Kamikaze Japan s Suicide Gods 1st Edition Albert Axell

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Kamikaze Japan s Suicide Gods 1st Edition Albert Axell
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Albert Axell, Hideaki Kase
ISBN(s): 9780582772328, 058277232X
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 4.19 MB
Year: 2002
Language: english
JSGA01 04/06/2002 3:20 PM Page i

KAMIKAZE
JSGA01 04/06/2002 3:20 PM Page ii
JSGA01 04/06/2002 3:20 PM Page iii

KAMIKAZE
Japan’s Suicide Gods

ALBERT AXELL and HIDEAKI KASE

To die voluntarily in the prime of life is unnatural.

The very thought of death is unbearable for any
person who is sound of mind. But these youths
were sound of mind . . .
The authors
JSGA01 04/06/2002 3:20 PM Page iv

PEARSON EDUCATION LIMITED

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First published in Great Britain in 2002

© Pearson Education, 2002

The right of Albert Axell and Hideaki Kase to be identified

as Authors of this Work has been asserted by them in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

ISBN 0 582 77232 X

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JSGA01 04/06/2002 3:20 PM Page v

CONTENTS

List of Maps and Plates / vii

Acknowledgements / viii
Note to Readers / ix
Preface / x
Map 1: The Philippines and South-east Asia / xv
Map 2: Key Kamikaze bases in Japan / xvi

INTRODUCTION n Japan – The Naked Truth / 1

CHAPTER 1 n The Fragile Peace / 19

CHAPTER 2 n Birth of the Kamikaze / 33

CHAPTER 3 n The First Official Human Bomb / 46

CHAPTER 4 n Women’s Stories / 55

CHAPTER 5 n Sex, Marriage and Morale / 69

CHAPTER 6 n The Suicide Manual / 77

CHAPTER 7 n A General Who Loved Brahms / 84

CHAPTER 8 n Two Survivors / 94

CHAPTER 9 n Christ, Allah and Kamikaze / 118

CHAPTER 10 n ‘You Are Already Gods’ / 125

CHAPTER 11 n Last Poems and Letters / 134

CHAPTER 12 n Second Thoughts / 147

CHAPTER 13 n Eyewitnesses / 153

CHAPTER 14 n The Koreans / 164

CHAPTER 15 n The Last Banzai – The Final Toll / 169

CHAPTER 16 n Exotic Weapons / 188

v
JSGA01 04/06/2002 3:20 PM Page vi

vi CONTENTS

CHAPTER 17 n Hirohito, Hiroshima and the Russians / 195

CHAPTER 18 n From Pilot to Dirt Farmer / 212

CHAPTER 19 n Viewpoints / 223

CHAPTER 20 n Stalin’s Kamikaze Pilots / 227

CHAPTER 21 n . . . and Hitler’s / 237

CHAPTER 22 n British ‘Kamikazes’ . . . and American / 242

CHAPTER 23 n Reputations / 248

Appendix 1: Imperial Rescript on War / 259

Appendix 2: Imperial Rescript on Surrender / 261
Recommended Reading / 264
Index / 269
JSGA01 04/06/2002 3:20 PM Page vii

LIST OF MAPS AND PLATES

MAPS
Map 1 The Philippines and South-east Asia xv
Map 2 Key Kamikaze bases in Japan xvi

PLATES
Plate 1 A master pilot – Takeo Tagata in 1940 00
Plate 2 College student flyer Hichiro Naemura in 1942 00
Plate 3 Tagata prepares for action from a Taiwan airport in
a Hien (‘Swallow’) plane on October 12, 1944 00
Plate 4 Seasoned pilot Hichiro Naemura (at left) with
friends beside his assault plane outside Tokyo, Japan
in November 1944 00
Plate 5 ‘Father of the Kamikaze’ – Admiral Onishi 00
Plate 6 Before his epic flight. The first official Kamikaze
pilot, Lt. Yukio Seki, on October 25, 1944 00
Plate 7 Their last picture: youthful Kamikaze pilots with
mascot 00
Plate 8 General Tominaga and son, Yasushi, a Kamikaze pilot 00
Plate 9 Yasushi Tominaga, before his suicide mission 00
Plate 10 The diagram (translated into English) tells suicide
pilots the best way to hit a target from a low-altitude
approach 00
Plate 11 This diagram (in English translation) instructs pilots
on hitting a target from a high-altitude approach 00
Plate 12 Villagers on Kyushu pose with departing Special
Attack pilots 00
Plate 13 Suicide pilots drink a final cup of rice wine before
take-off 00

