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Collection Highlights

Advances in Communication, Devices and Networking:

Proceedings of ICCDN 2018 Rabindranath Bera

Microwave Active Devices and Circuits for Communication

Subhash Chandra Bera

Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

Global Networking, Communication and Culture: Conflict or

Convergence? Halit Ünver
Advances in Memristors Memristive Devices and Systems 1st
Edition Sundarapandian Vaidyanathan

Advances in Information and Communication Technologies:

Processing and Control in Information and Communication
Systems Mykhailo Ilchenko

Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics in Healthcare and

Medical Devices Nancy J. Lightner

Advances in Information and Communication Technology and

Systems Mykhailo Ilchenko

Fibre Optic Communication: Key Devices 2nd Edition Herbert

Venghaus
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 462

Rabindranath Bera
Subir Kumar Sarkar
Swastika Chakraborty
Editors

Advances in
Communication,
Devices and
Networking
Proceedings of ICCDN 2017
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Volume 462

Board of Series editors

Leopoldo Angrisani, Napoli, Italy
Marco Arteaga, Coyoacán, México
Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, New Delhi, India
Samarjit Chakraborty, München, Germany
Jiming Chen, Hangzhou, P.R. China
Shanben Chen, Shanghai, China
Tan Kay Chen, Singapore, Singapore
Rüdiger Dillmann, Karlsruhe, Germany
Haibin Duan, Beijing, China
Gianluigi Ferrari, Parma, Italy
Manuel Ferre, Madrid, Spain
Sandra Hirche, München, Germany
Faryar Jabbari, Irvine, USA
Limin Jia, Beijing, China
Janusz Kacprzyk, Warsaw, Poland
Alaa Khamis, New Cairo City, Egypt
Torsten Kroeger, Stanford, USA
Qilian Liang, Arlington, USA
Tan Cher Ming, Singapore, Singapore
Wolfgang Minker, Ulm, Germany
Pradeep Misra, Dayton, USA
Sebastian Möller, Berlin, Germany
Subhas Mukhopadhyay, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Cun-Zheng Ning, Tempe, USA
Toyoaki Nishida, Kyoto, Japan
Federica Pascucci, Roma, Italy
Yong Qin, Beijing, China
Gan Woon Seng, Singapore, Singapore
Germano Veiga, Porto, Portugal
Haitao Wu, Beijing, China
Junjie James Zhang, Charlotte, USA
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Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE) is a book series which reports the latest research
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Rabindranath Bera Subir Kumar Sarkar
•

Swastika Chakraborty
Editors

Advances in Communication,
Devices and Networking
Proceedings of ICCDN 2017

123
Editors
Rabindranath Bera Swastika Chakraborty
Department of Electronics Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering and Communication Engineering
Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology
Majitar, Rangpo, Sikkim Majitar, Rangpo, Sikkim
India India

Subir Kumar Sarkar

Department of Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineering
Jadavpur University
Kolkata, West Bengal
India

ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
ISBN 978-981-10-7900-9 ISBN 978-981-10-7901-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7901-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018930103

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Preface

International Conference on Communication, Devices and Networking (ICCDN

2017) is organized by the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Majitar, Sikkim, during 3–4
June 2017.
The aim of the conference is to provide a platform for researchers, engineers,
academicians and industry professionals to present their recent research works and
to explore future trends in various areas of engineering. The conference also brings
together both novice and experienced scientists and developers, to explore newer
scopes, collect new ideas, establish new cooperation between research groups and
exchange ideas, information, techniques and applications in the fields of electronics,
communication, devices and networking.
The ICCDN 2017 committees rigorously invited submissions for many months
from researchers, scientists, engineers, students and practitioners related to the rel-
evant themes and tracks of the conference. The call for papers of the conference was
divided into six tracks as mentioned: Track-1: Electronics and Nanotechnology,
Track-2: Energy and Power, Track-3: Microwave, Track-4: Wireless Communi-
cation and Digital Signal Processing, Track-5: Control and Instrumentation, and
Track-6: Data Communication and Networking.
All the submissions underwent a strenuous peer review process which comprised
expert reviewers. The papers were then reviewed based on their contributions,
technical content, originality and clarity. The entire process, which includes the
submission, review and acceptance processes, was done electronically. A total of
263 papers have been received out of which 101 papers have been accepted. All
these efforts undertaken by the Organizing Committees led to a high-quality
technical conference programme, which featured high-impact presentations from
guest speakers and from paper presenters. All attendees appreciated and expanded
their expertise in the latest developments in their relevant fields.

