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Fluconazole Pharmacology Clinical Uses and Health
Effects 1st Edition Santiago Herrera Digital Instant
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Author(s): Santiago Herrera, Joaquin Acosta
ISBN(s): 9781629481012, 1629481017
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.08 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
 PHARMACOLOGY - RESEARCH, SAFETY TESTING AND REGULATION

FLUCONAZOLE
PHARMACOLOGY, CLINICAL USES
AND HEALTH EFFECTS

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PHARMACOLOGY - RESEARCH, SAFETY
TESTING AND REGULATION

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under the E-book tab.
PHARMACOLOGY - RESEARCH, SAFETY TESTING AND REGULATION

FLUCONAZOLE
PHARMACOLOGY, CLINICAL USES
AND HEALTH EFFECTS

SANTIAGO HERRERA
AND
JOAQUIN ACOSTA
EDITORS

New York
Copyright © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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 Contents

Preface vii
Chapter I Fluconazole Utilization in Adult ICU 1
Tânia Pereira Salci,
Terezinha Inez Estivalet Svidzinski
and Silvana Martins Caparroz-Assef
Chapter II Fluconazole in Veterinary Medical Practice 31
Melissa H. Clark
and Marcella D. Ridgway
Chapter III Common Clinical Uses and In Vitro
Activity Features of Fluconazole 57
Mara C. S. M. Pappalardo
and Marcia S. C. Melhem
Chapter IV In the Beginning: Evolution of Antifungal Therapy
and Development of Fluconazole 71
Marcella D. Ridgway
and Melissa H. Clark
Index 85
 Preface

Fluconazole is a triazole antifungal drug used in the treatment and

prevention of superficial and systemic fungal infections. In this book, the
authors present current research in the study of the pharmacology, clinical uses
and health effects of fluconazole. Topics discussed include the utilization of
fluconazole in adult intensive care units; the use of fluconazole in veterinary
species and a description of variances from the human experience as well as
findings in veterinary species which may have applicability in human
medicine; common clinical uses and in vitro activity features on fluconazole;
and the discovery and development of medically-important antifungal agents,
particularly the azole derivatives and the development of fluconazole and its
clinical applications.
Chapter I – The occurrence of a hospital infection in an intensive care unit
(ICU) is five-to-ten-fold greater than seen in other hospital sectors.
Approximately 51% of patients in an ICU present some type of infection, of
which 20% are caused by fungi. This new epidemiological situation
demonstrates the control of fungal infections and their treatment which
deserve particular attention.
Among available antifungal agents, fluconazole demonstrates greater
tolerability and effectiveness against yeast species. This azole was first
described in 1985, and became for clinical practice an option for the treatment
of fungal infections. Fluconazole has become the most prescribed antifungal
and a few years after the beginning of its clinical use, it was present in almost
all ICU antifungal prescriptions.
Even with the development of new drugs, fluconazole remains the most
widely used antifungal. Fluconazole acts by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis,
increasing permeability of the fungal cell membrane. Its action is primarily
viii Santiago Herrera and Joaquin Acosta

fungistatic. This drug has favorable pharmacokinetic properties, such as

excellent bioavailability, good tissue penetration and low toxicity, in addition
to its safety, efficacy and lower cost as compared with other treatment options.
This antifungal agent has a half-life of 27-34 hours and its administration
should be performed at specified intervals of 24 hours. The most significant
problem related to the use of fluconazole is its possible interactions with other
drugs, as a result of cytochrome P450 enzymes inhibition.
Fluconazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of Candida spp.
infections, except those that are intrinsically resistant, as C. krusei. Among
Candida spp. the development of resistance is a phenomenon that has
increased during the past few years, especially in C. glabrata and other non-
albicans species with reduced antifungal susceptibility.
As the other antifungal, the Fluconazole use should be therapeutic, when
there is a microbiology diagnose; prophylactic, for high-risk patients, which
has no signs or symptoms of infection, to prevent the development of invasive
fungal infection; empiric, for patients with several risk factors and clinical
features of infection possibly caused by fungi; preemptive, as early treatment
of fungal infection in patients which presents multiple risk factors for infection
and shows evidence of Candida colonization.
Considering the increase of fungal infections and widespread use of
fluconazole, the appropriate therapeutic use is important. It will ensure the
effectiveness in eradicating infection, patient safety and fungal resistance
control.
Chapter II – Since the introduction of fluconazole onto the human market
in the late 1980s, its disposition and therapeutic applications have been
investigated in a number of veterinary species. These include companion
animals such as dogs, cats, horses, and psittacine birds, as well as passerine
birds, captive marine mammals, and wildlife. In most veterinary species
studied, as in humans, fluconazole is well-absorbed after oral administration,
has a wide tissue distribution that involves pharmacokinetically privileged
spaces, and undergoes primarily renal elimination. Also, the yeasts and
dimorphic fungi against which this drug is active in humans may be primary or
secondary pathogens in animals. Consequently, many veterinary uses of
fluconazole are similar to those described in human medicine. Fluconazole has
been employed successfully to treat cryptoccocal infections in cats and dogs,
mucosal candidiasis in birds, systemic candidiasis in foals, and
coccidioidomycosis in dogs, cats and horses. It is preferred for deep mycoses,
such as blastomycosis and histoplasmosis, when there is central nervous
system, ocular, urinary tract, or prostate involvement. Additionally,
Other documents randomly have
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 Finance - Problem Set
Second 2024 - School

Prepared by: Professor Jones

Date: August 12, 2025

Results 1: Key terms and definitions

Learning Objective 1: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 7: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 8: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Methodology 2: Current trends and future directions
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 13: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 17: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 19: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Appendix 3: Research findings and conclusions
Example 20: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 27: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 28: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Unit 4: Fundamental concepts and principles
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 31: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 32: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 33: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 36: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Abstract 5: Best practices and recommendations
Example 40: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Methodology 6: Research findings and conclusions
Example 50: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 52: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 58: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 59: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 7: Current trends and future directions
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 62: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 63: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 65: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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