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Cambridge Library CoLLeCtion
Books of enduring scholarly value

Religion
For centuries, scripture and theology were the focus of prodigious
amounts of scholarship and publishing, dominated in the English-
speaking world by the work of Protestant Christians. Enlightenment
philosophy and science, anthropology, ethnology and the colonial
experience all brought new perspectives, lively debates and heated
controversies to the study of religion and its role in the world, many
of which continue to this day. This series explores the editing and
interpretation of religious texts, the history of religious ideas and
institutions, and not least the encounter between religion and science.

History of the Conflict between

Religion and Science
This fascinating text, first published in 1875, is a key early example
of the conflict thesis. This theory expounds the premise of an
intrinsic conflict between science and religion, and is archetypal
of one aspect of this late-Victorian debate. Draper asserts that
science has reached a point where its threat to traditional teachings
can no longer be ignored, and he offers this history as a means to
understanding both the interaction between religion and science and
their perpetual opposition. He covers examples of this relationship,
from Christianity’s origins to the then contemporary crisis of church
division and the Prussian-Austrian war, and also examines in turn
what both Christianity and science have done for modern civilisation.
Discussions of the central points of crossover and change in the history
of science and Christianity lead to the conclusion that for religion to
survive it must accept fact and reason.
Cambridge University Press has long been a pioneer in the reissuing
of out-of-print titles from its own backlist, producing digital reprints
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History of the Conflict
between Religion
and Science
John William D raper
 C A m b R i D g E U n i V E R Si t y P R E S S

Cambridge new york melbourne madrid Cape town Singapore São Paolo Delhi

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, new york

www.cambridge.org
information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108000697

© in this compilation Cambridge University Press 2009

This edition first published 1875

This digitally printed version 2009

iSbn 978-1-108-00069-7

This book reproduces the text of the original edition. The content and language reflect
the beliefs, practices and terminology of their time, and have not been updated.
 PEEFAOE.

WHOEVER has had an opportunity of becoming ac-

quainted with the mental condition of the intelligent
classes in Europe and America, must have perceived
that there is a great and rapidly-increasing departure
from the public religious faith, and that, while among
the more frank this divergence is not concealed, there
is a far more extensive and far more dangerous seces-
sion, private and unacknowledged.
So wide-spread and so powerful is this secession,
that it can neither be treated with contempt nor with
punishment. It cannot be extinguished by derision,
by vituperation, or by force. The time is rapidly
approaching when it will give rise to serious political
results.
Ecclesiastical spirit no longer inspires the policy of
the world. Military fervor in behalf of faith has dis-
appeared. Its only souvenirs are the marble effigies
of crusading knights, reposing in the silent crypts of
churches on their tombs.
That a crisis is impending is shown by the attitude
of the great powers toward the papacy. The papacy
vi PREFACE.

represents the ideas and aspirations of two-thirds of the

population of Europe. It insists on a political suprem-
acy in accordance with its claims to a divine origin
and mission, and a restoration of the mediaeval order
of things, loudly declaring that it will accept no recon-
ciliation with modern civilization.
The antagonism we thus witness between Keligion
and Science is the continuation of a struggle that com-
menced when Christianity began to attain political pow-
er. A divine revelation must necessarily be intolerant
of contradiction; it must repudiate all improvement in
itself, and view with disdain that arising from the pro-
gressive intellectual development of man. But our
opinions on every subject are continually liable to mod-
ification, from the irresistible advance of human knowl-
edge.
Can we exaggerate the importance of a contention in
which every thoughtful person must take part whether
he will or not ? In a matter so solemn as that of reli-
gion, all men, whose temporal interests are not involved
in existing institutions, earnestly desire to find the
truth. They seek information as to the subjects in
dispute, and as to the conduct of the disputants.
The history of Science is not a mere record of iso-
lated discoveries; it is a narrative of the conflict of two
contending powers, the expansive force of the human
intellect on one side, and the compression arising from
traditionary faith and human interests on the other.
No one has hitherto treated the subject from this
 PREFACE. vii