v
vi Preface

We would like to thank the Patrons, General Chairs, the members of the
Technical Programme Committees, Advisory Committees and reviewers for their
excellent and tireless work. We also want to thank Springer for the support and the
authors for the success of the conference.

Majitar, Rangpo, India Rabindranath Bera

Kolkata, India Subir Kumar Sarkar
Majitar, Rangpo, India Swastika Chakraborty
Organization

CHIEF PATRON
Dr. Somnath Mishra, VC, SMU

PATRON
Dr. Ashis Sharma, Registrar, SMU
Dr. Amik Garg, Director, SMIT
Dr. Sadasivan Thekkey Veetil, Addl. Director, SMIT

GENERAL CHAIR
Dr. Rabindranath Bera, ECE, SMIT

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Dr. Hiroshi Iwai, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
Dr. Durgamadhab Misra, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), NJ, US
Dr. Valentina Emilia Balas, Romania
Dr. EfeFrancis Orunmwense, CRART, South Africa
Dr. Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay, Macquarie University, Australia
Dr. Rajeev Kumar Kanth, University of Turku, Finland
Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Technicolor, Rennes, France
Dr. BabuSena Paul, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
Dr. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Dr. Mrinal Kanti Ghose, SMIT
Dr. Sanjay Dahal, Dean, SMIT
Dr. Rabindranath Bera, SMIT
Dr. Ajoy Kr. Ray, SMIT
Dr. Ajeya Jha, SMIT
Dr. Karma Sonam Sherpa, SMIT
Dr. Kalpana Sharma, SMIT
Dr. B. B. Pradhan, SMIT

vii
viii Organization

Dr. H. K. D. Sarma, SMIT

Prof. C. J. Thomas, SMIT
Dr. Sangeeta Jha, SMIT
Dr. Vinod Kumar Sayal, SMIT
Dr. Gobinda Chandra Mishra, SMIT
Dr. D. R. Poddar, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Dr. J. P. Banerjee, IRPEL, CU
Dr. Sayan Chatterjee, Jadavpur University
Dr. Kiran Shankar Hazra, Scientist, Institute of Nano Sci. and Tech.
Dr. Rohit Sinha, IIT Guwahati
Dr. Rajib Kumar Panigrahi, IIT Roorkee
Dr. Ratnajit Bhattacharjee, IIT Guwahati
Dr. Shaik Rafi Ahamed, IIT Guwahati
Mr. Chinmay Kumar Nayak, SC-E, DRDO, Chandipur
Dr. Singam Jayanthu, NIT Rourkela
Dr. Kanak Chandra Sarma, Gauhati University
Dr. B. K. Rai, IIT Guwahati
Dr. Subir Kumar Sarkar, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Dr. Rowdra Ghatak, NIT Durgapur
Dr. V. Sarala, SC-F, DRDO, Hyderabad
Dr. Monojit Mitra, IIEST, Shibpur
Mr. Arijit Mazumdar, SC-E, SAMEER, Kolkata
Dr. Bansibadan Maji, NIT, Durgapur
Dr. Samarjit Ghosh, Thapar University, Punjab
Dr. Debdatta Kandar, NEHU, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Dr. RajeebDey, NIT, Silchar
Dr. Roy P. Paily, IIT, Guwahati
Dr. Abhilasha Mishra, Maharashtra Institute of Technology
Dr. Sumana Kumari, University Polytechnic, B.I.T. Mesra
Dr. Nagendra Pratap Singh, IIT-BHU
Dr. Sanjay Kumar Ghosh, Bose Institute, Kolkata
Dr. C. K. Sarkar, Jadavpur University
Dr. Sujit Kumar Biswas, Jadavpur University
Dr. P. C. Pradhan, SMIT
Dr. S. R. M. Prasanna, IIT Guwahati
Dr. P. K. Bora, IIT Guwahati
Dr. Kuntal Deka From IIIT
Dr. Rahul Shrestha, IIT Mandi
Dr. Jolly Dhar, Sc – F, ISRO-SAC
Dr. Ajit Pal, IIT Kharagpur
Dr. Debadatta Pati, NIT Nagaland
Organization ix

