LABORATORY MANUAL

ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LAB

NAME: ..........................................................................

REGD. NO: .................................................................

BRANCH: ...................................................................

SEMESTER: ................................................................

DEPRARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

C.V. RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY
Bidyanagar, Mahura, Janla, Bhubaneswar-752054, Odisha
PH :-( 0674)2460693, FAX :( 0674)2556079
 Electrical Machines Lab – I

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I Lab

To emerge as a global leader in the area of technical education
commensurate with the dynamic global scenario for the benefit of
Vision of the Institute mankind.

• To provide state-of-art technical education in the

undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
• To work collaboratively with technical Institutes /
Universities / Industries of National and International repute.
• To keep abreast with latest technological advancements.
Mission of the Institute • To enhance the Research and Development activities.

To be a premier department known for its quality, cutting edge

Vision of EE Department research and accomplished graduates.

Mission Mission Statements

No:
M1 To provide the best possible education facilities and
to guide the student’s to become performing
professionals in the international arena.
M2 To create a conducive atmosphere in which higher
studies and research can thrive and prosper.
M3 To establish and maintain the state-of-the-art
Mission of EE Department research facilities for dissemination of knowledge
in engineering and science
M4 To render service to the industry and community
through educational, technical, and entrepreneurial
activities and innovations.
M5 To prepare a cadre of engineers and scientists to
cater to the industrial development and economic
growth of the country

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Program Outcomes (POs)

The Engineering graduates will be able to:

• PO1. Engineering knowledge: Ability to apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

• PO2. Problem analysis: Ability to identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyse
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

• PO3. Design/Development of solutions: Ability to design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.

• PO4. Conduct investigations on complex problems: Ability to use research-based knowledge

and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

• PO5. Modern tool usage: Ability to create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.

• PO6. The engineer and society: Ability to apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.

• PO7. Environment and sustainability: Ability to understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of,
and need for sustainable development.

• PO8. Ethics: Ability to apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

• PO9. Individual and team: Ability to function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

• PO10. Communication: Ability to communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.

• PO11. Project management and finance: Ability to demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one's own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

• PO12. Life-long learning: Ability to recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

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 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Program specific outcomes (PSOs)

• PSO 1 – Electrical Systems Design:

Design, analyse, and optimize power generation, transmission, and distribution systems for
enhanced reliability and efficiency.

• PSO 2 – Renewable Energy Solutions:

Develop and implement innovative renewable energy solutions to improve energy

efficiency and sustainability.

• PSO 3 – Power Electronics and Systems:

Lead research and development initiatives in power electronics to drive technological

advancements and practical applications.

Course Outcomes (COs)

• CO1: Understand the construction, principle of operation, and characteristics of different

types of DC generators.
• CO2: Analyze the effects of armature reaction, commutation and parallel operation of DC
machines.
• CO3: Understand the operating principle, methods of speed control and testing of DC
Motors.
• CO4: Apply transformer equivalent circuits to analyze the performance of single-phase
transformers and determine their efficiency using testing methods.
• CO5: Understand the constructional features and different connections of three-phase
transformers.

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PREFACE

The Electrical Machine-I Laboratory forms an essential part of the undergraduate curriculum in
Electrical Engineering. This laboratory is designed to give student’s practical exposure to the
fundamental concepts of electrical machines, which are the backbone of power generation,
transmission, and utilization in modern engineering.

The experiments in this laboratory focus on the study of transformers, DC machines, and the
performance characteristics of various types of electrical machines. Through these experiments,
student’s gain hands-on experience in understanding machine construction, working principles,
testing methods, and performance evaluation under different operating conditions.

The main objectives of this laboratory are:

• To bridge the gap between theoretical concepts learned in the classroom and their practical
applications.

• To familiarize student’s with standard testing procedures and measurement techniques.

• To enable student’s to analyze machine performance and interpret experimental data.

• To inculcate a sense of teamwork, safety practices, and professional ethics while handling
electrical equipment.

This preface serves as an introduction to the laboratory manual/report, which contains a series of
experiments carefully planned to enhance the student’s’ understanding of electrical machines. It is
hoped that this laboratory will help student’s develop the necessary technical skills and confidence
to tackle real-world engineering challenges in the field of electrical machines.

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

• Student’s should be punctual to the lab; latecomers will not be entertained.

• Student’s are expected to come well-prepared at home with the experiments to be
performed.
• Student’s must display their identity cards before entering the lab.
• Mobile phones are strictly not allowed inside the laboratory.
• Any damage or loss of meters, components, or other system parts during the session will
attract a penalty or fine.
• Student’s must update their records and lab observation books session-wise.
• Before leaving the lab, student’s should get their lab observation books signed by the
faculty.
• Lab records must be submitted on the same day to the concerned faculty after completing
the experiment.
• Student’s should not move around the lab during the session without reason.
• In case of any emergency, student’s must obtain written permission from the concerned
faculty.
• Faculty members reserve the right to suspend any student from the lab session on
disciplinary grounds.
• Student’s should never copy the output from others and must write their own outputs.

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ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB (Do’s and Don’ts)

Do’s

• Wear proper lab uniforms and closed-toe shoes.

• Always check the wiring and circuit connections before switching on the supply.
• Use insulated tools and equipment.
• Switch off the supply before making or changing any connections.
• Follow the instructions of the lab instructor carefully.
• Use proper ratings of fuses and circuit breakers.
• Keep the workbench clean and dry.
• Report any damaged equipment or wires immediately to the lab in-charge.
• Keep hands dry and stand on an insulated mat while operating machines.
• Ensure that all emergency switches are accessible.

Don’ts

• Do not touch live terminals or equipment with bare hands.

• Do not operate any machine without instructor permission.
• Do not leave the machines running unattended.
• Do not overload machines beyond rated capacity.
• Do not bypass safety interlocks or grounding connections.
• Do not tamper with machine settings or speed controls without guidance.
• Do not obstruct ventilation areas of machines.
• Do not place tools or objects on rotating machinery.

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS AND RECORD FOR PROGRESSIVE ASSESSMENT

Serial Name of the Experiment Page Date of Date of Assessment Sign. Of
no. no. Performance Submission Marks Teacher
&
Remarks
1. 1Determination of critical
resistance and critical speed
from no load test of a DC
shunt generator.
2. 2 Plotting of external and
internal characteristics of a
DC shunt generator.
3. 3Speed control of DC shunt
motor by armature control
and flux control method.
4. To Perform load Test on DC
Series Motor
5. 4Determination of efficiency
of DC machine by
Swinburne’s Test and Brake
Test.
6. 5Determination of efficiency
of DC machine by
Hopkinson’s Test.
7. 6Speed-Torque Characteristics
of DC Shunt Motor.
8. 7Determination of Efficiency
by Open Circuit and Short
Circuit test on single phase
transformer
9. 8Polarity test and Parallel
operation of two single phase
transformers.
10. 9Back-to Back test on two
single phase transformers.
11. 1Separation of core losses of
0Single Phase Transformer
12. 1To obtain balanced two-phase
1supply from three-phase
supply by Scott arrangement
of two transformers.

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EXPERIMENT No.1
Aim of the Experiment: Determination of critical resistance and critical speed from no load test
of a DC shunt generator.

Apparatus Required:

Serial Name of the Equipment Ratings/Range Quantity

No.
1 DC Shunt Generator
2 3-ØInduction motor
3 Ammeter
4 Voltmeter
5 Rheostat
6 Tachometer
7 Connecting Wires

Theory:

1. No-load saturation Characteristic/Open circuit Characteristics O.C.C. (E0/If)

It shows the relation between the no-load generated e.m.f. in armature, E0 and the field or exciting
current Ifat a given fixed speed. The data for O.C.C. curve are obtained experimentally by operating
the generator at no load and constant speed and recording the change in terminal voltage as the
field current is varied.