point of view. Yet from this point it presents itself

to us as a living issue—in fact, as the most important
of all living issues.
A few years ago, it was the politic and therefore
the proper course to abstain from all allusion to this
controversy, and to keep it as far as possible in the
background. The tranquillity of society depends so
much on the stability of its religious convictions, that
no one can be justified in wantonly disturbing them.
But faith is in its nature unchangeable, stationary;
Science is in its nature progressive; and eventually a
divergence between them, impossible to conceal, must
take place. It then becomes the duty of those whose
lives have made them familiar with both modes of
thought, to present modestly, but firmly, their views;
to compare the antagonistic pretensions calmly, impar-
tially, philosophically. History shows that, if this be
not done, social misfortunes, disastrous and enduring,
will ensue. "When the old mythological religion of
Europe broke down under the weight of its own incon-
sistencies, neither the Roman emperors nor the phi-
losophers of those times did any thing adequate for the
guidance of public opinion. They left religious affairs
to take their chance, and accordingly those affairs fell
into the hands of ignorant and infuriated ecclesiastics,
parasites, eunuchs, and slaves.
The intellectual night which settled on Europe, in
consequence of that great neglect of duty, is passing
away; we live in the daybreak of better things. So-
viii PREFACE.

ciety is anxiously expecting light, to see in what direc-

tion it is drifting. It plainly discerns that the track
along which the voyage of civilization has thus far been
made, has been left; and that a new departure, on an
unknown sea, has been taken.
Though deeply impressed with such thoughts, I
should not have presumed to write this book, or to
intrude on the public the ideas it presents, had I not
made the facts with which it deals a subject of long
and earnest meditation. And I have gathered a strong
incentive to undertake this duty from the circumstance
that a " History of the Intellectual Development of Eu-
rope," published by me several years ago, which has
passed through many editions in America, and has been
reprinted in numerous European languages, English,
French, German, Russian, Polish, Servian, etc., is every-
where received with favor.
In collecting and arranging the materials for the
volumes I published under the title of " A History of
the American Civil War," a work of very great labor,
I had become accustomed to the comparison of con-
flicting statements, the adjustment of conflicting claims.
The approval with which that book has been received
by the American public, a critical judge of the events
considered, has inspired me with additional confidence.
I had also devoted much attention to the experimental
investigation of natural phenomena, and had published
many well-known memoirs on such subjects. And per-
haps no one can give himself to these pursuits, and spend
 PREFACE. IX

a large part of his life in the public teaching of science,

without partaking of that love of impartiality and truth
which Philosophy incites. She inspires us with a desire
to dedicate our days to the good of our race, so that in
the fading light of life's evening we may not, on look-
ing back, be forced to acknowledge how unsubstantial
and useless are the objects that we have pursued.
Though I have spared no pains in the composition
of this book, I am very sensible how unequal it is to
the subject, to do justice to which a knowledge of sci-
ence, history, theology, politics, is required; every page
should be alive with intelligence and glistening with
facts. But then I have remembered that this is only as
it were the preface, or forerunner, of a body of litera-
ture, which the events and wants of our times will call
forth. We have come to the brink of a great intel-
lectual change. Much of the frivolous reading of the
present will be supplanted by a thoughtful and austere
literature, vivified by endangered interests, and made
fervid by ecclesiastical passion.
"What I have sought to do is, to present a clear and
impartial statement of the views and acts of the two
contending parties. In one sense I have tried to iden-
tify myself with each, so as to comprehend thoroughly
their motives; but in another and higher sense I have
endeavored to stand aloof, and relate with impartiality
their actions.
I therefore trust that those, who may be disposed to
criticise this book, will bear in mind that its object is
X PREFACE.