TECHNICAL PROGRAMME COMMITTEE

Dr. Rabindranath Bera, SMIT
Dr. Subir Kumar Sarkar, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Rennes, France
Dr. Babu Sena Paul, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
Dr. Rajeev Kumar Kanth, University of Turku
Dr. Ashik Paul, IRPEL, CU
Dr. Angsuman Sarkar, Kalyani Govt. Eng. College, Kalyani
Dr. Himadri Sekhar Dutta, Kalyani Govt. Eng. College, Kalyani
Dr. Prolay Saha, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
Dr. Sanatan Chattopadhyay, University of Calcutta
Dr. Kaustavl, Physics Department, Jadavpur University
Dr. Valentina Emilia Balas, Romania
Dr. Nagendra Pratap Singh, Banaras Hindu University
Dr. Rajeeb Dey, National Institute of Technology, Silchar
Dr. Roy P. Paily, IITG
Dr. Abhilasha Mishra, Maharashtra Institute of Technology
Dr. Sumana Kumari, University Polytechnic, B.I.T. Mesra
Dr. Debdatta Kandar, NEHU
Dr. P. K. Banerjee, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Dr. Sukla Bose, Kalyani Govt. Eng. College, Kalyani
Dr. Saurabh Das, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
Mrs. Barnali Dey, SMIT
Dr. L. Joyprakash Singh, NEHU
Mr. S. K. Dutta, NEHU
Dr. Sam Darshi, IIT Ropar
Mr. Pranab Kishore Dutta, NERIST
Dr. Brijesh Kumbhani, IIT Ropar
Mr. Madhusudhan Mishra, NERIST
Dr. Murli Manohar, IIIT Manipur
Dr. Anjan Kundu, IRPEL, CU
Dr. Dipanjan Bhattacharjee, SMIT
Dr. Md Ruhul Islam, SMIT
Md. Nasir Ansari, SMIT
Mr. Amit Kumar Singh, SMIT
Dr. Mousumi Gupta, SMIT
Dr. Samarjeet Borah, SMIT
Dr. Utpal Deka, SMIT
Dr. Bibhu Prasad Swain, SMIT
Dr. Somenath Chatterjee, SMIT
Dr. Sourav Dhar, SMIT
Dr. Tanushree Bose Roy, SMIT
Mr. Akash Kumar Bhoi, SMIT
Dr. Amrita Biswas, SMIT
Dr. Swastika Chakraborty, SMIT
x Organization

Mr. Hemanta Saikia, SMIT

Mr. Debjyoti Ghosh, SMIT
Mr. Om Prakash Singh, SMIT
Ms. Soumyasree Bera, SMIT
Mr. Arun Kumar Singh, SMIT
Mr. Samarendra Nath Sur, SMIT
Mr. Amit Agarwal, SMIT
Dr. Swanirbhar Majumder, NERIST
Dr. Nagesh Ch, IIIT Manipur
Dr. Satyabrata Das, VSSUT, Burla
Dr. Rajib Jana, NIT AP
Dr. J. P. Singh, NIT Patna
Dr. Jitendra Mohan, JIIT Noida
Mrs. Deepika Hazarika, Tezpur University
Dr. Vijay Kumar Nath, Tezpur University
Dr. Aheibam Dinamani Singh, NERIST
Ms. Sayantani roy
Mr. Rochan banstola
Mr. Surya prakash tamang
Mr. Saumya das
Mr. Suman das
Mr. Himangshu pal
Ms. Tinku biswas
Ms. Rijhi dey