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(i) When the field current is zero, there is some generated e.m.f. OA. This is due to the residual
magnetism in the field poles.

(ii) Over a fairly wide range of field current (upto point B in the curve), the curve is linear. It is
because in this range, reluctance of iron is negligible as compared with that of air gap. The air gap
reluctance is constant and hence linear relationship.

(iii) After point B on the curve, the reluctance of iron also comes into picture. It is because at
higher flux densities, µr for iron decreases and reluctance of iron is no longer negligible.
Consequently, the curve deviates from linear relationship.

(iv) After point C on the curve, the magnetic saturation of poles begins and E0 tends to level off.

Critical Field Resistance for a Shunt Generator

The maximum field circuit resistance (for a given speed) with which the shunt generator
would just excite is known as its critical field resistance.

When the field resistance line becomes tangent (line OC) to O.C.C., the generator would
just excite. If the field circuit resistance is increased beyond this point (say line OD), the generator
will fail to excite. The field circuit resistance represented by line OC (tangent to O.C.C.) is called
critical field resistance RC for the shunt generator.

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Critical Speed (NC)

The critical speed of a shunt generator is the minimum speed below which it fails to excite. Clearly,
it is the speed for which the given shunt field resistance represents the critical resistance. In Fig.,
curve 2 corresponds to critical speed because the shunt fieldresistance (Rsh) line is tangential to it.
If the generator runs at full speed N, the new O.C.C. moves upward and the R'sh line represents
critical resistance for this speed.

 Speed Critical resistance

In order to find critical speed, take any convenient point C on excitation axis and erect a
perpendicular so as to cut Rsh and R'sh lines at points B and A respectively. Then,

BC N C BC
=  NC = N 
AC N AC

Circuit Diagram:

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Student’s will draw circuit diagrams to plot O.C.C. of a DC Shunt generator.

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Stepwise Procedure:

• Select meters/instruments of appropriate range.

• Connect as shown in circuit diagram.
• Set field rheostat (R3) of generator field to maximum resistance & keep the switch open.
• Before starting the D.C. motor, keep rheostat (R1) in the field circuit at its minimum (zero
resistance) position.
• Increase field rheostat (R1) or armature rheostat (R2) as required to run the motor at desired
speeds.
• Note the reading of voltage across open armature terminals of generator for zero field
Current.
• Close the switch K and note the field current and generated voltage.
• Increase the field current in steps by decreasing resistance of field circuit and note the
corresponding readings. Take readings up to a value little higher than the rated voltage.
• Plot the graph of armature voltage and field current.
• Nature of graph

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Observations:
Measurement of generated armature voltage at different field currents for the constant speed.

Speed (N) = ……..RPM

Serial No. Field Current (If) Generated

in amps. Armature
(V0)Voltage
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10

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Sample Calculation:

(For any one set of current and voltage at a constant speed)

Voltage represented by Current represented by Critical field resistance Rc

ordinates from tangent ordinates from tangent
(OH) Volts (OF) Amp

………….V ……………..A …………………Ω

Voltage represented by Voltage represented by Rated Speed N Critical Speed Nc

ordinates from tangent ordinates from tangent BC
(BC) Volts (AC) Volts = N
AC
………….V ……………..V ……………RPM ……………RPM

GRAPH OF OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATOR

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Result:

• The value of critical field resistance is found to be ……. W

• The residual voltage (induced emf at zero If is found to be ………V.
• The value of critical speed is found to be …………RPM.

Conclusion:
• The generator …......................……. (builds / fails to build) voltage if shunt field resistance is
increased beyond critical field resistance at a given speed.
• The generator….......................... (builds / fails to build) voltage, even at zero field current.
• Student will write conclusion on the basis of observed value of critical shunt field resistance and
also give the reason for high/low value of the same at a given speed.

….......................................................................................................………….................................
….......................................................................................................................………….................
…............................................................................................................................………................
….................................................................................................................................………….......
…...................................................................................................................................………….....
…....................................................................................................................................…………....

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Questions:

Write answers to Q…......Q…......Q…......Q…......Q…...... (Teacher shall allot the questions)

1. Name the parameters between open circuit characteristics is plotted.

2. What are the other names given to open circuit characteristics?
3. State whether the shape of O.C.C. for a separately excited generator and a self-excited generator
is same.
4. State the parameters, which are kept constant while plotting the O.C.C.
5. Why does the O.C.C. not start from the origin?
6. What is the effect of variation of speed on voltage build up?
7. What is critical speed?
8. Define rated voltage of a generator.
9. Define rated speed of a generator.
10. Will the generator build voltage, if the connections of the field winding are reversed?
11. What is the purpose of plotting the magnetization curve?
12. State the four conditions to be satisfied for voltage buildup of a d. c. shunt generator.
13. A d. c. shunt generator builds up 230 volts when running in anticlockwise direction. What will
happen to voltage build up when the generator is run in clockwise direction, other parameters
remaining same?
14. A d. c. series generator is driven at its rated speed on no load. What will be the reading of the
voltmeter connected across the generator terminals? Why?
15. Draw and explain O.C.C. for a non-magnetic material.

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

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Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

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EXPERIMENT No.2
Aim of the Experiment: Plotting of external and internal characteristics of a DC shunt generator.

Apparatus Required:

Serial Name of the Equipment Ratings/Range Quantity

No.
1 DC Shunt Generator
2 3-Ø Induction Motor
3 Ammeter
4 Voltmeter
5 Rheostat
6 Tachometer
7 Load Box
8 Connecting Wires
Theory:

Characteristics of a Shunt Generator

In a shunt wound generator. The armature current Ia splits up into two parts; a small fraction
Ish flowing through shunt field winding while the major part IL goes to the external load.

(i) O.C.C.

It shows the relation between the no-load generated e.m.f. in armature, E0 and the field or
exciting current Ishat a given fixed speed. The line OA represents the shunt field circuit resistance.
When the generator is run at normal speed, it will build up a voltage OM. At no-load, the terminal
voltage of the generator will be constant (= OM) represented by the horizontal dotted line MC.

(ii) Internal characteristic

.The internal characteristic can be determined from external characteristic by adding IaRa drop to
the external characteristic. It is because armature reaction drop is included in the external characteristic.
When the generator is loaded, flux per pole is reduced due to armature reaction. Therefore, e.m.f. E
generated on load is less than the e.m.f. generated at no load.

Ia = IL + Ish, as Ish is small then Ia ≈ IL

As a result, the internal characteristic (E/Ia) drops down slightly.

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(iii) External characteristic

The external characteristic of a shunt generator is the curve between the terminal voltage
(V) and the load current IL. Curve 2 shows the external characteristic of a shunt generator.

V =E –IaRa=E –(IL+Ish) Ra

Therefore, external characteristic curve will lie below the internal characteristic curve by an
amount equal to drop in the armature circuit [i.e., (IL+Ish) Ra].

Circuit Diagram:

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Student will draw circuit diagram to plot external characteristics of a DC shunt generator.

Stepwise Procedure:

• Select meters/instruments of appropriate range.

