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THE POLITICAL ECONOMY
OF THE MIDDLE EAST
SERIES EDITOR: ASHRAF MISHRIF

When Can Oil Economies

Be Deemed Sustainable?

Edited by
Giacomo Luciani · Tom Moerenhout
The Political Economy of the Middle East

Series Editor
Ashraf Mishrif
Centre for Middle East & Mediterranean Studies
King’s College London
London, UK
This series explores the nature of Middle Eastern political regimes and
their approaches to economic development. In light of the region’s dis-
tinctive political, social and economic structures and the dramatic changes
that took place in the wake of the Arab spring, this series puts forward a
critical body of high-quality, research-based scholarship that reflects cur-
rent political and economic transitions across the Middle East. It offers
original research and new insights on the causes and consequences of the
Arab uprisings; economic reforms and liberalization; political institutions
and governance; regional and sub-regional integration arrangements; for-
eign trade and investment; political economy of energy, water and food
security; finance and Islamic finance; and the politics of welfare, labor mar-
ket and human development. Other themes of interest include the role of
the private sector in economic development, economic diversification,
entrepreneurship and innovation; state-business relationships; and the
capacity of regimes and public institutions to lead the development
process.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14415
Giacomo Luciani • Tom Moerenhout
Editors

When Can Oil

Economies Be
Deemed Sustainable?
Editors
Giacomo Luciani Tom Moerenhout
Graduate Institute of International and Columbia University
Development Studies School of International and
Geneva, Switzerland Public Affairs
New York, NY, USA
Paris School of International Affairs
Sciences Po
Paris, France

ISSN 2522-8854     ISSN 2522-8862 (electronic)

The Political Economy of the Middle East
ISBN 978-981-15-5727-9    ISBN 978-981-15-5728-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5728-6

© Gulf Research Centre Cambridge 2021. This book is an open access publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-­
NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, distribution and
reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original
author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if you
modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this license to share
adapted material derived from this book or parts of it.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative
Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the book’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by
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from the copyright holder.
This work is subject to copyright. All commercial rights are reserved by the author(s),
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
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189721, Singapore
 Acknowledgements

This book originates from discussion in a workshop held in the context of

the Gulf Research Meeting of August 2018 at Cambridge University
(UK), supported by the Gulf Research Center Cambridge. We are grateful
to GRC Cambridge and its Chairman, Dr. Abdulaziz Sager, for the gener-
ous support of the annual Gulf Research Meeting, that has allowed us to
convene the seminar and, more broadly, has given extraordinary impulse
to scholarship on the Gulf in multiple disciplines. Thanks also to the GRC
team, notably Dr. Christian Koch, Dr. Oskar Ziemelis and Ms. Sanya
Kapasi, who validly supported us as well as all other workshop conveners.
We are also grateful to Prof. Ashraf Mishrif for inviting us to publish in
Palgrave’s “Political Economy of the Middle East” series that he is the
editor of.
We are indebted to Prof. Robert Springborg for many useful comments
that allowed us to improve the manuscript and for his support to open
access publication.
Finally, we are very grateful to the Swiss National Foundation for the
generous grant that has made publication of this volume in Gold Open
Access possible. Tom Moerenhout also expresses his gratitude to the Swiss
National Foundation for funding his research
At a moment in history when the world is entering a global recession
widely seen as the worst in a century, the issue of sustainability of the oil
economies is more urgent than ever: we hope a wide public will find our
reflections of use.

April 2020 Giacomo Luciani & Tom Moerenhout

v
 Contents

1 Introduction: Economic Sustainability of Oil Economies  1

Giacomo Luciani and Tom Moerenhout

2 Framing the Economic Sustainability of Oil Economies  9

Giacomo Luciani

3 Fiscal Sustainability, the Labor Market, and Growth in

Saudi Arabia 31
Ishac Diwan

4 Outlook for Producer Economies 55

Ali Al-Saffar

5 Economic Diversification in Arab Oil-­Exporting

Countries in the Context of Peak Oil and the Energy
Transition 73
Bassam Fattouh and Anupama Sen

