paragraph Break: Enter

Text and Page Formatting

 Formatting is used to make a document look beautiful.

 There are two types of formatting: Text Formatting (Character

Formatting) and Page Formatting.

 Text Formatting:
o Font styles have four features: Regular, Bold, Italic, and
Underline.

o "Regular" is the default font style.

o Font names include Times New Roman and Calibri.

o Before 2007, the default font was Times New Roman, and the
size was 12.
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o After 2007, the default font became Calibri, and the size was
11.

o The minimum font size is 1, and the maximum is 1638.

o On the drop-down menu, the minimum font size is 8, and the

maximum is 72.

o Font effects include subscript (e.g., H2O) and superscript (e.g.,

x2).
 Page Formatting:
o Drop Cap is a feature where the first letter of a paragraph is
enlarged.

o By default, a Drop Cap is applied to 3 lines.

o The maximum number of lines for a Drop Cap is 10.

o Margins are a feature of page formatting.

o According to the 2007 version, the default margins are 1 inch

for the top, bottom, left, and right.

o Before 2007, the default top and bottom margins were 1 inch,
while the left and right margins were 1.25 inches.

o Gutter margin is a margin on the binding side of the page, used

during printing.

o Header and Footer are applied to every page of a document by

default. They can also be used to add a company logo.
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Other Features

 Mail Merge: This function has two essential requirements: a

data file (data source) and a main document.
 Auto-Text: A minimum of four characters is required to write an
Auto-Text.
 Spell Check: The F7 key is used for spell checking.
o Microsoft uses a US-based dictionary.

o When a spelling error is detected, F7 provides three options:

Change, Ignore, and Add to dictionary.
o A red wavy line indicates a spelling mistake.

o A green wavy line indicates a grammar mistake.

o A blue wavy line indicates a contextual mistake.

Cursor Movement and Deletion

 The F8 key is used to select text.

o Pressing F8 twice selects a word.
o Pressing F8 three times selects a sentence.
o Pressing F8 four times selects a paragraph.
o Pressing F8 five times selects the entire document.
 Home Key: Moves the cursor to the beginning of the line.
 End Key: Moves the cursor to the end of the line.
 Page Up: Moves the cursor one screen up.
 Page Down: Moves the cursor one screen down.
 Ctrl+Home: Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.
 Ctrl+End: Moves the cursor to the end of the document.
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 Ctrl+Page Up: Moves the cursor up one page.

 Ctrl+Page Down: Moves the cursor down one page.
 Delete: Deletes from the right side of the cursor.
 Backspace: Deletes from the left side of the cursor.
 Ctrl+Delete: Deletes one word to the right.
 Ctrl+Backspace: Deletes one word to the left.
 Right/Left Arrow: Moves the cursor one character to the right or
left.
 Ctrl+Right/Left Arrow: Moves the cursor one word to the right or
left.

General Information: MS EXCEL

 Microsoft Excel is an application software and a spreadsheet

program.

 The default title for a new Excel workbook is "Book 1."

 The current version of Excel is Excel 2021/Excel 365.

 The oldest version of a similar program was VisiCalc, launched

in 1979. The famous version was Lotus 1-2-3.

 Lotus was replaced by Excel, which came out in 1987.

Interface Components

 Title Bar: Contains the default title name "Book 1," the Quick
Access Toolbar (with Save, undo, and redo functions), and
control buttons like Maximize, Minimize, and Restore.
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 Menu Bar: Includes File, Name, Insert, Home Page Layout,

Formulas, Data, Review, View, Share, Help, and Sign In.
 Ribbon/Toolbar: Features Font, Alignment, Number, Styles,
Cells, Editing, and Clipboard options.
 Scroll Bar: There are two types: horizontal (side to side) and
vertical (up and down).
 Status Bar: Located at the bottom, it shows the zoom
percentage and page and sheet numbers.
 Zoom: The zoom percentage can range from 10% to 400%,
with 100% being the default.
 Name Box: Shows the address of the active cell, which is the
cell you are currently working in. For example, J18 represents
the cell in the first column and eighteenth row. The name box is
located to the left of the formula bar.
 Formula Bar: Displays the content of the active cell.

Workbooks, Worksheets, and Cells

 A workbook is a combination of sheets and charts. The default

number of worksheets in a new workbook is three.

 An Excel sheet is a combination of cells. The default worksheet

is Sheet 1.

 A cell is a combination of a row and a column.

 The maximum number of characters a cell can hold is 32,767.

 The default alignment for text in a cell is right-aligned.

 To write a formula, you must first type an equal sign (=).

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Rows and Columns

 Columns are represented by alphabets (a, b, c, etc.).

 The last column is XFD, and there are a total of 16,384

columns.

 Rows are represented horizontally by numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.).

 The maximum number of rows is 1,048,576.

 Transposing is the process of converting columns to rows and

rows to columns.

Keyboard Shortcuts

 Window + R, then type excel to open Excel.

 Shift + Spacebar to select/highlight a row.
 Ctrl + Spacebar to select/highlight a column.
 Ctrl + 9 to hide a row.
 Ctrl + 0 to hide a column.
 Ctrl + Home to move from one cell to another.
 Ctrl + Page Up to move from one sheet to another.
 F2 to edit a cell.
 F4 or Ctrl + Y to repeat the last action.
 Ctrl + N to add a new workbook.
 Shift + F11 to add a new worksheet.
 Ctrl + O to open an existing worksheet or workbook.
 Ctrl + F12 to open the "Save As" dialog box.
 Ctrl + A to select all sheets.
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 Ctrl + Shift + + to insert a row, column, or cell.

File Extensions

 .xls is the file extension for Excel versions before 2007.

 .xlsx is the file extension for Excel versions after 2007.

MS POWERPOINT

Microsoft PowerPoint is a type of presentation software, also

referred to as multimedia software. It was officially launched on
April 20, 1987. The program was invented by Robert Gaskins
and Dennis Austin. The first version was 2.0 (1990) and the
current version is 16, which was released in 2020-2021. The
current CEO is Satya Nadella.

To open the run dialog box, you can use the shortcut keys
W+R, then type "Power.PNT". The default file name for a
PowerPoint presentation is "Presentation1". The extension was
".ppt" before 2007 and ".pptx" after 2007.

PowerPoint presentations are composed of slides. The

percentage of a slide can be anywhere from 10-400%, with the
default being 100%. Before 2007, there were 256 slides, but
after that, they became unlimited. A placeholder is a dotted line
on a slide where data is entered. Data can only be written in a
placeholder.

PowerPoint is used for both animation and transition.

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 Animation: This is applied to text, data, pictures, or videos for

the movement of text or characters.
 Transition: This is applied to slides for "in and out" movement.

PowerPoint has various views:

 Normal View: This is the default view, which is used to create a

slide.
 Slide Sorter View: This view allows you to see all the slides at
once or more than one slide. By default, nine slides are shown,
with a maximum of 24.
 Notes Page View: This is used for additional information for the
speaker.
 Slide Show View: This shows the slides in full-screen mode.
 Outline View: This shows the outline of the presentation.
 Reading View: This view shows the slides on a full screen.
 Presenter View:
 Master View: This view shows everything, including the
Handout Layout.

Shortcut keys for PowerPoint include:

 Ctrl + N: Creates a new presentation file.

 Ctrl + M: Creates a new slide.
 Ctrl + D: Duplicates a slide.
 Ctrl + O: Opens a presentation.
 F5: Starts a slideshow from the beginning.
 Shift + F5: Starts a slideshow from the current slide.
 28

 Escape key: Used to terminate a current task, close a

slideshow, or stop a slideshow.