• Connect as shown in circuit diagram.
• Set the generator field rheostat to a lower value and keep certain load ON.
• Switch on d. c. supply and start the motor with the help of starter.
• At the time of starting care should be taken that generator builds up and is loaded to some
value so that the speed is within limit.
• Adjust the field rheostat of generator to obtain rated voltage.
• Load the generator in steps with the help of loading rheostat, keeping its terminal voltage
constant with the help of field rheostat.
• Note the corresponding readings of ammeters, voltmeters and speed.
• Repeat above steps to cover the range up to full load.

Observations:
Measurement of load voltage at different Load currents for the constant speed.

Speed (N) = …….RPM Measure the value of armature resistance (Ra)……….Ω

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Serial No. Shunt Field Load current Load

current (Ish) (IL) in amps. (V0)Voltage
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10

Sample Calculation:

Serial Load current Load Armature Generated voltage after

No. (IL) in amps. (V)Voltage current (Ia) in armature reaction drop(E) in
in volts amps volts
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10

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GRAPH OF INTERNAL/EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT

GENERATOR

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Conclusion:

• Student will write conclusion on the basis of observation.

….......................................................................................................………….................................
….......................................................................................................................………….................
…............................................................................................................................………................
….................................................................................................................................………….......
…...................................................................................................................................………….....
…....................................................................................................................................…………....

Questions:

Write answers to Q…......Q…......Q…......Q…......Q…...... (Teacher shall allot the questions)

1. Name the parameters between which internal characteristics are plotted.

2.Name the parameters between which external characteristics are plotted.
3. Why the terminal voltage falls as load current increases?
4. Why is DC series motor never operated on no load conditions?
5. What is armature reaction?
6. What are the effects of armature reaction?
7. How armature reaction can be minimized?
8. What is compensated winding?
9. Where the compensated winding is placed?
10.What are the effects of compensated winding?

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

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SPACE FOR ANSWERS

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

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EXPERIMENT No.3
Aim of the Experiment: Speed control of DC shunt motor by armature control and flux control
method.
Apparatus Required:

Serial Name of the Equipment Ratings/Range Quantity

No.
1 DC Shunt Motor
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
4 Rheostat
5 Tachometer
6 Connecting Wires

Theory:

Speed Control:

The speed of a d. c. motor depends upon armature voltage and field flux. Speed control
means tovary the speed as per requirement. The speed can be controlled by controlling armature
voltageandfield flux. The speed is directly proportional to back emf and inversely proportional to
the flux.
𝐸𝑏 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝑁∝ 𝑜𝑟 𝑁 = 𝐾
∅ ∅

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Armature voltage control method:

Armature voltage control method can be accomplished by introducing a rheostat in series

with the armature circuit. This rheostat helps in changing the voltage across the armature of the
machine. This method is used to control the speed below rated value.

Field or flux control method:

Field or flux control method can be accomplished by introducing a rheostat in series with
the field circuit of the machine. By varying the rheostat, field flux changes. Higher is the resistance
of the rheostat, lesser is the flux. This method is used to control the speed above rated value.

Circuit Diagram:

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Student’s will draw circuit diagram for Speed control of DC shunt motor.

Stepwise Procedure:

For Armature control method:

• Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

• Keep the armature circuit rheostat (R2) and the field circuit rheostat (R1) to its minimum value.
• Switch ON the d. c. supply. Start the motor with the help of starter, and adjust the field rheostat
to get the rated speed.
• Note down speed (N), field current (If) and armature voltage (Va).
• For various positions of increased armature resistance take corresponding readings of voltage
and speed. The field current should be kept constant.
• Plot the motor speed (N) against armature voltage (Va).
• Nature of graph

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For flux control method:

• Keep the armature rheostat and the field rheostat to its minimum value.
• Switch ON the d. c. supply. Start the motor with the help of starter, and adjust the field rheostat
to get the rated speed.
• Note down speed (N), field current (If) and armature voltage (Va).
• For various positions of increased field resistance, take corresponding readings of field current
and speed. The armature voltage should be kept constant.
• Plot the motor speed (N) against field current (If).
• Nature of graph

Observations:

For Armature control method:

Measurement of speed at different armature voltages.

Field current = ...................Amp. (constant)

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Serial No. Armature (Va)Voltage in volts Speed in RPM

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10

For flux control method:

Measurement of speed at different field currents.

Armature voltage = ...........Volts. (constant)

Serial No. Field current (If) in Amps Speed in RPM

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10

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GRAPH FOR SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

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Conclusion:
• In armature voltage control method at constant field current the speed of d. c. shunt motor.........
…………… (increases / decreases), as the armature voltage decreases.
• In flux control method at constant armature voltage the speed of d. c. shunt motor......................
(increases / decreases), as the field current decreases.

Student will write conclusion under the guidance of teacher on the basis of observed values of
speed and also give reasons for high/low values of the same for both the methods.

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............................................................................................................................................................
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Questions:

Write answers to Q.........Q.........Q.........Q.........Q....... (Teacher shall allot the questions).

1. A d. c. shunt motor is fed from 230 V d. c. supply. It runs at 1200 r.p.m. when its field
currentis0.9 amps. What will happen to its speed when a suitable resistance is added in the armature
circuit?
2. A d. c. shunt motor is fed from 220 V d. c. supply. It runs at 1500 r.p.m. when its field
currentis0.9 amps. What will happen to its speed when a suitable resistance is added in the field
circuit?
3. In this experiment, what will happen if the armature circuit resistance is maximum while starting
the motor?
4. In this experiment, what will happen if the field circuit resistance is maximum while starting the
motor?
5. What will happen if the field circuit gets opened during the experiment?
6. How does saturation in the machine affect its performance?
7. A d. c. shunt motor is running at 1190 r.p.m., when it delivers 2 kW. How can the speed be
raised to 1250 r.p.m., under loaded conditions?
8.In flux control method, why field circuit resistance should be decreased before switching off
supply?
9. Why is the speed of a d. c. shunt motor practically constant?
10. Why is armature voltage method also known as below normal method?
11. Why is flux control method also known as above normal method?
12.In this experiment ohmic value of which rheostat will be higher, (R1) one, which is connected
in series with the field winding, or (R2) which is connected in series with the armature. Why?
13. Explain the effect of change in speed on armature current in the two methods with constant
supply voltage.
14. Explain with reason whether this experiment can be performed without a starter.
15. Explain the effect of change in speed on motor input, output and losses in the two methods.

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SPACE FOR ANSWERS

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

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EXPERIMENT No.4
Aim of the Experiment: To conduct load test on DC Series Motor and to find efficiency.

Apparatus Required:

Serial Name of the Equipment Ratings/Range Quantity

No.
1 DC Series Motor
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
5 Tachometer
6 Connecting Wires

Theory:

A DC series motor is a type of DC motor in which the field winding is connected in series with
the armature winding.

Since the same current flows through both the armature and the field winding, the field current is
equal to the armature current.

When the motor is loaded, the armature draws more current, which also flows through the field
winding.
As a result, the magnetic flux produced by the field winding increases with load current.
Therefore, in a DC series motor, the flux is not constant but is proportional to the armature
current (up to the point of magnetic saturation).

The torque developed by a DC motor is proportional to the product of the armature current and
the field flux.
In a series motor:

T ∝ ϕ × Ia

Since ϕ ∝ Ia,

T ∝ (Ia)²

This means a DC series motor develops very high starting torque, which makes it suitable for
applications requiring heavy starting loads such as cranes, hoists, electric trains, and traction
systems.

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 Electrical Machines Lab – I

The speed of a DC series motor is inversely proportional to the flux:

N ∝ (V – Ia × Ra) / ϕ

As the load increases, Ia increases, ϕ increases, and therefore speed decreases.