6 Economic Diversification and Sustainable Development of

GCC Countries 99
Joerg Beutel

vii
viii CONTENTS

7 Redefining Economic Sustainability in Resource-rich

States: Comparative Lessons153
Manal Shehabi

8 Fuel and Electricity Reform for Economic Sustainability

in the Gulf191
Tom Moerenhout

9 Fiscal Sustainability and Hydrocarbon Endowment Per

Capita in the GCC215
Monica Malik and Thirumalai Nagesh

10 GCC Fiscal Reforms and Labor Market Policies255

Monica Malik and Thirumalai Nagesh

11 Economic Diversification and Job Creation in the Arab

Gulf Countries: Applying a Value Chain Perspective281
Martin Hvidt

12 Climate Strategy for Producer Countries: The Case of

Saudi Arabia301
Jim Krane

13 The Sustainability of GCC Development Under the New

Global Oil Order329
Ibrahim A. Elbadawi and Samir Makdisi

14 When Can Oil Economies be Deemed Sustainable?349

Giacomo Luciani and Tom Moerenhout
 Notes on Contributors

Ali Al-Saffar is the Middle East and North Africa programme manager
at the International Energy Agency (IEA), leading the IEA’s engagement
with the region and acting as a key advisor to the executive manage-
ment. Prior to this role, he was an energy analyst at the Directorate
for Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks, where he co-authored
seven editions of the IEA’s flagship long-term forecast, the World
Energy Outlook. He was the lead author of the Outlook for Producer
Economies report, which focused on the issue of how the changing
global energy landscape could impact oil-dependent economies. Prior
to joining the IEA in 2012, he was a Middle East economist and chief
automotive analyst at the Economist Intelligence Unit in London.
He holds degrees in Economics and Development Studies.
Joerg Beutel is Professor of Economics and Environmental Sciences at
Konstanz University of Applied Sciences in Konstanz, Germany. He served
as Dean of the Department of Economics and Social Sciences from 1991
to 1998 and retired in 2008 from the university. He is still active in
research and as economic advisor. He conducted major projects for
the European Commission, Eurostat, United Nations Statistics
Division (UNSD) of the United Nations, the Ministry of Economy
and Planning (MOEP) of Saudi Arabia, the Prime Minister’s Office
of Brunei Darussalam (JPKE) and the Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research (KISR). He was the editor of the Eurostat Manual of Supply,
Use and Input-Output Tables (2008) and became a member of the edi-
torial board for the Handbook of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables

ix
x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

with Extensions and Applications (2018) of the United Nations. Main

activities in research are development planning, macroeconomics,
national accounts, and input-output analysis. He was engaged in
applied economics throughout his professional career.
Ishac Diwan is Professor of Economics at Paris Sciences et Lettres (a
consortium of Parisian universities) where he holds the chair of the
Economy of the Arab World. He currently teaches at the Ecole Normale
Superieure in Paris, and has held in recent years teaching positions at
Columbia University, School for International Public Affairs, and at the
Harvard Kennedy School. His research focuses on the political econ-
omy of the Middle East. His recent (co-authored) books include A
Political Economy of the Middle East (2015); and Crony Capitalism in the
Middle East (2019). He is also widely published on issues of global
finance, macroeconomic and development strategies.
Ibrahim A. Elbadawi was the Minister of Finance and Economic
Planning, Sudan, from September 2019 to July 2020; Managing Director,
The Economic Research Forum for the Arab World, Iran and Turkey
(since January 2017, currently on leave since September 2019); before
that he was Director at the Economic Policy and Research Center, the
Dubai Economic Council (2009–2016); Lead Economist at the
Development Research Group of the World Bank, which he joined in
1989; and Professor of Economics at the University of Gezira in Sudan.
He holds a Ph.D. in economics and statistics from North Carolina State
and Northwestern universities in the USA. Elbadawi is the editor of
Understanding and Avoiding the Oil Curse in Resource-rich Arab Economies
(2016, with Hoda Selim) and Democratic Transitions in the Arab World
(2016, with Samir Makdisi).
Bassam Fattouh is Director of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
and a professor at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University
of London. He specialises in international oil pricing systems, OPEC pric-
ing power, security of Middle Eastern oil supplies, and the dynamics of oil
prices and oil price differentials. He has published a variety of articles on
oil and gas topics and his publications have appeared in academic and pro-
fessional journals. Fattouh served as a member of an independent expert
group established to provide recommendations to the 12th International
Energy Forum (IEF) Ministerial Meeting for strengthening the architec-
ture of the producer-consumer dialogue through the IEF. He also acts as
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xi