CONVENER
Mr. Samarendra Nath Sur

Co-CONVENER
Mr. Soumyasree Bera
Mr. Arun Kumar Singh
Mr. Amit Agarwal
Contents

Modelling of Thermoelectric and Conduction Mechanism of

Multi-nanoribbon Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Amit Agarwal, P. C. Pradhan and Bibhu P. Swain
Stabilization of Pulsed IMPATT Oscillator at W Band Over Extended
Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Sukhendu Bhanja, Mousumi Sarkar, Tanmay Ghoshal and Arijit Majumder
Geometrically Intricate Oxide-Based Heterostructure Over Flexible
Platform: Morphology-Induced Catalytic Performance Enhancement
Under UV Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Subhasish Thakur, Soumen Maiti, Shreyasi Pal
and Kalyan Kumar Chattopadhyay
Investigation of Super-Gaussian Pulse Amplification in Semiconductor
Optical Amplifier (SOA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Mijanur Rahim and Md. Asraful Sekh
Design of an Energy Efficient, Low Phase Noise Current-Starved VCO
Using Pseudo-NMOS Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Moumita Das, Posiba Mostafa, Antardipan Pal, Debmalya Das
and Sayan Chatterjee
Performance Comparison of 1-Bit Conventional and Hybrid Full
Adder Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Inamul Hussain and Saurabh Chaudhury
VLSI Implementation of Booth’s Multiplier Using Different Adders . . . 51
Ujjaljyoti Sarkar, Rongan Nath and Suman Das
A Density Functional Theory-Based Study of Electronic and Optical
Properties of Anatase Titanium Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Debashish Dash, Saurabh Chaudhury and Susanta Kumar Tripathy

xi
xii Contents

Performance Analysis of a Front High-K Gate Stack Dual-Material

Tri-gate SON MOSFET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Pritha Banerjee, Anup Sarkar, Dinesh Kumar Dash
and Subir Kumar Sarkar
Comparative Study of n-ZnO/SiO2/p-Si and Pd/n-ZnO/SiO2/p-Si Thin
Film-Based H2 Sensor Fabricated by Sol-gel Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Sreeparna Barua, Anup Dey, Subhashis Roy and Subir Kumar Sarkar
Complementary Energy Path Adiabatic Logic-Based Adder Design
in 32 Nm FinFET Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Suresh Kumar Pittala and A. Jhansi Rani
Analytical Modeling and Simulation of Triple Metal Front Gate Stack
DG-MOSFET with Graded Channel (GC-TMDG MOSFET) . . . . . . . . 97
Priyanka Saha, Saheli Sarkhel, Dinesh Kumar Dash, Suvam Senapati
and Subir Kumar Sarkar
Integrated TTL Driver with SPDT Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Priyanka Shukla, Rakhi Kumari and Rabindranath Bera
A 3D Analytical Modeling of Dual-Metal Tri-Gate Silicon-On-Nothing
Tunneling Field Effect Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Esita Mitra, Dinesh Kumar Dash and Subir Kumar Sarkar
Modeling of Lead-Free CH3NH3SnI3-Based Perovskite Solar Cell
Using ZnO as ETL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Tapas Chakrabarti, Malay Saha, Ambar Khanda and Subir Kumar Sarkar
Experimental Investigation on Mustard Oil-Based Alumina Nanofluid
Under Varying Temperature and Humid Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Sachin Thakur, Jaspreet Singh Chahal and Sunny Vig
Optimization Method for Unit Commitment in High-Level Wind
Generation and Solar Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Saket Saurabh and MdIrfan Ahmed
An Implicit Approach to Minimize the Reactive Power of a 765 kV
Interconnected Bus System in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Rishiraj Sarker, Debaparna Sengupta, Susanta Kumar Bhattacharya
and Asim Datta
A CFS–DNN-Based Intrusion Detection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Sayak Paul, Chandan Banerjee and Moinak Ghoshal
A Compact Ku-Band Bandpass Filter with Wide Upper Stopband
Using SIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Atiqur Rahman, Sushanta Kabir Dutta and Pankaj Sarkar
Contents xiii