Conversely, if the motor is run on no load, the armature current becomes very small, flux
becomes very weak, and the speed rises to a dangerously high value, which can damage the
motor.
Hence, a DC series motor must never be run without load.

Circuit Diagram:

Student’s will draw circuit diagrams for Speed control of DC shunt motor.

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 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Stepwise Procedure:

• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

• After checking the load condition, DPST switch is closed and starter resistance is
gradually removed.
• For various loads, Voltmeter, Ammeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are
noted.
• After bringing the load to initial position, DPST switch is opened.

Precautions:

• The motor should be started and stopped with load.

• Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.

Observations:

Spring Output Input

Voltage Current Balance (S1S2) Speed Torque
Power Power Efficiency
S. V I Reading N T
Kg Pm Pi %
No. (Amp.) (rpm) (Nm)
(Volt) (Watt) (Watt)
S1(Kg) S2(Kg)
1

Radius of the Brake drum R =

CALCULATION:

Torque T = (S₁ ~ S₂) × R × 9.81 Nm

Input Power Pᵢ = V I Watt

2π N T
Output Power Pₘ = Watt
60

Output power
Efficiency η % = ( ) × 100%
Input power

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 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Conclusion:

Student’s will write conclusion under the guidance of the teacher.

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

Questions:

Write answers to Q.........Q.........Q.........Q.........Q....... (Teacher shall allot the questions).

1. What are the applications of DC series motors?

2. What are the special features of a DC series motors?
3. Which type of starter is used for DC series motors?
4. How will you control the speed of DC series motor?
5. What will happen to the speed of series motor when the supply voltage is reduced?
6. What is the importance of no-load current of the motor?
7. Why we use starters to start DC motors?
8. DC series motors should never be started on no-load. Why?
9. Why the DC series motors have high starting torque?
10. What is meant by speed losses in DC machines?

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 29

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 30

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

EXPERIMENT No.5
Aim of the Experiment: Determination of efficiency of DC machine by Swinburne’s Test and
Brake Test.

Apparatus Required:

Serial Name of the Equipment Ratings/Range Quantity

No.
1 DC Machine
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
4 Field Regulator
5 Rheostat
6 Connecting Wires

Theory:

The power that a DC machine receives is called the input and the power it gives out is called the
output. Therefore, the efficiency of a DC machine is given by;

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
Input = Output + Losses & Output = Input – losses

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = =
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

Brake Test
In this method, a brake is applied to a water-cooledpulley mounted on the motor shaft as shown in
Fig. One end of the rope is fixed to the floor via aspring balance S and a known mass is suspended
atthe other end. If the spring balance reading is S kg-Wtand the suspended mass has a weight of
W kg-Wt,then,

Net pull on the rope = (W - S) kg-Wt = (W - S) X 9.81 newtons

If r is the radius of the pulley in metres, then the shaft torque Tsh
developedbythe motor is

Tsh = (W - S) X 9.81 Xr N - m
If the speed of the pulley is N r.p.m., then,

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 31

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

2𝜋𝑁𝑇𝑠ℎ 2𝜋𝑁(𝑊 − 𝑆) 𝑋 9.81 𝑋 𝑟

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
60 60

Let V = Supply voltage in volts

I = Current taken by the motor in amperes
Input to motor = V I watts

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 2𝜋𝑁(𝑊 − 𝑆)𝑋9.81𝑋𝑟

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 60 𝑋 𝑉𝐼

Swinburne’s Method for Determining Efficiency

In this method, the DC machine (generator or motor) is run as a motor at no load and losses of the
machine are determined. Once the losses of the machine are known, its efficiency at any desired
load can be determined in advance. It may be noted that this method is applicable to those machines
in which flux is practically constant at all loads e.g., shunt and compound machines. The test insists
of two steps:

1.Determination of hot resistances of windings

The armature resistance and shunt field resistance are measured using a battery, voltmeter
and ammeter. Since these resistances are measured when the machines cold, they must be
converted to values corresponding to the temperature at which the machine would work on full-
load. Generally, these values are measured for a temperature rise of 40°C above the room
temperature. Let the hot resistance of armature and shunt field be Ra and Rsh respectively.

Ra = 1.5 X Rdc (Armature) & Rsh = 1.5 X Rdc (Field)

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 Electrical Machines Lab – I

2.Determination of constant losses

The machine is run as a motor on no-load with supply voltage adjusted to threated voltage
i.e. voltage stamped on the nameplate. The speed of the motor is adjusted to the rated speed with
the help of field regulator R as shown is Fig.

Let V = Supply voltage

I0 = No-load current read by ammeter A1
Ish = Shunt-field current read by ammeter A2
No-load armature current, Ia0 = I0 - Ish
No-load input power to motor = VI0
No-load power input to armature = VIa0 = V(I0 - Ish)

Since the output of the motor is zero, the no-load input power to the armature supplies (a) iron
losses in the core (b) friction loss (c) windage loss (d) armature loss [ Ia02Raor (I0- Ish )2 Ra ]
Constant losses, Wc = Input to motor - Armature Cu loss
Wc = VI0–(I0–Ish)2 Ra
Since constant losses are known, the efficiency of the machine at any other load can be
determined. Suppose it is desired to determine the efficiency of the machine at load current I. Then,
Armature current, Ia = I - Ish ... if the machine is motoring
= I + Ish ... if the machine is generating

Efficiency when running as a motor

Input power to motor = VI

Armature Cu loss = IaRa = (I0–Ish)2 Ra
Constant losses = Wc
Total losses = (I0–Ish)2 Ra+Wc

𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑉𝐼 − (𝐼 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ)2 𝑅𝑎 − 𝑊𝑐

𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, ƞ𝑚 = =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐼

Efficiency when running as a generator

Output of generator = VI
Armature Cu loss =(I + Ish )2Ra
Constant losses = Wc
Total losses = (I + Ish )2Ra+Wc

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐼
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, ƞ𝑚 = =
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑉𝐼 + (𝐼 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ)2 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑊𝑐

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 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Circuit Diagram:

For Brake Test

Student will draw circuit diagram for Brake Test of DC Shunt Motor.

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 34

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

For Swinburne’s Test

Student will draw circuit diagram for Swinburne’s Test of DC Shunt Motor.

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 35

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Stepwise Procedure:

For Brake test

• Select meters/instruments of appropriate range.

• Connect as shown in circuit diagram.
• Switch on the power supply and rotate the handle of starter to start the motor before starting
ensure the belt should be loosen.
• Regulate the speed to its rated value.
• Apply loads by means of belt and pulley arrangement upto its rated full load current in
steps.
• Observe the reading across voltmeter, ammeter and spring balance.

For short circuit test

• Select meters/instruments of appropriate range.

• Connect as shown in circuit diagram.
• Switch on the power supply and rotate the handle of starter to start the motor.
• Regulate the speed to its rated value.
• Observe the reading across voltmeter and ammeters.

Observations:

For Brake test

Voltmeter reading(V) in Ammeter reading(I) in Amps Spring Balance (S1-S2)in kg-

Volts Wt

For Swinburne’s test

Voltmeter reading(V) in Ammeter reading(I) in Ammeter reading(Ia) in

Volts Amps Amps

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 36

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Calculation:

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 37

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Conclusion:

Student will write conclusion under the guidance of teacher on the basis of observed value of
efficiency.

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

Questions:

Write answers to Q.........Q.........Q.........Q.........Q....... (Teacher shall allot the questions).