not to advocate the views and pretensions of either

party, but to explain clearly, and without shrinking,
those of both. In the management of each chapter
I have usually set forth the orthodox view first, and
then followed it with that of its opponents.
In thus treating the subject it has not been necessary
to pay much regard to more moderate or intermediate
opinions, for, though they may be intrinsically of great
value, in conflicts of this kind it is not with the mod-
erates but with the extremists that the impartial reader
is mainly concerned. Their movements determine the
issue.
For this reason I have had little to say respecting
the two great Christian confessions, the Protestant and
Greek Churches. As to the latter, it has never, since
the restoration of science, arrayed itself in opposition to
the advancement of knowledge. On the contrary, it
has always met it with welcome. It has observed a
reverential attitude to truth, from whatever quarter it
might come. Recognizing the apparent discrepancies
between its interpretations of revealed truth and the
discoveries of science, it has always expected that sat-
isfactory explanations and reconciliations would ensue,
and in this it has not been disappointed. It would
have been well for modern civilization if the Roman
Church had done the same.
In speaking of Christianity, reference is generally
made to the Roman Church, partly because its adherents
compose the majority of Christendom, partly because
 PREFACE. Xi

its demands are the most pretentious, and partly because

it has commonly sought to enforce those demands by
the civil power. None of the Protestant Churches has
ever occupied a position so imperious—none has ever
had such wide-spread political influence. For the most
part they have been averse to constraint, and except in
very few instances their opposition has not passed be-
yond the exciting of theological odium.
As to Science, she has never sought to ally herself to
civil power. She has never attempted to throw odium
or inflict social ruin on any human being. She has
never subjected any one to mental torment, physical
torture, least of all to death, for the purpose of uphold-
ing or promoting her ideas. She presents herself un-
stained by cruelties and crimes. But in the Vatican—
we have only to recall the Inquisition—the hands that
are now raised in appeals to the Most Merciful are
crimsoned. They have been steeped in blood!
There are two modes of historical composition, the
artistic and the scientific. The former implies that men
give origin to events; it therefore selects some promi-
nent individual, pictures him under a fanciful form,
and makes him the hero of a romance. The latter, in-
sisting that human affairs present an unbroken chain, in
which each fact is the offspring of some preceding fact,
and the parent of some subsequent fact, declares that
men do not control events, but that events control men.
The former gives origin to compositions, which, however
much they may interest or delight us, are but a grade
Xii PREFACE.

above novels; the latter is austere, perhaps even repul-

sive, for it sternly impresses us with a conviction of the
irresistible dominion of law, and the insignificance of
human exertions. In a subject so solemn as that to
which this book is devoted, the romantic and the popu-
lar are altogether out of place. He who presumes to
treat of it must fix his eyes steadfastly on that chain of
destiny which universal history displays; he must turn
with disdain from the phantom impostures of pontiffs
and statesmen and kings.
If any thing were needed to show us the untrust-
worthiness of artistic historical compositions, our per-
sonal experience would furnish it. How often do our
most intimate friends fail to perceive the real motives
of our every-day actions; how frequently they misin-
terpret our intentions! If this be the case in what is
passing before our eyes, may we not be satisfied that it
is impossible to comprehend justly the doings of persons
who lived many years ago, and whom we have never seen.
In selecting and arranging the topics now to be pre-
sented, I have been guided in part by "the Confession"
of the late Yatican Council, and in part by the order of
events in history. Not without interest will the reader
remark that the subjects offer themselves to us now
as they did to the old philosophers of Greece. We
still deal with the same questions about which they dis-
puted. "What is God? What is the soul? What is
the world ? How is it governed ? Have we any stand-
ard or criterion of truth ? And the thoughtful reader
 PREFACE. *iii