vii
JSGA01 04/06/2002 3:20 PM Page viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to express their gratitude to the following people

for their kind assistance and support in the preparation of this book:
Takeo Tagata and Hichiro Naemura, both former flyers and instructors
of Kamikaze pilots, who supplied us with original material and photo-
graphs; Shigeru Tominaga, son of Lt. General Kyoji Tominaga, who
allowed us to quote copiously from his father’s unpublished papers
and provided exclusive photographs; Taizo Kusayanagi, biographer of
Admiral Onishi, who let us use material from his book; Lt. Comman-
der (ret.) Nobuo Fuji, who told us the story of the ‘Red Dragon Fly’;
and also Masakatsu Shinkai, President, National Institute for Defence
Studies; Shingo Oyama, chief librarian at Yushukan, Yasukuni Shrine’s
war museum; Lt. Col. (ret.) Mitsuo Takai; Toshio Sasaki; Hideyuki Ono;
Ms. Maki Shirai; Ms. Ari Shoji; Ms. Rumiko Kanzaki; Mike Wallington;
Nicholas Gibbs; Martin Blakeway; Janet Q. Treloar; John Hale-White;
Eddie Grenfell; Ronald James Wren; David Monk; Festus McCann; Barry
Holmes; Phillip Knightley; and Penelope Allport.
We also wish to thank Casey Mein, Anna Vinegrad and the London
editorial staff of Pearson Education for their helpful suggestions and
close attention to detail.

viii
JSGA01 04/06/2002 3:20 PM Page ix

NOTE TO READERS

The name Kamikaze (‘Divine Wind’) derives from the thirteenth cen-
tury when Kublai Khan’s Mongol warriors – actually Mongol-Koryo
(Korean) allied forces – twice attempted to invade Japan in 1274 and
1281 but failed when Mongol fleets were destroyed by what appeared
to be heaven-sent typhoons – or Kamikaze on both occasions. In fact
the first demand for Japan’s capitulation was brought by Koryo royal
messengers before the first attempted invasion. The word Kamikaze
gained further currency after October 1944 when a Special Attack, or
Kamikaze, Corps was created to destroy an Allied fleet east of the
Philippine Islands, and later against American and British naval forces
in the Okinawa area. The full name was ‘Divine Wind Special Attack
Force’. Tokko or ‘Special Attack’ is an abbreviation for tokubetsu kogeki
and is a euphemism for suicide attack. Strictly speaking, the only real
Kamikazes were the crash-dive pilots first organized in the Philippines
by Vice Admiral Takijiro Onishi in October 1944. But the name was
later applied to other Japanese suicide units. On these pages, the word
Kamikaze is used for both Army and Navy suicide units and is some-
times replaced by the words Special Attack Force, or simply tokko.
Actually, the name Kamikaze was pronounced Shimpu by the Navy when
the first series of crash-dive attacks were launched. In the Japanese lan-
guage, the kanji (or Chinese characters) can be pronounced different
ways. Thus, kami is also pronounced shin. Kami is old-style Japanese
while shin was an adoption of the ancient Chinese pronunciation. Ditto
kaze. In 1960s Japan, Kamikaze became a metaphor for daredevils, reck-
less taxi drivers and breakneck skiers.
Taiwan and Kyushu figure prominently on these pages. During the
war there were key Kamikaze bases on Taiwan and even more dotting
the island of Kyushu, considered the cradle of Japanese civilization.
Taiwan and Kyushu are roughly the same size, each being slightly larger
than Belgium or equal in size to the US states of Massachusetts and
Connecticut combined.

ix
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 Agriculture - Study Plan
Winter 2023 - Faculty

Prepared by: Prof. Brown

Date: July 28, 2025

Conclusion 1: Interdisciplinary approaches

Learning Objective 1: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 5: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 7: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 8: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Unit 2: Current trends and future directions
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 13: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Background 3: Experimental procedures and results
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 21: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 26: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 28: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 4: Key terms and definitions
Practice Problem 30: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 32: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 34: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 35: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 5: Current trends and future directions
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 49: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 6: Literature review and discussion
Practice Problem 50: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 58: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 59: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Methodology 7: Practical applications and examples
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 63: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 66: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 69: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Conclusion 8: Literature review and discussion
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 71: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 72: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 76: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 78: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Introduction 9: Current trends and future directions
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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