1. Which losses occur in a DC machine?

2. Why is the efficiency of a DC generator not determined by direct loading?
3. Why is the efficiency of a large dc motor not determined by brake test?
4. Why is Swinburne’s test preferred to determine the efficiency of a DC machine?
5. What are stray load losses?
6. What are the advantages of Swinburne’s test?
7. What are the disadvantages of Swinburne’s test?

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 38

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 39

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

EXPERIMENT No.6
Aim of the Experiment: Determination of efficiency of DC machine by Hopkinson’s Test.

Apparatus Required:

Serial Name of the Equipment Ratings/Range Quantity

No.
1 DC Machine
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
4 Field Regulator
5 Rheostat
6 Connecting Wires

Theory:

Regenerative or Hopkinson’s-Test
This method of determining the efficiency of a DC machine saves power andgives more
accurate results.

Principle

Two identical DC shunt machines are mechanically coupled and connected in parallel
across the DC supply. By adjusting the field excitations of the machines, one is run as a motor and
the other as a generator. The electric power from the generator and electrical power from the DC
supply is fed to the motor. The electric power given to the motor is mostly converted into
mechanical power, the rest going to the various motor losses. This mechanical power is given to
the generator. The electrical power of the generator is given to the motor except that which is
wasted as generator losses. Thus the electrical power taken from the DC supply is the sum of motor
and generator losses and this can be measured directly by a voltmeter and an ammeter. Since the
power input from the DC supply is equal to the power required to supply the losses of the two
machines, this test can be carried out with a small amount of power. By adjusting the field strengths
of the machines, any load can be put on the machines. Therefore, we can measure the total loss of
the machines at any load. Since the machines can be tested under full-load conditions (of course
at the expense of power equal to the losses in the two machines), the temperatures rise and
commutation qualities of the machines can be observed.

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 40

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Circuit

Fig. shows the essential connections for Hopkinson’s test. Two identical DC shunt
machines are mechanically coupled and are connected in parallel across the DC supply. By
adjusting the field strengths of the two machines, machine M is made to run as a motor and
machine G as a generator. The motor draws current I1 from the generator G and current I2 from
the DC supply so that input current to motor M is (I1 + I2). Power taken from the DC supply is
VI2and is equal to the total motor and generator losses. The field current of motor Mis I4 and that
of generator G is I3.

Calculations
If V be the supply voltage, then,
Motor input = V(I1 + I2)
Generator output = VI1
We shall find the efficiencies of the machines considering two cases viz.(i) assuming that
both machines have the same efficiency h (ii) assuming iron, friction and windage losses are the
same in both machines.
(i) Assuming that both machines have the same efficiency ƞ
Motor output = ƞ X motor input = ƞ V(I1 + I2) = Generator input
Generator output = ƞ X generator input = ƞ X ƞV(I1 + I2) = ƞ2 V(I1 + I2)
But generator output is VI1
ƞ2 V(I1 + I2) = VI1
𝐼
or 𝜂 = √( 1 )
𝐼1 +𝐼2
(ii) Assuming that iron, friction and windage losses are same in both machines.
It is not to assume that the two machines have the same efficiency. Itis because armature and field
in the two machines are not the same. However, iron, friction and windage losses in the two

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 Electrical Machines Lab – I

machines will be the same because the machines are identical. On this assumption, we can find the
efficiency of each machine as under:
Let Ra = armature resistance of each machine
I3 = field current of generator G
I4 = field current of motor M
Armature Cu loss in generator =(I1+ I3)2Ra
Armature Cu loss in motor =(I1 + I2 – I4)2Ra
Shunt Cu loss in generator = V I3
Shunt Cu loss in motor = V I4
Power drawn from the DC supply is VI2 and is equal to the total losses of the motor and
generator
VI2 = Total losses of motor and generator
If we subtract armature and shunt Cu losses of the two machines from VI2, we get iron,
friction windage losses of the two machines.
Iron, friction and windage losses of two machines (M and G)
= VI2 - [(I1 + I3)2 Ra + (I1 + I2 –I4 )2 Ra + VI3 + VI4] = W
Iron, friction and windage losses of each machine = W/2

For generator
Output of generator = VI1
Total losses = W/2 + (I1 + I3 )2 Ra + V I3 =Wgs
𝑉 𝐼1
Generator efficiency,𝜂𝑔 =
𝑉 𝐼1 +𝑊𝑔
For motor
Input to motor = V (I1 + I2)
Total losses = (I1 + I2 – I4)2Ra)+ VI4+ W/2 =Wm
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡−𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑉(𝐼 +𝐼 )−𝑊
Motor efficiency, 𝜂𝑚 = = 1 2 )𝑚
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉(𝐼1 +𝐼2
Circuit Diagram:

For Hopkinson’s test

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 42

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Student will draw circuit diagram for Hopkinson’s Test.

Stepwise Procedure:

For Hopkinson’s test

• Make the electrical connections as per the circuit diagram drawn above.
• Switch on the DC supply and adjust the rheostat of the motor field circuit to run the M-G
set at rated speed.
• Adjust the rheostat of the generator field to ensure that the gen builds up its rated voltage
and the voltmeter reads zero.
• Then switch on the switch connected across the voltmeter and note down the reading of the
ammeters.
• The machines can be subjected to different loadings starting from zero to 100% and related
ammeter readings need to be taken
• Switch off the DC supply.
• Calculate the efficiency of the machines by the formulae given above
C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 43
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Observations:

Voltage (v) Current (I1) Current (I2) Current (I3)

Calculation:

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 44

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Conclusion:

Student will write conclusion under the guidance of teacher on the basis of observed value of
efficiency.

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

Questions:

Write answers to Q.........Q.........Q.........Q.........Q....... (Teacher shall allot the questions).

1. What are the main advantages of Hopkinson’s test?

2. How do the various losses occurring in a DC machine vary with the load?
3. Which of the power losses in a DC machine are influenced by the magnitude of the flux,
load and square of the load?
4. Why Hopkinson’s test is also known as Regenerative or Back to back test?
5. State with reason whether the field test on two identical DC series machine is
regenerative method?

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 45

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 46

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

EXPERIMENT No.7
Aim of the Experiment: Speed-Torque Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor

Apparatus Required:

Serial Name of the Equipment Ratings/Range Quantity

No.
1 DC Shunt Motor
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
4 Rheostat
5 Tachometer
6 Connecting Wires

Theory:

The speed torque characteristics of DC Shunt Motor for various values of armature currents is
thus given. It may be seen that the speed fall somewhat as the load torque increases.

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 47

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Circuit Diagram:

L F A
A
+
F1
R1
A
V A
F
F2
A
A1 L
R1 O

V M G FF V A
D

A2
AA
-

Student will draw circuit diagram to plot speed-torque characteristics of a DC shunt

motor.

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 48

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Stepwise Procedure:

• Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

• Keep the armature circuit rheostat (R2) and the field circuit rheostat (R1) to its minimum
value.
• Switch ON the d. c. supply. Start the motor with the help of starter, and adjust the field
rheostat to get the rated speed.
• Change the armature resistance for different values of armature current.
• Measure the corresponding values of armature current (Ia,amperes) and armature voltages
(Eb, volts) and the adjoining speed of the motor (N, rpm).
• Calculate the corresponding values of torque developed by the motor using the
expression
T=9.55×Eb×Ia/N

• Plot the Speed-Torque Characteristics of the DC Shunt Motor

Observations:

Armature Armature Torque

Serial Speed (N)
(Eb)Voltage Current (Ia) T=9.55×Eb×Ia/N
No. in RPM
in Volts in Amperes

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10

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 Electrical Machines Lab – I

GRAPH FOR SPEED TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 50

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Conclusion:
Student will write conclusion under the guidance of teacher on the basis of observed values of
speed torque characteristics.