A Corporate Feed Network Optimization for Performance

Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Seyi Stephen Olokede and Babu Sena Paul
A Reconfigurable Defected Ground Structure Resonator Based
on Coplanar Waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Amit Baran Dey, Arnab Nandi, Vinay Kumar Verma and Banani Basu
Assessment of Wind Energy Potential in Northeastern Cities
of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Singh Rahul and Om Prakash
A Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis-Based Framework
for Fault Diagnosis in Autonomous Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
S. Pratiher, M. Mukherjee and N. Haque
A Work on Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic System Using Particle
Swarm Optimization Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Bharti and Akhil Gupta
Review of Small-Signal Analysis of Microgrid
in Islanding Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Dhanprakash Singh, Kamal Kant Sharma, Inderpreet Kaur
and Balwinder Singh
Optimization of Wind Power Using Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Dinesh Chauhan and Sunny Vig
Cost Analysis of Hybrid Power System Design Using Homer . . . . . . . . . 247
Gopal Thakur, Kamal Kant Sharma, Inderpreet Kaur and Balwinder Singh
Stability Investigation for a 100 kW Solar Photovoltaic
Grid-Connected System Using D-STATCOM Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Akhil Gupta and Kapil Verma
Comparative Review on Microgrid Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Susheel Kumar and Inderpreet Kaur
Solution of Economic Load Dispatch Problems Through Moth Flame
Optimization Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Princi Tripati, Upendra Tomar, Vinod Kumar Singh
and Akash Kumar Bhoi
Noise Reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images Using Fuzzy and
Self-Organizing Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Kishore Medhi, Khwairakpam Amitab, Debdatta Kandar
and Babusena Paul
xiv Contents

Design of a Quasi-Lumped Resonator Antenna Array Based

on a Novel Optimized Corporate Network Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Seyi Stephen Olokede and Babu Sena Paul
Development of a Drowsy Driver Detection System Based on EEG and
IR-based Eye Blink Detection Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Oindrila Sinha, Soumendra Singh, A. Mitra, S. K. Ghosh and S. Raha
Microstrip Patch Antenna with Fractal Structure Using Superstrate
Operating in ISM Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Shreema Manna, Tanushree Bose and Rabindranath Bera
Assessment of Pulse-Doppler Radar and Digital
Beamforming Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Nima Donka Tamang, Samarendra Nath Sur, Soumyasree Bera
and Rabindranath Bera
FMCW Waveform-Based Vehicular Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Additi Mrinal Singh and Rabindranath Bera
Multiband Slotted Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Rajshri, Saumya Das and Tanushree Bose
Multi Resonant Textile Antenna with Partial Ground for Multiband
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Rahul Saini, Vinod Kumar Singh, Niharika Singh, J. P. Saini
and Akash Kumar Bhoi
Microstrip Textile Antenna with Jeans Substrate with Applications in
S-Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Niharika Singh, Vinod Kumar Singh, Rahul Saini, J. P. Saini
and Akash Kumar Bhoi
Antenna for Wireless Area Network and Bluetooth Application . . . . . . 377
Manju Devi, Vinod Kumar Singh, Sanjeev Sharma and Akash Kumar Bhoi
Estimation of Frequency Band of Microstrip Antenna (MSA) with
Radial Basis Function (RBF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Ashish Kumar, Archana Lala, Vinod Kumar Singh and Akash Kumar Bhoi
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna Using Multilayer Feed-
Forward Back-Propagation Neural Network (MLPFFBP-ANN) . . . . . . 393
Poornima Singh, Vinod Kumar Singh, Archana Lala
and Akash Kumar Bhoi
Performance of SC Receiver Over OWDP Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . 399
Suparna Goswami and Aheibam Dinamani Singh
Contents xv