an adviser to governments and industry, and is a regular speaker at inter-

national conferences. Fattouh focuses his research on aspects of the inter-
national oil pricing system such as the relationship between the futures
market and spot market, the relationship between OPEC and the market,
the causes of oil price volatility and the dynamics of oil price differentials.
He also focuses his research on the IOC-NOC relationship and its
implications for investment behaviour. He has a strong background
in the economic environment of the Middle East.
Martin Hvidt is an associate professor at the Center for Contemporary
Middle East Studies, University of Southern Denmark. He received his
Ph.D. degree from Odense University and Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, in 1995 and was in 2019 bestowed the prestigious Dr. phil
degree by University of Southern Denmark based on a higher doctoral
dissertation titled “Social and Economic Development in the Contemporary
Arab Gulf States”. For the past 25 years, his research has been related
to these four broad topics/projects: (1) Irrigation Management in
Egypt; (2) The Middle East and North Africa Region in a Globalized
World; (3) Dubai: A Middle Eastern Developmental State; and (4)
Gulf Rising. Developmental Patterns in the Resource Rich Economies
of the Arab Gulf Region. Hvidt is the author of several books and a
long range of articles and book chapters.
Jim Krane is the Wallace S. Wilson Fellow for Energy Studies at Rice
University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy in Houston. He specializes
in energy geopolitics, with a focus on oil-exporting countries and the chal-
lenges they face from energy subsidies, internal demand, and climate
change. His scholarly articles have been published in Nature Energy,
Energy Policy, Energy Journal, MRS Energy and Sustainability, and the
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Krane spent nearly 20 years as a journalist,
six of them in the Middle East. He is the author of two books. His
acclaimed 2009 volume City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism
is widely recognized as the seminal work on the iconic city-state, while his
award-winning 2019 book Energy Kingdoms: Oil and Political Survival in
the Persian Gulf is the definitive study of energy demand in the Gulf
region. Krane was a long-time correspondent for the Associated Press and
has written for myriad other publications including the Washington Post,
Wall Street Journal and Financial Times. He is the winner of several jour-
nalism awards. He holds his Ph.D. from Cambridge University.
xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Giacomo Luciani teaches at the Paris School of International Affairs,

Sciences Po, and at the Graduate Institute of International and
Development Studies in Geneva. During 2010–2013 he was Princeton
Global Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International
Affairs and the Department of Near Eastern Studies.
His work has focused on the political economy of MENA. With Hazem
Beblawi, he edited the book The Rentier State (1987), which is frequently
cited as one of the origins of the concept. His latest edited book, Combining
Economic and Political Development (2017), discusses economic policies
to support democratic transitions.
Samir Makdisi is Professor Emeritus of Economics and Founding
Director of the Institute of Financial Economics, 1984–2007 and Senior
Fellow since 2008, the American University of Beirut (AUB). He is a for-
mer Minister of Economy and Trade, Republic of Lebanon, 1992; Deputy
President of AUB, 1992–1998; and Chair of the Board of Trustees,
Economic Research Forum, 1993–2001; and since 2012 an elected
member of the Board. He has served as advisor to the Lebanese and
other national governments and to various regional and international
economic and financial organizations and has given lectures at major
universities in the US, Europe, Asia and the Middle East. Recipient
of several honors including the AUB medal (1998), he is widely pub-
lished in academic journals and books in the areas of financial poli-
cies, civil conflicts and democratic transitions, among others, with
special reference to the Arab World. He is the author of The Lessons of
Lebanon: The Economics of War and Development (2004) and co-editor
(with Ibrahim Elbadawi) of Democracy in the Arab World: Explaining
the Deficit (2011) and Democratic Transitions in the Arab World (2017).
He holds his Ph.D. in Economics from Columbia University,
New York.
Monica Malik has over 25 years of experience as an economist specialis-
ing in the MENA region. Malik holds the position of Chief Economist at
Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank, where she established and manages the
Economic research team. Previously, she was the Chief Economist at
EFG Hermes and was the lead person in the Economics team. Before
this, she was the Senior Economist for the MENA region at Standard
Chartered, Dubai, and at Dun & Bradstreet, London.
Malik has authored a number of academic books and articles on eco-
nomic development in the GCC. She has presented at a number of high
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii