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

Questions:

Write answers to Q.........Q.........Q.........Q.........Q....... (Teacher shall allot the questions).

1. Why does the torque decrease with increase in speed for a DC shunt motor?
2. What is the speed torque characteristics for a DC series motor?
3. Explain the electromechanical characteristics of DC shunt motor?
4. Explain the electromechanical characteristics of DC series motor?
5. Why a DC series motor is preferred for starting purpose in traction loads?
6. How does the electromechanical torque vary with armature current in DC series motor?
7. How does the electromechanical torque vary with armature current in DC shunt motor?
8. What will happen if a shunt motor running at no load has its shunt winding opened accidentally?
9. Can a DC series motor run with AC supply? Explain?
10. A DC series motor is less efficient than a DC shunt motor. Explain

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 51

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 52

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 53

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

EXPERIMENT No.8
Aim of the Experiment: Determination of Efficiency by Open Circuit and Short Circuit test on
single phase transformer.

Apparatus Required:

Serial Name of the Equipment Ratings/Range Quantity

No.
1 Single Phase Transformer
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
4 Wattmeter
5 Variac
6 Connecting Wires

Theory:

Transformer Tests

The circuit constants, efficiency and voltage regulation of a transformer can be determined
by two simple tests (i) open-circuit test and (ii) short-circuit lest.

Open-Circuit or No-Load Test

This test is conducted to determine the iron losses (or core losses) and parameters R0 and X0 of the
transformer. In this test, the rated voltage is applied to the primary (usually low-voltage winding)
while the secondary is left open circuited. The applied primary voltage V1 is measured by the
voltmeter, the no load current I0 by ammeter and no-load input power W0 by wattmeter as shown
in Fig. Wattmeter will record the iron losses and small copper loss in the primary. Since no-load
current I0 is very small (usually 2-10 % of rated current). Cu losses in the primary under no-load
condition are negligible as compared with iron losses. Hence, wattmeter reading practically gives
the iron losses in the transformer.

Iron losses, Pi = Wattmeter reading = W0

No load current = Ammeter reading = I0

Applied voltage = Voltmeter reading = V1

Input power, W0 = V1I0cosΦ0

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Short-Circuit or Impedance Test

This test is conducted to determine R01 (or R02), X01 (or X02) and full-load copper losses of
the transformer. In this test, the secondary (usually low-voltage winding) is short-circuited by a
thick conductor and variable low voltage is applied to the primary as shown in Fig.(i). The low
input voltage is gradually raised till at voltage VSC, full-load current I1 flows in the primary. Then
I2 in the secondary also has full-load value since I1/I2 = N2/N2. Under such conditions, the copper
loss in the windings is the same as that on full load. There is no output from the transformer under
short-circuit conditions. Therefore, input power is all loss and this loss is almost entirely copper
loss. It is because iron loss in the core is negligibly small since the voltage VSC is very small.
Hence, the wattmeter will practically register the full-load copper losses in the transformer
windings. Fig. (ii) shows the equivalent circuit of a transformer on short circuit as referred to
primary; the no-load current being neglected due to its smallness.

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Efficiency from Transformer Tests

F.L. Iron loss = Pi ...from open-circuit test

F.L. Cu loss = Pc ...from short-circuit test
Total F.L. losses = Pi + Pc

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝐹. 𝐿. 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂% = × 100 = × 100
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝐹. 𝐿. 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

Circuit Diagram:

For open circuit test

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 56

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

For short circuit test

Student will draw circuit diagram for Open circuit & short circuit test of single phase
transformer.

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 57

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Stepwise Procedure:

For open circuit test

• Select meters/instruments of appropriate range.

• Connect as shown in circuit diagram.
• Switch on the power supply by setting the variac at min position.
• Vary the variac to set the rated voltage as per LV winding rating.
• Observe the reading across voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter.

For short circuit test

• Select meters/instruments of appropriate range.

• Connect as shown in circuit diagram.
• Switch on the power supply by setting the variac at min position.
• Vary the variac make to flow the full load rated current as per HV winding rating.
• Observe the reading across voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter.

Observations:

For open circuit test

Voltmeter reading(V1) in Ammeter reading(I0) in Wattmeter reading(W0) in

Volts Amps Watts

For short circuit test

Voltmeter reading(VSC) in Ammeter reading(I1) in Wattmeter reading(WS) in

Volts Amps Watts

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Sample Calculation:

For open circuit test

Input power, W0 = V1I0cosΦ0= Pi =

𝑊0
No load power p.f. 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅0 = =
𝑉 1 𝐼0

Core loss component 𝐼𝑊 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅0 =

Magnetizing component 𝐼𝜇 = 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅0 =

𝑉1 𝑉1
𝑅0 = = and𝑋0 = =
𝐼𝑊 𝐼𝜇

For short circuit test

Full load Cu loss, PC = Wattmeter reading = WS =

Total resistance of transformer referred to primary, 𝑅01 =

𝑃𝐶
2 =
𝐼1

𝑉𝑆𝐶
Total impedance referred to primary,𝑍01 = =
𝐼1

Total leakage reactance referred to primary,𝑋01 = √𝑍01 2 − 𝑅01 2 =

𝑊𝑆
Short-circuit p.f,𝑐𝑜𝑠∅0 = =
𝑉𝑆𝐶 𝐼1

Total F.L. losses = Pi + Pc =

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂% = × 100
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂% = × 100
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝐹. 𝐿. 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝜂% =

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 59

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Conclusion:

Student will write conclusion under the guidance of teacher on the basis of observed value of
losses.

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

Questions:

Write answers to Q.........Q.........Q.........Q.........Q....... (Teacher shall allot the questions).

1. What information do you get from open circuit test on single phase transformer?
2. Which side has to be kept open in case of open circuit test and why?
3. Why indirect testing of transformer is necessary?
4. How does the copper loss vary with variation of load on transformer?
5. What is all day efficiency?
6. Why do we perform short circuit test on transformer?
7. Which side is short circuited in short circuit test and why?
8. What are the different losses in transformer?
9. Which kinds of losses are found in short circuit test?
10. What are the different parts of transformer?

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 60

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 61

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

EXPERIMENT No.9
Aim of the Experiment: Polarity test and Parallel operation of two single phase transformers.

Apparatus Required:

Serial Name of the Equipment Ratings/Range Quantity

No.
1 Single Phase Transformer
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
4 Wattmeter
5 Variac
6 Connecting Wires

Theory:

Polarity test

Polarity test is performed to determine the terminals having the same instantaneous
polarity. For determination of relative polarity of the two windings of a transformer the two
windings are connected in series across a voltmeter, while one of the windings (preferably hv
winding) is excited from a suitable ac voltage source. If the polarities of the windings are as marked
on the diagram i.e. when the transformer has a subtractive polarity, the voltmeter read the
difference of E1 and E2. If the voltmeter reads E1+E2, the polarity marking of one of the windings
must be interchanged.

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Parallel operation

Two transformers are said to be connected in parallel if the primary windings are connected to
supply bus bars and secondary windings are connected to load bus bars. While connecting two or
more than two transformers in parallel, it is essential that their terminals of similar polarities are
joined to the same bus bars. The wrong connections may result in a dead short-circuit and primary
transformers may be damaged unless protected by fuses or circuit breakers.

There are three principal reasons for connecting transformers in parallel.

• Firstly, if one transformer fails, the continuity of supply can be maintained through
other transformers.
• Secondly, when the load on the substation becomes more than the capacity of the
existing transformers, another transformer can be added in parallel.
• Thirdly, any transformer can be taken out of the circuit for repair/routine
maintenance without interrupting supply to the consumers.

