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Spinal Neurosurgery
ii

NEUROSURGERY BY EXAMPLE
Key Cases and Fundamental Principles
Series edited by: Nathan R. Selden, MD, PhD, FACS, FAAP

Volume 1: Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Wilson and Yang

Volume 2: Surgical Neuro-​Oncology, Lonser and Elder
Volume 3: Spinal Neurosurgery, Harrop and Maulucci
Spinal Neurosurgery

Edited by

James S. Harrop, MD, FACS

Professor, Departments of Neurological and Orthopedic Surgery
Director, Division of Spine and Peripheral Nerve Surgery
Neurosurgery Director of Delaware Valley SCI Center
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

and

Christopher M. Maulucci, MD, FACS

Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery
Director of Spine Surgery
Tulane University
New Orleans, Louisiana

1
iv

1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

© Oxford University Press 2019

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction
rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form

and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-​in-​Publication Data

Names: Harrop, James S., editor. | Maulucci, Christopher M., editor.
Title: Spinal neurosurgery /​edited by James S. Harrop, Christopher M. Maulucci.
Description: New York, NY : Oxford Unversity Press, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018029143 | ISBN 9780190887773 (pbk.)
Subjects: | MESH: Spine—​surgery | Spinal Diseases—​surgery | Spinal
Injuries—​surgery | Neurosurgical Procedures—​methods
Classification: LCC RD533 | NLM WE 727 | DDC 617.4/​71059—​dc23
LC record available at https://​lccn.loc.gov/​2018029143

This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a substitute for medical or other professional
advice. Treatment for the conditions described in this material is highly dependent on the individual
circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate information with respect to the subject
matter covered and to be current as of the time it was written, research and knowledge about medical and health
issues is constantly evolving and dose schedules for medications are being revised continually, with new side
effects recognized and accounted for regularly. Readers must therefore always check the product information
and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by
the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulation. The publisher and the authors
make no representations or warranties to readers, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this
material. Without limiting the foregoing, the publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties as
to the accuracy or efficacy of the drug dosages mentioned in the material. The authors and the publisher do not
accept, and expressly disclaim, any responsibility for any liability, loss or risk that may be claimed or incurred as a
consequence of the use and/or application of any of the contents of this material.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed by WebCom, Inc., Canada
Contents

Series Editor’s Preface vii

Contributors ix

1. Odontoid Fracture Type II 1

Daniel Tarazona and Alexander R.Vaccaro
2. Cervical Fracture Dislocation 11
Jason Liounakos, G. Damian Brusko, and Michael Y.Wang
3. Occipitocervical Dislocation 21
Alexander B. Dru and Daniel J. Hoh
4. Central Cord Injury 31
Bizhan Aarabi, Charles A. Sansur, David M. Ibrahimi, Mathew Kole, and Harry Mushlin
5. Atlantoaxial Instability 41
Jonathan M. Parish and Domagoj Coric
6. Basilar Invagination and Cranial Settling 49
Benjamin D. Elder and Jean-​Paul Wolinsky
7. Cervical Myelopathy: Lordosis 63
Randall J. Hlubek and Nicholas Theodore
8. Cervical Myelopathy: Kyphosis 71
Mario Ganau, So Kato, and Michael G. Fehlings
9. Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: Cervical 81
Todd D.Vogel, Hansen Deng, and Praveen V. Mummaneni
10. Cervical Radiculopathy Due to Central Disc: ACDF/​Arthroplasty 93
Mazda K.Turel and Vincent C.Traynelis
11. Cervical Radiculopathy: Lateral Disc Foramintomy 101
Michael Karsy, Ilyas Eli, and Andrew Dailey
12. Thoracic Disc Herniation 109
Derrick Umansky and James Kalyvas
13. Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures 123
Omaditya Khanna, Geoffrey P. Stricsek, and James S. Harrop
14. Thoracic Cord Compression: Extradural Tumor 133
Tej D. Azad, Anand Veeravagu, John K. Ratliff, and Atman Desai

