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A History of Roman Art Enhanced Edition Fred S.
Kleiner Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Fred S. Kleiner
ISBN(s): 9780495909873, 0495909874
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 74.18 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
 A History
of Roman Art
This page intentionally left blank
 A History
of Roman Art
Enhanced Edition

Fred S. Kleiner

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A History of Roman Art, Enhanced Edition © 2010, 2007 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Fred S. Kleiner
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10
 About the Author
Fred S. Kleiner is Professor of Art History and Archaeology and Chair of the De-
partment of History of Art and Architecture at Boston University, where he has taught
since 1978. Prior to that he was a member of the faculty of the University of Virginia
and a Fellow of the Agora Excavations of the American School of Classical Studies in
Athens. He has also excavated at Cosa, Italy, with the American Academy in Rome.
Professor Kleiner is the author of more than a hundred publications on Greek and
Roman art, architecture, and numismatics, including The Arch of Nero in Rome and
scores of articles and reviews in the leading archaeological journals of North America
and Europe. His research has been supported by grants from the American Council of
Learned Societies, the American Philosophical Society, and the John Simon Guggen-
heim Memorial Foundation. From 1985 to 1998, he was Editor-in-Chief of the Ameri-
can Journal of Archaeology, the official journal of the Archaeological Institute of America.
Professor Kleiner is also the author or coauthor of the 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th
editions of the prize-winning Gardner’s Art through the Ages, the most widely read intro-
duction to the history of art and architecture in the English language. Long acclaimed
for his inspiring lectures and dedication to students, he won Boston University’s Metcalf
Award for Excellence in Teaching as well as the College Prize for Undergraduate
Advising in the Humanities in 2002, and is a two-time winner of the Distinguished
Teaching Prize in the College of Arts and Sciences Honors Program. In 2007, Professor
Kleiner was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and, in 2009, in
recognition of lifetime achievement in publication and teaching, a Fellow of the Text
and Academic Authors Association. The first edition of A History of Roman Art won
TAA’s 2007 Texty Prize for a new textbook in the humanities and social sciences.

v
About the Cover Art
Pont-du-Gard, Nîmes, France, ca. 16 BCE.

At its height in the second century CE, Rome was the capital of the greatest empire the
world had ever known. The Romans presided over three continents, ruling virtually all
of Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. Millions of people of multiple races, religions,
tongues, traditions, and cultures called themselves Romans. Of all the civilizations of
antiquity, the Roman most closely approximates today’s world in its multicultural
character.
The longevity and vast extent of the Roman Empire explain why Roman monu-
ments of art and architecture are more conspicuous and numerous than those of any
other ancient civilization. In the western provinces, especially Gaul, exceptionally well-
preserved monuments bear witness today to the enormous investment in infrastructure
the emperor Augustus (r. 27 BCE–14 CE) and his successors made. One of the grandest
and most frequently photographed Roman structures in the world is the Augustan aque-
duct bridge in southern France known as the Pont-du-Gard, which provided 100 gallons
of water a day for each inhabitant of Nîmes (ancient Nemausus) from a mountain spring
30 miles away.
Rome’s aqueducts, which operated solely by gravitational forces for most of their
length, were marvels of ancient engineering. The goal of the engineers charged with
constructing a new aqueduct was to lay out a continuous course from the water source to
the city so that the cement-lined water channel maintained a steadily declining slope
from beginning to end. Most aqueduct channels were underground. Only when the con-
duit had to cross a river, as at Nîmes, was it necessary to erect a bridge to maintain the
gradient of the channel. The three-story Pont-du-Gard is 49 meters high. Each large
arch spans 25 meters and is constructed of yellow limestone blocks from a nearby quarry
that weigh up to two tons each. No mortar was used; the weight of the blocks held them
in place. The bridge’s uppermost level consists of a row of smaller arches, three above
each of the large openings below. The harmonious proportional relationship between the
larger and smaller arches reveals that the Roman engineer had a keen aesthetic, as well
as practical, sense.

vii
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 Contents
About the Author v
About the Cover Art vii
Preface xv

Introduction: Italy Before the Rise of Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

Magna Graecia xxii Architectural Basics: Doric and Ionic Orders xxiv
Etruria xxvi Art and Society: Etruscan Women xxx
Summary xlviii Map: Greek and Etruscan sites in Italy xxii

Part One Monarchy and Republic

1 From Village to World Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Rome under the Kings 1
Rome and Latium under the Republic 4
Summary 15
Architectural Basics: Corinthian Capitals 9
Architectural Basics: Arches, Barrel Vaults,
and Concrete 11
Map: Italy during the Roman Republic 6
Religion and Mythology: Roman Gods and Goddesses 4
ix
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different content
 History - Cheat Sheet
Spring 2025 - Program

Prepared by: Researcher Miller

Date: August 12, 2025

Background 1: Current trends and future directions

Learning Objective 1: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Part 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 11: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 14: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 15: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 18: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Appendix 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 27: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Module 4: Key terms and definitions
Practice Problem 30: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 37: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 38: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Lesson 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 43: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 47: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 48: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 49: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 6: Study tips and learning strategies
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 55: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Introduction 7: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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