Conditions for satisfactory parallel operation

In order that the transformers work satisfactorily in parallel, the following conditions should be
satisfied:

(i) Transformers should be properly connected with regard to their polarities.

(ii) The voltage ratings and voltage ratios of the transformers should be the same.

(iii) The per unit or percentage impedances of the transformers should be equal.

(iv) The reactance/resistance ratios of the transformers should be the same.

Circuit Diagram:

For Polarity test

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 63

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For Parallel operation

Student will draw circuit diagram for polarity test& parallel operation of single phase
transformer.

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 64

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Stepwise Procedure:

For Polarity test

• Select meters/instruments of appropriate range.

• Connect as shown in circuit diagram.
• Switch on the power supply by setting the variac at minimum position.
• Set any value of voltage by varying variac across the primary side of single phase
transformer.
• Mark the phase and neutral across the primary side.
• Now check the voltage across the two windings whether additive in nature or subtractive
in nature.
• Mark the polarity as per the nature observed.

For Parallel operation

• Select meters/instruments of appropriate range.

• Connect as shown in circuit diagram.
• Before parallel operation polarity test must be done.
• Switch on the power supply by setting the variac at minimum position.
• Set the rated value of voltage by varying variac across the primary side of each single phase
transformer.
• After checking polarity, voltage rating across secondary winding switches on the
synchronizing switch.
• Check the load sharing is done by the both transformer.

Observations:

For Polarity test

Serial No. Voltage across the Voltage across Voltage across the Both
primary winding in the secondary winding in
volts winding in volts volts(additive/subtractive)

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For Parallel operation

Serial V1 V2 I1 I1 IL W1 W2 WL
No. (Volts) (Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Amps) (Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
= I1+I2 =
W1+W2

Conclusion:

Student will write conclusion under the guidance of teacher on the basis of observed value of
losses.

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

Questions:

Write answers to Q.........Q.........Q.........Q.........Q....... (Teacher shall allot the questions).

1. What information do you get from polarity test on single phase transformer?
2. What is turns ratio of single phase transformer?
3. What is transformation ratio of single phase transformer?
4. What are the necessities of parallel operation on transformer?
5. What are the conditions for parallel operation on transformer?
6. What is the effect of circulating current in the circuit having two transformers in parallel?
7. When does circulating current flows in the circuit having two transformers in parallel?
8. What is dead short circuit on transformer?
9. Why transformers are rated as KVA?
10. What do you mean by load sharing on transformer?

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 66

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 67

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 68

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

EXPERIMENT No.10
Aim of the Experiment: Sumpner or Back-to Back test on two single phase transformers.

Apparatus Required:

Serial Name of the Equipment Ratings/Range Quantity

No.
1 Transformer
2 Variac
3 Ammeter
4 Voltmeter
5 Wattmeter
6 SPST switch
7 Connecting Wires

Theory:

Sumpner or Back-to-Back Test

This test is conducted simultaneously on two identical transformers and provides data for
finding the efficiency, regulation and temperature rise. The main advantage of this test is that the
transformers are tested under full-load conditions without much expenditure of power. The power
required to conduct this test is equal to the losses of the two transformers.

Circuit

Fig. shows the connections for back-to-back test on two identical transformers T1 and T2.
The primaries of the two transformers are connected in parallel across the rated voltage V1 while
the two secondaries are connected in phase opposition. Therefore, there will be no circulating
current in the loop formed by the secondaries because their induced e.m.f.sare equal and in
opposition. There is an auxiliary low-voltage transformer which can be adjusted to give a variable
voltage and hence current in the secondary loop circuit. A wattmeter W1, an ammeter A1 and
voltmeter V1 are connected to the input side. A wattmeter W2 and ammeter A2 are connected in
the secondary circuit.

Operation

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(i) The secondaries of the transformers are in phase opposition. With switch S1closed and switch
S2 open (i.e., regulating transformer not in the circuit), there will be no circulating current (I2 = 0)
in the secondary loop circuit. Itis because the induced e.m.f.s in the secondaries are equal and in
opposition. This situation is just like an open-circuit test. Therefore, the current drawn from the
supply is 2I0 where I0 is the no-load current of each transformer. The reading of wattmeter W1 will
be equal to the core losses of the two transformers.

W1 = Core losses of the two transformers

(ii) Now switch S2 is also closed and output voltage of the regulating transformer is adjusted till
full-load current I2 flows in the secondary loop circuit. The full-load secondary current will cause
full-load current I1 (= KI2) in the primary circuit. The primary current I1 circulates in the primary
winding only and will not pass through W1. Note that full-load currents are flowing through the
primary and secondary windings. Therefore, reading of wattmeter W2 will be equal to the full-load
copper losses of the two transformers.

W2 = Full-load Cu losses of two transformers

W1 + W2 = Total losses of two transforms at full load

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 70

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Circuit Diagram

Student will draw circuit diagram for Back-to Back test.

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 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Stepwise Procedure

• Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

• Auto Transformers (variac) should be in zero position, before switching on the ac supply.
• Transformers should be operated under rated values.
• Keep the variacs in zero position and switch on the supply on the supply of LV side
• Rated voltage is adjusted to get it in voltmeter by adjusting the variac at the primary side.
• The readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted on the primary side.
• A voltmeter is connected across the secondary and with the secondary supply off i.e switch
SW is kept open. The voltmeter reading is noted.
• If the reading of voltmeter reads higher voltage, the terminals of any one of secondary coil
is interchanged in order that voltmeter reads zero.
• The secondary is now switched on and SPST switch is closed with variac of auto
transformer is zero.
• After switching on the secondary the variac of transformer (Auto) is adjusted so that full
load rated secondary current flows.
• Then the readings of wattmeter, Ammeter and voltmeter are noted.
• The Percentage Efficiency and percentage regulation are calculated based on the formulae
and equivalent circuit.

Observations

Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter

reading (V1) reading (I0) reading (W1) reading (Vs) reading (I2) reading (W2)
in volts in amperes in watts in volts in amperes in watts

Calculations
𝑊1
Core loss of each transformer 𝑊0 = watts
2

𝑊2
Full load copper loss of each transformer 𝑊𝑐 = watts
2

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Wo Io
-1
Wo = V1I1 Cos Φo Φo = Cos --------- I1 = ---- A
V1 I1 2

Iw = I1 Cos Φo Iμ = I1 Cos Φo V2 = Vs/2

Ro = V1 / Iw Xo = V1 / Iμ Ro2 = Wc / I22 Zo2 = V2 / I2

Xo2 = √ Zo22 – Ro22

Copper loss at various loads = I22 Ro2

PERCENTAGE REGULATION:

1. Upf : [I2 (Ro2 CosΦo) X 100] / V

2. Lagging pf : [I2 (Ro2 CosΦo+ Xo2SinΦo) X 100] / V

3. Leading pf : [I2(Ro2 CosΦo - Xo2SinΦo) X 100] / V

Output Power (1) Upf : 3Kw

(2) LPf : 3Kw CosΦo

Input Power = Output Power + Core loss + Cu loss

Output power
Efficiency ƞ% = -------------------------- X 100%
Input Power

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 73

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Result
The regulation for the tranformer is found to be –

i) ……… at 0.8 p.f. leading

ii)……..... at 0.8 p.f. lagging

iii) ………. at unity p.F. load

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

MODEL GRAPHS:

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Conclusion:

Student will write conclusion under the guidance of teacher.