v
vi

Contents

15. Spinal Cord Tumor: Intramedullary 141

Rajiv R. Iyer and George I. Jallo
16. Spinal Cord Tumor: Intradural Extramedullary 149
Michael A. Galgano, Jared Fridley, and Ziya Gokaslan
17. Radiation-​Sensitive Spine Tumor 159
Adam M. Robin and Ilya Laufer
18. Cauda Equina Syndrome 175
Emily P. Sieg, Justin R. Davanzo, and John P. Kelleher
19. Lumbar Stenosis 183
Miner N. Ross and Khoi D.Than
20. L4–​L5 Degenerative Spondylolisthesis 191
Rani Nasser, Scott Zuckerberg, and Joseph Cheng
21. Isthmic Spondylolisthesis 199
Evan Lewis and Charles A. Sansur
22. Lumbar Degenerative Scoliosis 207
Michael LaBagnara, Durga R. Sure, Christopher I. Shaffrey, and Justin S. Smith
23. Flat Back Deformity 215
Yusef I. Mosley and James S. Harrop
24. Diskitis 225
Jacob R. Joseph, Brandon W. Smith, and Mark E. Oppenlander
25. Epidural Abscess 235
Hector G. Mejia Morales and Manish K. Singh
26. Nonsurgical Spinal Diseases 243
Lahiru Ranasinghe and Aimee M. Aysenne

Index 253

vi
Series Editor’s Preface

I am delighted to introduce this volume of Neurosurgery by Example: Key Cases and

Fundamental Principles. Neurosurgical training and practice are based on managing a
wide range of complex clinical cases with expert knowledge, sound judgment, and
skilled technical execution. Our goal in this series is to present exemplary cases in the
manner they are actually encountered in the neurosurgical clinic, hospital emergency
department, and operating room.
In this volume, Dr. Jim Harrop, Dr. Christopher Maulucci, and their contributors
share their extensive wisdom and experience with all major areas of spinal neurosur-
gery. Each chapter contains a classic presentation of an important clinical entity, guiding
readers through assessment and planning, decision-​making, surgical procedure, after
care, and complication management. “Pivot points” illuminate the changes required to
manage patients in alternate or atypical situations.
Each chapter also presents lists of pearls for the accurate diagnosis, successful treat-
ment, and effective complication management of each clinical problem. These three
focus areas will be especially helpful to neurosurgeons preparing to sit for the American
Board of Neurological Surgery oral examination, which bases scoring on these three
topics.
Finally, each chapter contains focused reviews of medical evidence and expected
outcomes, helpful for counseling patients and setting accurate expectations. Rather than
exhaustive reference lists, the authors provide lists of high-​priority additional reading
recommended to deepen understanding.
The resulting volume should provide you with a dynamic tour through the prac-
tice of spinal neurosurgery, guided by some of the leading experts in North America.
Additional volumes cover each subspecialty area of neurosurgery using the same case-​
based approach and board review features.
Nathan R. Selden, MD, PhD
Campagna Professor and Chair
Department of Neurological Surgery
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, Oregon

vii
vi
Contributors

Bizhan Aarabi, MD, FRCSC, FACS Domagoj Coric, MD

Professor, Neurosurgery Chief, Department of Neurosurgery
Director of Neurotrauma, R. Adams Carolinas Medical Center
Cowley Shock Trauma Center Carolina Neurosurgery and Spine
Department of Neurosurgery Associates
University of Maryland School of Charlotte, North Carolina
Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland Andrew Dailey, MD
Professor
Aimee M. Aysenne, MD, MPH Department of Neurosurgery
Director of Neurocritical Care University of Utah
Department of Clinical Neurosciences Salt Lake City, Utah
Tulane University, School of Medicine
New Orleans, Louisiana Justin R. Davanzo, MD
Department of Neurological Surgery
Tej D. Azad, BA Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey
Medical Student Medical Center
Department of Neurosurgery Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, California Hansen Deng, BS
Medical Student
G. Damian Brusko, BS Department of Neurological Surgery
Department of Neurological Surgery University of California, San Francisco
The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis San Francisco, California
University of Miami Miller School of
Medicine Atman Desai, MD
Miami, Florida Assistant Professor
Department of Neurosurgery
Joseph Cheng, MD, MS Stanford University School of Medicine
Professor of Neurosurgery Stanford, California
Frank H. Mayfield Chair
Department of Neurological Surgery Alexander B. Dru, MD
University of Cincinnati Health University of Florida
Cincinnati, Ohio Department of Neurosurgery
Gainesville, Florida