will earnestly ask, " Are our solutions of these prob-

lems any better than theirs ?"
The general argument of this book, then, is as fol-
lows:
I first direct attention to the origin of modern sci-
ence as distinguished from ancient, by depending on
observation, experiment, and mathematical discussion,
instead of mere speculation, and shall show that it was
a consequence of the Macedonian campaigns, which
brought Asia and Europe into contact. A brief sketch
of those campaigns, and of the Museum of Alexandria,
illustrates its character.
Then with brevity I recall the well-known origin
of Christianity, and show its advance to the attainment
of imperial power, the transformation it underwent by
its incorporation with paganism, the existing religion
of the Roman Empire. A clear conception of its in-
compatibility with science caused it to suppress forcibly
the Schools of Alexandria. It was constrained to this
by the political necessities of its position.
The parties to the conflict thus placed, I next relate
the story of their first open struggle; it is the first or
Southern Reformation. The point in dispute had re-
spect to the nature of God. It involved the rise of
Mohammedanism. Its result was, that much of Asia
and Africa, with the historic cities Jerusalem, Alex-
andria, and Carthage, were wrenched from Christendom,
and the doctrine of the Unity of God established in the
larger portion of what had been the Roman Empire.
 PREFACE.

This political event was followed by the restoration

of science, the establishment of colleges, schools, libra-
ries, throughout the dominions of the Arabians. Those
conquerors, pressing forward rapidly in their intellect-
ual development, rejected the anthropomorphic ideas of
the nature of God remaining in their popular belief,
and accepted other more philosophical ones, akin to
those that had long previously been attained to in
India. The result of this was a second conflict, that
respecting the nature of the soul. Under the designa-
tion of Averroism, there came into prominence the the-
ories of Emanation and Absorption. At the close of the
middle ages the Inquisition succeeded in excluding
those doctrines from Europe, and now the Vatican
Council has formally and solemnly anathematized them.
Meantime, through the cultivation of astronomy,
geography, and other sciences, correct views had been
gained as to the position and relations of the earth, and
as to the structure of the world; and since Religion,
resting itself on what was assumed to be the proper
interpretation of the Scriptures, insisted that the earth
is the central and most important part of the universe,
a third conflict broke out. In this Galileo led the way
on the part of Science. Its issue was the overthrow of
the Church on the question in dispute. Subsequently a
subordinate controversy arose respecting the age of the
world, the Church insisting that it is only about six
thousand years old. In this she was again overthrown.
The light of history and of science had been gradu-
 PREFACE. XV

ally spreading over Europe. In the sixteenth century

the prestige of Eoman Christianity was greatly dimin-
ished by the intellectual reverses it had experienced,
and also by its political and moral condition. It was
clearly seen by many pious men that Religion was not
accountable for the false position in which she was
found, but that the misfortune was directly traceable to
the alliance she had of old contracted with Roman pa-
ganism. The obvious remedy, therefore, was a return
to primitive purity. Thus arose the fourth conflict,
known to us as the Reformation—the second or North-
ern Reformation. The special form it assumed was a
contest respecting the standard or criterion of truth,
whether it is to be found in the Church or in the
Bible. The determination of this involved a settle-
ment of the rights of reason, or intellectual freedom.
Luther, who is the conspicuous man of the epoch, car-
ried into effect his intention with no inconsiderable
success; and at the close of the struggle it was found
that Northern Europe was lost to Roman Christianity.
We are now in the midst of a controversy respecting
the mode of government of the world, whether it be by
incessant divine intervention, or by the operation of pri-
mordial and unchangeable law. The intellectual move-
ment of Christendom has reached that point which
Arabism had attained to in the tenth and eleventh cen-
turies; and doctrines which were then discussed are pre-
senting themselves again for review; such are those of
Evolution, Creation, Development.
 PKEFACE.

Offered under these general titles, I think it will be

found that all the essential points of this great contro-
versy are included. By grouping under these compre-
hensive heads the facts to be considered, and dealing
with each group separately, we shall doubtless acquire
clear views of their inter-connection and their histori-
cal succession.
I have treated of these conflicts as nearly as I con-
veniently could in their proper chronological order, and,
for the sake of completeness, have added chapters on—
An examination of what Latin Christianity has done
for modern civilization.
A corresponding examination of what Science has
done.
The attitude of Roman Christianity in the impend-
ing conflict, as defined by the Vatican Council.