Performance Analysis of STBC-FSO Communication System

in Different Turbulence Regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Sonali Garg, Abhishek Dixit and Virander Kumar Jain
A Low-Cost Refractometer with Misaligned Optical Fibers . . . . . . . . . . 419
Dipankar Chetia, Tenison Basumatary, Hidam Kumarjit Singh
and Tulshi Bezboruah
Fiber Optic Sensor for Detection of Chlorine Level in Water . . . . . . . . 429
Sebina Yesmin, Dipankar Chetia, Tenison Basumatary
and Hidam Kumarjit Singh
Effect of LO Phase Noise on Front-end Receiver Performance . . . . . . . 439
Manish Kumar, T. K. Pal, B. S. V. Prasad, G. Arun Kumar,
Sukhendu Bhanja and Arijit Majumder
Design of a Proactive Distance Handover Algorithm for WSN: A Case
Study-Based Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
M. S. Saketh, N. S. Reddy and S. Dhar
Homomorphic Analysis of Vowels in Khasi Dialect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Bronson Syiem, Fairriky Rynjah and L. Joyprakash Singh
Discriminant Correlation-Based Information Fusion for Real-Time
Biomedical Signal Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Anil Hazarika, A. Sarmah, M. Boro, P. Kalita and B. K. Dev Choudhury
Development of OFDM UWB-Based RADCOMM System for Effective
Utilization in Intelligent Transportation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
M. Chakraborty, B. Maji, D. Kandar and S. Shome
Fixed-Point Design of 1024-Point CI-OFDM for DVB-Satellite to
Handheld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Rakesh Palisetty and Kailash Chandra Ray
Design of Aperture-Fed Elliptically Polarized Dielectric Resonator
Antenna for WLAN IEEE 802.11 ac Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Hashinur Islam, Saumya Das and Tanushree Bose
Broadband Glass Paperweight Dielectric Resonator Antenna
for WLAN Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Saumya Das, Hashinur Islam and Tanushree Bose
Pitch Tracking and Pitch Smoothing Methods-Based Statistical
Approach to Explore Singers’ Melody of Voice on a Set of Songs
of Tagore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Indira Chatterjee, Priya Gupta, Parthasarathi Bera and Joy Sen
Image Contrast Enhancement Using Differential Evolution . . . . . . . . . . 517
Anil Singh Parihar, Om Prakash Verma and Deepanshu Yadav
xvi Contents

Optical Character Recognition Using Minimal Complexity Machine

and Its Comparison with Existing Classifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
O. P. Verma, Eshwar Agarwal, Cherry Agrawal and Avanti Gupta
Performance Analysis of Different Models to Find Value at Risk
in the Indian Market Using a Bi-Portfolio Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Om Prakash Verma, Eshwar Agarwal, Cherry Agrawal and Avanti Gupta
Hardware Co-simulation of Reconfigurable FIR Filters on FPGA . . . . . 553
Anindita Ghosh and Debashis Chakraborty
Ranking of Sensors for ADAS—An MCDM-Based Approach . . . . . . . . 563
Jayanta Kumar Baruah, Rabindranath Bera and Sourav Dhar
Offline Signature Verification Using Radial Basis Function with
Selected Feature Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Hemanta Saikia and Kanak Chandra Sarma
A Study on Prosodic Feature-Based Automatic Classification
of Languages from Northeastern India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Sushanta Kabir Dutta and Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh
Introducing 5G Front-End Femtocell to Improve 4G Network
Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Debasish Bhaskar, Safal Sharma, Rabindranath Bera, Ganesh Sharma,
Preman Chettri and Kharka Bahadur Rai
Narrowband Hybrid Beamformation System for Doable mmWave 5G
Mobile Communication System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Safal Sharma, Debasish Bhaskar and Rabindranath Bera
Accidental Event Detection Based on Optical Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . 607
Navneet Nayan, Sanjeet Kumar and Sitanshu Sekhar Sahu
Application of 5G Waveform in Internet of Things (IoT) and Its
Impact on BER in Physical Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Pallavi Neog, Rajat Paul, Shantanu Roy and Rabindranath Bera
2D/3D Liver Segmentation from CT Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
G. K. Mourya, D. Bhatia, A. Handique, S. Warjri, A. War and S. A. Amir
Wireless Security Over a Point-to-Point 5G
Communication System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Rajat Paul, Pallavi Neog, Shantanu Roy and Rabindranath Bera
An Integrated GNSS–Microcontroller–GSM System for Various
Application Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Sujoy Mandal, Koushik Samanta, Basudev Das, Atanu Santra
and Anindya Bose
Contents xvii