ix
x

Contributors

Benjamin D. Elder, MD, PhD James S. Harrop, MD, FACS

Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery, Professor, Departments of Neurological
Orthopedic Surgery, and Biomedical and Orthopedic Surgery
Engineering Director, Division of Spine and Peripheral
Mayo Clinic School of Medicine Nerve Surgery
Rochester, Minnesota Neurosurgery Director of Delaware Valley
SCI Center
Ilyas Eli, MD Thomas Jefferson University
Resident Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Utah Randall J. Hlubek, MD
Salt Lake City, Utah Department of Neurosurgery
Barrow Neurological Institute
Michael G. Fehlings, MD, PhD, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center
FRCSC, FACS Phoenix, Arizona
Vice Chair Research
Professor of Neurosurgery Daniel J. Hoh, MD
McLaughlin Scholar in Molecular Medicine Associate Professor
Co-​Chair Spinal Program Dunspaugh-​Dalton Endowed Professorship
University of Toronto Department of Neurological Surgery
Gerry and Tootsie Halbert Chair in University of Florida
Neural Repair and Regeneration Gainesville, Florida
Head, Spinal Program
Toronto Western Hospital David M. Ibrahimi, MD
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Assistant Professor
Department of Neurosurgery
Jared Fridley, MD University of Maryland School of
Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery Medicine
Brown University Baltimore, Maryland
Department of Neurosurgery
Providence, Rhode Island Rajiv R. Iyer, MD
Department of Neurosurgery
Michael A. Galgano, MD The Johns Hopkins University School
Clinical Instructor of Neurosurgery of Medicine
Brown University Baltimore, Maryland
Department of Neurosurgery
Providence, Rhode Island George I. Jallo, MD
Professor of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics
Mario Ganau, MD, PhD, FACS and Oncology
Spine Fellow Director, Institute for Brain Protection
Toronto Western Hospital Sciences
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital
St. Petersburg, Florida
Ziya Gokaslan, MD
Professor and Chair Jacob R. Joseph, MD
Brown University Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Neurosurgery University of Michigan
Providence, Rhode Island Ann Arbor, Michigan

x
 Contributors

James Kalyvas, MD Evan Lewis, MD

Neurosurgeon Neurosurgeon
Ochsner Clinic Foundation Baptist Medical Group–​Neurosurgery
New Orleans, Louisiana Pensacola, Florida

Michael Karsy, MD, PhD Jason Liounakos, MD

Resident Resident
Department of Neurosurgery Department of Neurological Surgery
University of Utah Univeristy of Miami Miller School of
Salt Lake City, Utah Medicine
Miami, Florida
So Kato, MD
Spine Fellow Christopher M. Maulucci,
Toronto Western Hospital MD, FACS
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Associate Professor of Neurological
Surgery
John P. Kelleher, MD Assistant Residency Program Director
Department of Neurological Surgery School of Medicine
Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Tulane University
Medical Center New Orleans, Louisiana
Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania
Hector G. Mejia Morales
Omaditya Khanna, MD Medical student
Resident Tulane University School of Medicine
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital New Orleans, Louisiana
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Yusef I. Mosley, MD
Mathew Kole, MD Department of Neurosurgery
Resident in Training Thomas Jefferson University
Department of Neurosurgery Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
University of Maryland School of
Medicine Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD
Baltimore, Maryland Joan O’Reilly Endowed Professor
Vice Chairman
Michael LaBagnara, MD University of California, San Francisco
Assistant Professor of Neurological Neurosurgery
Surgery San Francisco, California
University of Tennessee
Semmes-​Murphey Clinic Harry Mushlin, MD
Memphis, Tennessee Resident in Training
Department of Neurosurgery
Ilya Laufer, MD University of Maryland School of
Department of Neurosurgery Medicine
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Baltimore, Maryland
New York, New York