The attention of many truth-seeking persons has

been so exclusively given to the details of sectarian dis-
sensions, that the long strife, to the history of which
these pages are devoted, is popularly but little known.
Having tried to keep steadfastly in view the determina-
tion to write this work in an impartial spirit, to speak
with respect of the contending parties, but never to con-
ceal the truth, I commit it to the considerate judgment
of the thoughtful reader.
JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER.

UNIVERSITY, N E W YORK, December, 1873.

 CONTENTS,

CHAPTER I.
THE ORIGIN OF SCIENCE.

Religious condition of the Greeks in the fourth century before Christ—

Their invasion of the Persian Empire brings them in contact with
new aspects of Nature, and familiarizes them with new religious sys-
tems.—The military, engineering, and scientific activity, stimulated
by the Macedonian campaigns, leads to the establishment in Alex-
andria of an institute, the Museum, for the cultivation of knowledge
by experiment, observation, and mathematical discussion.—It is the
origin of Science PAGE 1

CHAPTER II.
THE OEIGIN OF CHRISTIANITY.—ITS TRANSFORMATION ON ATTAIN-
ING IMPERIAL POWER.—ITS RELATIONS TO SCIENCE.

Religious condition of the Roman Republic.— The adoption of imperial-

ism leads to monotheism.— Christianity spreads over the Roman
Jtfmpire.—The circumstances under which it attained imperial power
make its union with Paganism a political necessity. — Tertullian's
description of its doctrines and pi'actices.—Debasing effect of the
policy of Constantine on it.—Its alliance with the civil power.—Its
incompatibility with science.—Destruction of the Alexandrian Li-
brary and prohibition of philosophy.—Exposition of the Augustinian
philosophy and Patristic science generally.—The Scriptures made the
standard of science p. 34
a2
 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER III.
CONFLICT RESPECTING THE DOCTRINE OF THE UNITY OF GOD.—
THE FIRST OE SOUTHERN REFORMATION.

The Egyptians insist on the introduction of the worship of the Virgin

Mary.— They are resisted by Nestor, the Patriarch of Constantinople,
but eventually, through their influence with the emperor, cause Nes~
tor's exile and the dispersion of his followers.
Prelude to the Southern Reformation.—The Persian attack; its moral
effects.
The Arabian Reformation.—Mohammed is brought in contact with the
Nestorians.—He adopts and extends their principles, rejecting the
worship of the Virgin, the doctrine of the Trinity, and every thing
in opposition to the unity of God.—He extinguishes idolatry in
Arabia, by force, and prepares to make war on the Roman Empire.
—His successors conquer Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor, North Africa,
Spain, and invade France.
As the result of this conflict, the doctrine of the unity of God was estab-
lished in the greater part of the Roman Empire.— The cultivation of
science was restored, and Christendom lost many of her most illustrious
capitals, as Alexandria, Carthage, and, above all, Jerusalem PAGE 68

CHAPTER IV.
THE RESTORATION OF SCIENCE IN THE SOUTH.

By the influence of the Nestorians and Jews, the Arabians are turned to
the cultivation of Science.—They modify their views as to the destiny
of man, and obtain true conceptions respecting the structure of the
world.— They ascertain the size of the earth, and determine its shape.
—Their khalifs colled great libraries, patronize every department of
science and literature, establish astronomical observatories. — They
develop the mathematical sciences, invent algebra, and improve geom-
etry and trigonometry.—They collect and translate the old Greek
mathematical and astronomical works, and adopt the inductive method
of Aristotle.—They establish many colleges, and, with the aid of the
Nestorians, organize a public-school system. — They introduce the
Arabic numerals and arithmetic, and catalogue and give names to
the stars.—They lay the foundation of modern astronomy, chemistry\
and physics, and introduce great improvements in agriculture and
manufactures p. 102
 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.
CONFLICT RESPECTING THE NATURE OF THE SOUL.—DOCTRINE OF
EMANATION AND ABSORPTION.
European ideas respecting the soul.—It resembles the form of the body.
Philosophical views of the Orientals,— The Vedic theology and Buddhism
assert the doctrine of emanation and absorption.—It is advocated by
Aristotle, who is followed by the Alexandrian school, and subsequently
by the Jews and Arabians.—It is found in the writings of Erigena.
Connection of this doctrine with the theory of conservation and corre-
lation of force.—Parallel between the origin and destiny of the body
and the soul.— The necessity of founding human on comparative
psychology.
Averroism, which is based on these facts, is brought into Christendom
through Spain and Sicily.
History of the repression of Averroism.—Revolt of Islam against it.—
Antagonism of the Jewish synagogues. — Its destruction undertaken
by the papacy.—Institution of the Inquisition in Spain.—Frightful
persecutions and their results.—Expulsion of the Jews and Moors.—
Overthrow of Averroism in Europe.—Decisive action of the late
Vatican Council PAGE 119