profile conferences and participated in policy round table discussions, as

well as appearing regularly in the international media. She holds a Ph.D. in
Economic Development in the Middle East focusing on private sector
development in Saudi Arabia from the University of Durham.
Tom Moerenhout is Professor of International and Public Affairs at
Columbia University and a resident scholar at the Center for Global
Energy Policy. He also works with the World Bank’s Energy and Extractives
team and the International Institute for Sustainable Development. In
recent years, Moerenhout has provided practical, in-country support
to energy and development policy reforms in Lebanon, India, Nigeria,
Egypt, Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan. His research focuses on the sustain-
ability dimension of economic globalization and energy sector
reforms in developing countries. His work on energy subsidies and
taxation and the social contract in oil and gas producing countries
has been published extensively. He recently helped set up a COVID-19
stimulus tracker to verify energy policy decision in economic recovery
packages.
Thirumalai Nagesh has been a member of the ADCB Economics team
for the last three years. Prior to ADCB, he worked with research teams at
RBS and Deutsche Bank in India. Nagesh has a total of ten years of experi-
ence in macro research, covering emerging market economies (India,
GCC, Turkey) and oil.
Anupama Sen joined the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies in
November 2009. She is Executive Director of the Electricity Programme
and Senior Research Fellow. Her research interests lie in the applied eco-
nomics of energy in developing countries and her research has spanned the
oil, gas and electricity sectors, focusing largely on non-OECD Asia. In
addition to OIES papers, her work has appeared in peer-reviewed aca-
demic journals and professional publications, as well as in several book
chapters and Op-Eds. Sen is a Fellow of the Cambridge Commonwealth
Society and has been a Visiting Fellow at Wolfson College, Cambridge.
She holds a B.A. (Hons) from the University of Mumbai, M.Sc. from the
London School of Economics and Ph.D. from the University of
Cambridge.
Manal Shehabi is the OIES-KFAS Supernumerary Research Fellow at
the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. She is also an SCR Member of St.
Antony’s College, University of Oxford. An applied economist, she
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

has expertise in economic modeling, energy, policy assessment and

design, and resource and economic sustainability in resource-rich
economies, with a focus on the Middle East and North Africa. Her
research made important contributions to the analysis of economic
adjustments and policy alternatives in resource economies facing vol-
atility and energy transitions, specifically policy reform in economic
diversification, labor reform, energy subsidy, alternative energy
sources, and impacts of response measures to climate change.
Combining evidence-based policy assessment with local political
economy analysis, her research contributed to key policy debates at
national levels and at the international level (such as the WTO and
the UNFCCC). She also taught university-level courses in economics
and conducted capacity building for policy makers in various coun-
tries. Shehabi is the author of various academic publications and pol-
icy reports, including being the co-author of Kuwait Energy Outlook
and a contributing author to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing
Climate. A polyglot, her professional experience beyond academia
spans economic research, consulting, energy multinationals, and pub-
lic policy in the US, the Middle East, Europe, and Australia.
 List of Figures

Fig. 3.1 Employment and Real GDP by sector (2016) 36

Fig. 3.2 Ownership of traded companies in the GCC 37
Fig. 3.3 Average month wages, 2004–2015 44
Fig. 3.4 Nationals and Expats employment in the non-oil sectors in
relation to educational levels, 2010 47
Fig. 4.1 Average annual net income from oil and gas in Middle East
producers57
Fig. 4.2 Total net income from oil and gas in the New Policies Scenario 58
Fig. 4.3 Total net income from oil and gas in the Sustainable
Development Scenario 59
Fig. 4.4 Levelised cost for solar PV compared with existing oil-fired
generation at $40 per barrel oil price 64
Fig. 4.5 Estimated value of fossil fuel subsidies in selected producer
economies, 2017 65
Fig. 4.6 Average annual upstream oil and natural gas investment and
production in selected Middle East producers 67
Fig. 5.1 Projections of world oil demand (million barrels/day) 77
Fig. 5.2 Projected rising share of renewables in total primary energy
demand (%) 85
Fig. 6.1 Product concentration and diversification of exports and
imports for GCC 113
Fig. 6.2 Industry concentration index for the GCC countries 115
Fig. 6.3 Industry concentration index in international comparison 116
Fig. 7.1 Rapid GDP growth rate at the start of the recovery 165
Fig. 7.2 Simulated Kuwait recovery reaching a new steady state due to
shocks in capital-to-labor ratio, savings rates, and productivity  167

xv
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Methodology 1: Theoretical framework and methodology

Learning Objective 1: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Learning Objective 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 4: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Part 2: Current trends and future directions
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 16: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 3: Best practices and recommendations
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 26: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Quiz 4: Practical applications and examples
Practice Problem 30: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 36: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Appendix 5: Ethical considerations and implications
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 41: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 47: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 48: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Results 6: Best practices and recommendations
Example 50: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 53: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 7: Best practices and recommendations
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 63: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Part 8: Learning outcomes and objectives
Practice Problem 70: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 74: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 75: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 76: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 78: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Results 9: Learning outcomes and objectives
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 84: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 88: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 89: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 10: Literature review and discussion
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 92: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 93: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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