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

Questions:

Write answers to Q.........Q.........Q.........Q.........Q....... (Teacher shall allot the questions).

1. How can you determine the efficiency of transformer?

2. What are the differences in Sumpner’s test and open circuit test and short circuit test?
3. Which winding are connected in parallel in this test?
4. How much voltage is applied on primary side while conducting the Sumpner’s test?
5. How much voltage is applied on secondary side while performing the experiment?
6. How the secondary winding of transformers are connected for conducting the Sumpner’s test?
7.How much current flows on primary side and secondary side of transformer while performing
the experiment?
8. What do mean by phase opposition in reference to Sumpner’s test on transformer?
9. What is the condition to be satisfied by the two transformers to be tested through Sumpner’s
test?
10. What does the reading of wattmeter on primary side indicate

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 76

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 77

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

EXPERIMENT No.11
Aim of the Experiment: Separation of the Core Losses of a Single Phase Transformer

Apparatus Required:

Serial Name of the Equipment Ratings/Range Quantity

No.
1 DC Shunt Motor
2 Alternator
3 Transformer
4 Ammeter
5 Voltmeter
6 Rheostat
7 Tachometer
8 Connecting Wires

Theory:
Core or Iron losses (Pi) : These consist of hysteresis and eddy current losses and occur in the
transformer core due to the alternating flux. These can be determined by open-circuit test.
Hysteresis loss = kh f Bm 1.6 watts /m3
Eddy current loss = ke f 2 Bm2 t2 watts / m3
Both hysteresis and eddy current losses depend upon (i) maximum flux density Bm in the core and
(ii) supply frequency f. Since transformers are connected to constant-frequency, constant voltage
supply, both f and Bm are constant. Hence, core or iron losses are practically the same at all loads.
The iron loss => Pi = Af +Bf2 =>Pi/f = A + Bf which is analogous to y = m x + c
This is equation of straight line y = m x + c, when y = Pi/f, c = A, and m = B and x = f. Eddy
current and Hysteresis loss can be separated when A and B are found. The variable frequency
supply is obtained from an alternator when frequency can be varied.

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 78

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Circuit Diagram

L F A
+ A

F1 R W
A1
V

F2
M A
B Y
A2
R1

-
f ff LV HV

R2

+ -
Student’s will draw circuit diagrams

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 79

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Model Graph

Pi/f

Stepwise Procedure:

1. Connections are done as per the circuit diagram.

2. Initially rheostat in the armature circuit of motor is kept at maximum position, the rheostat
in the field circuit of motor is kept at minimum position and the rheostats in the field circuit
(potential divider) of the alternator are kept so that minimum voltage is applied to the field
circuit of the alternator.
3. Start the motor with the help of 3-point starter
4. Bring the speed of the motor to the rated speed by using the rheostats of the motor.
5. By increasing the excitation of alternator using the potential divider bring the voltage of
the alternator to the rated voltage.
6. Apply the rated voltage to the high voltage side of the transformer by closing the DPDT
switch.
7. Note down all the meter readings and speed.
8. Alternator is made to run at different speeds below the rated speed and adjust the voltage
of the alternator, so that v / f ratio is constant.

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9. At each and every speed, note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and the
speed of the motor.
10. Perform the experiment up to 80% of the rated speed and graphs are drawn between
(i) Wi / f Vs f
(ii) losses Vs f

Observations:

Voltmeter Wattmeter Speed (N)

Sl. No. Reading (V) Reading (W) f=PN/120 V/f Pi/f
in Watts in rpm
in Volts

Calculations & Results

Separate hysteresis and eddy current losses of a given 1- transformer are obtained as follows:

Eddy current losses =

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 81

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Hysteresis losses =

Total Core losses =

GRAPH FOR DETERMINING THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORE LOSSES

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 82

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Conclusion:
Student will write conclusion under the guidance of teacher on the basis of observed values of
the different losses of the single-phase transformer.

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

Questions:

Write answers to Q.........Q.........Q.........Q.........Q....... (Teacher shall allot the questions).

1. Why iron loss is constant at all loads for a transformer?
2. What is the effect of variation of voltage on transformer losses?
3. What is the effect of variation of frequency on transformer losses?
4. How can we reduce eddy current loss in transformer?
5. How can we reduce hysteresis loss in transformer?
6. Why open circuit test is usually carried out in the LV side of the transformer?
7. If the supply frequency is increased by 2 times, what is the variation in eddy current loss and
hysteresis loss?
8. What is the mathematical condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer?
SPACE FOR ANSWERS

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 83

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 84

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

EXPERIMENT No.12
Aim of the experiment: To convert the given 3-ɸ supply into 2-ɸ supply by Scott connection.

Apparatus Required:

SL. Name of the equipment Ratings/Range Quantity

No.
1. Transformer
2. Watt meters
3. Voltmeters
4. Ammeters
5. Load
6. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

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Student’s will draw circuit diagrams

Theory:

Scott connection is used to interlink two phase & three-phase system, using this connection a 3-
phase supply can be converted to 2-phase or vice-versa. To achieve this two 1-phase transformers
having same no. of secondary turns are taken primary winding of one of these transformers called
main transformer is Centre tapped and has a total of N1 turns. The primary winding of other
transformer called teaser transformer has 0.866N1 turns. Primary winding of the main transformer
is connected across the two lines of 3-phase supply(Y & B) & the primary of teaser transformer is
connected across the third line(R) and midpoint of the main transformer.

Let the line to line voltage of 3-phase supply to be V volts. so the voltage between R & Y, Y & B
(or) B & R is V volts with a phase difference of120°.The voltage between R & tapping point can
be calculated by VRT=root of V²-(V/2)²=0.866V volt. And will be in quadrature to voltage phasor
VYB. This means that the voltage across the primary of teaser transformer 0.866V as turns of the
primary are kept 0.866N1. the voltage per turn V/N, which is same as the voltage per two of main
transformer. Hence the voltage induced in two secondary windings which have same no. of turns
will be same in magnitude but they will be in phase quadrature. The voltage in the secondary of
main transformer will be in phase with VYB while voltage in the secondary of teaser will be in
phase with VRT.

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Stepwise Procedure

• Connection is done as per the circuit diagram.

• Ensure that the output voltage of variac is set in zero position before starting the
experiment.
• Switch ‘ON’ the supply.
• The input voltage of variac is gradually increased on steps rated voltage of 1-phase, main
transformers and readings are correspondingly taken steps.
• Enter the readings in the tabulation.
• After observation the variac is brought to zero position and switches ‘off” the supply.

Observations:

SL. No. V1(V) I1(A) V2(V) I2(A) W1(W) W2(W) I/P O/P η%

Calculations:

Input power = W₁ + W₂

Output Power = V₁I₁ + V₂I₂

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
% Efficiency = ∗ 100
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

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Precautions:

1. Loose connection must be avoided.

2. Properly rated & required range meter must be used.
3. All connections must be done under supervision.
4. No wire should be touched while the AC supply ‘ON’.

Conclusion:

Student’s will write conclusion under the guidance of teacher.

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

Questions:

Write answers to Q.........Q.........Q.........Q.........Q....... (Teacher shall allot the questions).

1. Discuss and number the advantages and disadvantages of Scott-T connections

transformers configurations.?
2. Why are Scott-T connections of transformers not recommended as a connection for 3φ-
3φ applications?
3. How is scott connection used to obtain two- phase supply from three- phase supply?
4. How did the scott connection perform?
5. What is the purpose of the scott transformer?

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 88

 Electrical Machines Lab – I

SPACE FOR ANSWERS

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR 89