CHAPTER VI.
CONFLICT RESPECTING THE NATURE OF THE WORLD.

Scriptural view of the world: the earth aflat surface ; location of heaven
and hell.
Scientific view : the earth a globe ; its size determined ; its position in and
relations to the solar system.—The three great voyages.—Columbus,
De Gama, Magellan.— Circumnavigation of the earth.—Determina-
tion of its curvature by the measurement of a degree and by the pen-
dulum.
The discoveries of Copernicus.—Invention of the telescope.— Galileo
brought before the Inquisition.—His punishment.— Victory over the
Church.
Attempts to ascertain the dimensions of the solar system.—Determination
of the sun's parallax by the transits of Venus.—Insignificance of
the earth and man.
Ideas respecting the dimensions of the universe.—Parallax of the stars.—
The plurality of worlds asserted by Bruno.—He is seized and mur-
dered by the Inquisition p. 152
x x CONTENTS.

CHAPTEK VII.
CONTROVERSY RESPECTING THE AGE OF THE EARTH.

Scriptural view that the earth is only six thousand years oldy and thai it
was made in a week.—Patristic chronology founded on the ages of the
patriarchs.—Difficulties arising from different estimates in different
versions of the Bible.
Legend of the Deluge.—The repeopling.—The Tower of Babel; the con-
fusion of tongues.—The primitive language.
Discovery by Cassini of the oblateness of the planet Jupiter.—Discovery by
Newton of the oblateness of the Earth.—Deduction that she has been
modeled by mechanical causes.— Confirmation of this by geological
discoveries respecting aqueous rocks; corroboration by organic re-
mains.—The necessity of admitting enormously long periods of time.
—Displacement of the doctrine of Creation by that of Evolution.
Discoveries respecting the Antiquity of Man.
The time-scale and space-scale of the world are infinite.—Moderation
with which the discussion of the Age of the World has been con-
ducted . . . . . PAGE 182

CHAPTER VIII.
CONFLICT RESPECTING THE CRITERION OF TRUTH.

Ancient philosophy declares that man has no means of ascertaining the

truth.
Differences of belief arise among the early Christians.—An ineffectual at-
tempt is made to remedy them by Councils.—Miracle and ordeal proof
introduced.
The papacy resorts to auricular confession and the Inquisition.—It per-
petrates frightful atrocities for the suppression of differences of
opinion.
Effect of the discovery of the Pandects of Justinian and development of the
canon law on the nature of evidence.—It becomes more scientific.
The Reformation establishes the rights of individual reason.—Catholicism
asserts that the criterion of truth is in the Church. It restrains the
reading of books by the Index Expurgatorius, and combats dissent
by such means as the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Eve.
Examination of the authenticity of the Pentateuch as the Protestant crite-
rion.—Spurious character of those books.
For Science the criterion of truth is to be found in the revelations of Na-
ture : for the Protestant^ it is in the Scriptures ; for the Catholic, in
an infallible Pope . . . . . . . . P. 201
 CONTENTS. xxi

CHAPTER IX.
CONTROVERSY RESPECTING THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNIVERSE.