xi
xi

Contributors

Rani Nasser, MD Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD

Clinical Instructor of Neurosurgery John A. Jane Professor of Neurological
University of Cincinnati Health Surgery
Cincinnati, Ohio Division Head Spinal Surgery
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Mark E. Oppenlander, MD University of Virginia Medical Center
Assistant Professor Charlottesville, Virginia
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Michigan Emily P. Sieg, MD
Ann Arbor, Michigan Department of Neurological Surgery
Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey
Jonathan M. Parish, MD Medical Center
Resident Physician Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania
Carolinas Medical Center
Charlotte, North Carolina Manish K. Singh, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurological
Lahiru Ranasinghe, BS Surgery
Medical Student Director of Spine Surgery Program
Department of Clinical Neuroscience Tulane University School of Medicine
Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana
New Orleans, Louisiana
Brandon W. Smith, MD, MS
John K. Ratliff, MD Department of Neurosurgery
Professor University of Michigan
Department of Neurosurgery Ann Arbor, Michigan
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, California Justin S. Smith, MD, PhD
Harrison Distinguished Professor
Adam M. Robin, MD Neurological Surgery
Department of Neurosurgery University of Virginia Medical Center
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Charlottesville,Virginia
New York, New York
Geoffrey P. Stricsek, MD
Miner N. Ross, MD, MPH Resident
Resident Physician Thomas Jefferson University
Department of Neurological Surgery Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, Oregon Durga R. Sure, MD
Department of Neurosurgery
Charles A. Sansur, MD University of Virginia
Associate Professor Charlottesville, Virginia
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Maryland School of Daniel Tarazona, MD
Medicine Department of Orthopedics
Baltimore, Maryland Rothman Institute
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

xii
 Contributors

Khoi D. Than, MD Anand Veeravagu, MD

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Neurological Surgery Department of Neurosurgery
Oregon Health and Science University Stanford University School of Medicine
Portland, Oregon Stanford, California

Nicholas Theodore, MD Todd D. Vogel, MD

Department of Neurosurgery Minimally Invasive and Complex
Barrow Neurological Institute Spine Fellow
St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center Department of Neurological Surgery
Phoenix, Arizona University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California
Vincent C. Traynelis, MD
Professor Michael Y. Wang, MD
Department of Neurosurgery Chief of Neurosurgery
Rush University Medical Centre University of Miami Hospital
Chicago, Illinois Professor
Departments of Neurological Surgery
Mazda K. Turel, MBBS and Rehabilitation Medicine
Clinical Fellow in Cerebrovascular and University of Miami School of Medicine
Bypass Surgery Miami, Florida
Department of Neurosurgery
Rush University Medical Centre Jean-​Paul Wolinsky, MD
Chicago, Illinois Department of Neurosurgery and
Oncology
Derrick Umansky, MD Clinical Director of the Johns Hopkins
Resident Spine Program
Department of Neurosurgery Johns Hopkins University
Tulane University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
New Orleans, Louisiana
Scott Zuckerberg, MD, MPH
Alexander R. Vaccaro, MD, Co-Director
PhD, MBA Research of the Vanderbilt Sports
Department of Orthopedic Surgery Concussion Center Research Group
Rothman Institute (President) Department of Neurological Surgery
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville, Tennessee

xiii
vxi
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Test 1: Fundamental concepts and principles

Learning Objective 1: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 8: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Review 2: Ethical considerations and implications
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 15: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 3: Practical applications and examples
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 28: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 29: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Quiz 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 31: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 36: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Module 5: Literature review and discussion
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 41: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 43: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 44: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 46: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 6: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 52: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 54: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 58: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Discussion 7: Interdisciplinary approaches
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 62: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 63: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 68: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 8: Fundamental concepts and principles
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 71: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 79: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 9: Key terms and definitions
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 86: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 10: Research findings and conclusions
Practice Problem 90: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 96: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Quiz 11: Learning outcomes and objectives
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 101: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 102: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 103: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 107: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 108: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 12: Practical applications and examples
Practice Problem 110: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 111: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 112: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 114: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 114: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 116: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 117: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 13: Ethical considerations and implications
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 125: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 127: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 129: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 130: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Unit 14: Fundamental concepts and principles
Example 130: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 131: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 131: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 132: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 137: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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