There are two conceptions of the government of the world: 1. By Provi-

dence; 2. By Law.— The former maintained by the priesthood.—Sketch
of the introduction of the latter.
Kepler discovers the laws that preside over the solar system.—His works are
denounced by papal authority. —The foundations of mechanical phi-
losophy are laid by Da Vinci.— Galileo discovers the fundamental laws
of Dynamics.—Newton applies them to the movements of the celestial
bodies, and shows that the solar system is governed by mathematical
necessity.—Herschel extends that conclusion to the universe. — Tlie
nebular hypothesis.—Theological exceptions to it.
Evidences of the control of law in the construction of the earth, and in the
development of the animal and plant series.—They arose by Evolu-
tion, not by Creation.
The reign of law is exhibited by the historic career of human societies, and
in the case of individual man.
Partial adoption of this view by some of the Reformed Churches P. 228

CHAPTER X.
LATIN CHRISTIANITY IN RELATION TO MODERN CIVILIZATION.

For more than a thousand years Latin Christianity controlled the intelli-
gence of Europe, and is responsible for the result.
That result is manifested by the condition of the city of Rome at the Ref-
ormation, and by the condition of the Continent of Europe in domes-
tic and social life.—European nations suffered under the coexistence
of a dual government, a spiritual and a temporal.—They were im-
mersed in ignorance, superstition, discomfort.—Explanation of the
failure of Catholicism.—Political history of the papacy: it was
transmuted from a spiritual confederacy into an absolute monarchy.
—Action of the College of Cardinals and the Curia.—Demoraliza-
tion that ensued from the necessity of raising large revenues.
The advantages accruing to Europe during the Catholic rule arose not from
direct intention, but were incidental.
The general result is, that the political influence of Catholicism was preju-
dicial to modern civilization p. 245
xxii CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XL
SCIENCE IN RELATION TO MODERN CIVILIZATION.

Illustration of the general influences of Science from the history of America.

THE INTRODUCTION OF SCIENCE INTO EUROPE.—It passedfrom Moorish Spain
to Upper Italy, and was favored by the absence of the popes at Avignon.
— The effects of printing, of maritime adventure, and of the Refor-
mation.—Establishment of the Italian scientific societies.
THE INTELLECTUAL INFLUENCE OF SCIENCE.—It changed the mode and the
direction of thought in Europe.—TJie transactions of the Royal So-
ciety of London, and other scientific societies, furnish an illustration
of this.
THE ECONOMICAL INFLUENCE OF SCIENCE is illustrated by the numerous me-
chanical and physical inventions, made since the fourteenth century.—
Their influence on health and domestic life, on the arts of peace and
of war.
Answer to the question, Wliat has Science done for humanity? PAGE 286

CHAPTER XII.
THE IMPENDING CRISIS.

Indications of the approach of a religious crisis.—The predominating

Christian Church, the Roman, perceives this, and makes preparation
for it.—Pius IX. convokes an (Ecumenical Council.—Relations of the
different European governments to the papacy.—Relations of the
Church to Science, as indicated by the Encyclical Letter and the Syl-
labus.
Acts of the Vatican Council in relation to the infallibility of the pope, and
to Science.—Abstract of decisions arrived at.
Controversy between the Prussian Government and the papacy.—It is a con-
test between the State and the Church for supremacy.—Effect of dual
government in Europe.—Declaration by the Vatican Council of its
position as to Science.—The dogmatic constitution of the Catholic faith.
—Its definitions respecting God, Revelation, Faith, Reason. — The
anathemas it pronounces.—Its denunciation of modern civilization.
The Protestant Evangelical Alliance and its acts.
General review of the foregoing definitions and acts.—Present condition of
the controversy, and its future prospects . . . . P . 327
 HISTORY OF THE OOISTFLIOT

BETWEEN

KELIGIOST AND SCIENCE,

CHAPTEE I.
THE ORIGIN OF SCIENCE.

Religious condition of the Greeks in the fourth century before Christ.—

Their invasion of the Persian Empire brings them in contact with
new aspects of Nature, and familiarizes them with new religious sys-
tems.—The military, engineering, and scientific activity, stimulated by
the Macedonian campaigns, leads to the establishment in Alexandria
of an institute, the Museum, for the cultivation of knowledge by ex-
periment, observation, and mathematical discussion.—It is the origin
of Science.

spectacle can be presented to the thoughtful

mind more solemn, more mournful, than that of the
dying of an ancient religion, which in its day has given
consolation to many generations of men.
Four centuries before the birth of Christ, Greece
was fast outgrowing her ancient faith. Her philoso-
phers, in their studies of the world, had been pro-
foundly impressed with the contrast between the ma-
jesty of the operations of Nature and the worthlessness
of the divinities of Olympus. Her historians, consid-
ering the orderly course of political affairs, the manifest
B
2 GREEK MYTHOLOGY.

uniformity in the acts of men, and that there was no

event occurring before their eyes for which they could
not find an obvious cause in some preceding event,
began to suspect that the miracles and celestial inter-
ventions, with which the old annals were filled, were
only fictions. They demanded, when the age of the
supernatural had ceased, why oracles had become mute,
and why there were now no more prodigies in the
world.
Traditions, descending from immemorial antiquity,
and formerly accepted by pious men as unquestionable
truths, had filled the islands of the Mediterranean and
the conterminous countries with supernatural wonders—
enchantresses, sorcerers, giants, ogres, harpies, gorgons,
centaurs, cyclops. The azure vault was the floor of
heaven; there Zeus, surrounded by the gods with their
wives and mistresses, held his court, engaged in pur-
suits like those of men, and not refraining from acts of
human passion and crime.
A sea-coast broken by numerous indentations, an
archipelago with some of the most lovely islands in the
world, inspired the Greeks with a taste for maritime
life, for geographical discovery, and colonization. Their
ships wandered all over the Black and Mediterranean
Seas. The time-honored wonders that had been glori-
fied in the " Odyssey," and sacred in public faith, were
found to have no existence. As a better knowledge of
Nature was obtained, the sky was shown to be an illu-
sion ; it was discovered that there is no Olympus, noth-
ing above but space and stars. With the vanishing of
their habitation, the gods disappeared, both thosa of the
Ionian type of Homer and those of the Doric of Hesiod.
But this did not take place without resistance. At
first, the public, and particularly its religious portion, de-
 EFFECTS OF DISCOVERY AND CRITICISM. 3

nounced the rising doubts as atheism. They despoiled

some of the offenders of their goods, exiled others;
some they put to death. They asserted that what had
been believed by pions men in the old times, and had
stood the test of ages, must necessarily be true. Then,
as the opposing evidence became irresistible, they were
content to admit that these marvels were allegories
under which the wisdom of the ancients had concealed
many sacred and mysterious things. They tried to rec-
oncile, what now in their misgivings they feared might
be myths, with their advancing intellectual state. But
their efforts were in vain, for there are predestined
phases through which on such an occasion public opin-
ion must pass. What it has received with veneration it
begins to doubt, then it offers new interpretations, then
subsides into dissent, and ends with a rejection of the
whole as a mere fable.
In their secession the philosophers and historians
were followed by the poets. Euripides incurred the
odium of heresy. ^Eschylus narrowly escaped being
stoned to death for blasphemy. But the frantic efforts
of those who are interested in supporting delusions
must always end in defeat. The demoralization resist-
lessly extended through every branch of literature, until
at length it reached the common people.
Greek philosophical criticism had lent its aid to
Greek philosophical discovery in this destruction of the
national faith. It sustained by many arguments the
wide-spreading unbelief. It compared the doctrines of
the different schools with each other, and showed from
their contradictions that man has no criterion of truth;
that, since his ideas of what is good and what is evil
differ according to the country in which he lives, they
can have no foundation in Nature, but must be alto-
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