Finger Detection for Hand Gesture Recognition Using Circular Hough

Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Amrita Biswas
Energy Contribution of Control Packets of AODV in Various Mobility
Models in MANET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Akash Soni, Preeti Jharia and Sonali Chouhan
Analysis and Characterization of Spectral Signature of Soil Nitrogen
Content Based on VNIR Optical Sensing for Application in Smart
Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Subra Mukherjee and Shakuntala Laskar
5G Technology Enabling the Wireless Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Rabindranath Bera, Debasish Bhaskar, Samarendra Nath Sur,
Soumyasree Bera, Arun Kumar Singh, Swastika Chakraborty,
Amit Agarwal, Ganesh Sharma, Safal Sharma, Preman Chettri
and Riwas Gurung
Lower Facial Curves Extraction for Unconstrained Face Detection in
Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Dattatray D. Sawat and Ravindra S. Hegadi
Digital Beamforming Techniques—A Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Geheshwar Sharma Ramchurn, Sanya Dhoundiyal, Arun Kumar Singh
and Bansibadan Maji
Realization of Fractional-Order Operator in Complex Domains—A
Comparative Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Jaydeep Swarnakar, Prasanta Sarkar and Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh
Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motor Using Fuzzy Logic
Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Kamal Sapkota, Arun Pradhan, Amit Kumar Singh and Prativa Rai
Speed Control of DC Motor Using Fuzzy-Based Intelligent Model
Reference Adaptive Control Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Dayarnab Baidya and Rupam Gupta Roy
Performance Analysis of Fuzzy Logic-Based Edge Detection
Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
R. Lalchhanhima, D. Kandar and Babusena Paul
Development and Performance Analysis of Stand-Alone PV-Based
Induction Motor Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Sourav Ghosh and Tapas Kumar Saha
Design of P-I Controller of Wind Turbine with Doubly Fed Induction
Generator Using Flower Pollination Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Arnab Kumar Mondal and Parthasarathi Bera
xviii Contents

Dynamic Analysis of Two-Link Robot Manipulator

for Control Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Gourab Nandy, Basukinath Chatterjee and Amartya Mukherjee
Design of P-I-D Based TCSC Controller for SMIB System Using
Artificial Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Arnab Kumar Mondal, Chiborhame Suting and Parthasarathi Bera
Nonlinear Offset Measurement and Nullification for Effective Resistive
Sensor Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
L. Dutta, A. Hazarika, M. Boro and M. Bhuyan
Fuzzy Rule-Based Set Point Weighting for PID Controller . . . . . . . . . . 797
Kausik Sen, Biswajit Chakraborty, Amit Gayen and Chanchal Dey
RBF Neural Network-Based Wavelet Packet Energy-Aided Fault
Localization on a Hybrid Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Animesh Sarkar and Bikash Patel
Design of an Adaptive Calibration Technique Using Data Fusion for
Pressure Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
K. V. Santhosh and Bhagya R. Navada
Review on Internet of Things (IoT): Making the World Smart . . . . . . . 827
Debajyoti Misra, Gautam Das and Debaprasad Das
Big Data and Data Science in Engineering Platform:
A Techno-educational Research Study in Indian Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837
P. K. Paul and Anubhav Kumar
Insight into the Cloud Computing Programs at Bachelors Levels:
Emphasizing International Universities and Indian Potentialities . . . . . . 847
P. K. Paul and M. P. Pradhan
Approaches and Measures to Detect Wormhole Attack in Wireless
Sensor Networks: A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Diksha Giri, Samarjeet Borah and Ratika Pradhan
Data Center Traffic Engineering: Multipath Routing with QoS
Guarantee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Ephermika Tariang and Nabajyoti Medhi
Two Identity-Based Aggregate Signature Schemes from Pairings . . . . . 877
Subhas Chandra Sahana, Sourav Kumar Das, Sangeeta Mashahary
and Bubu Bhuyan
Real-Time Hybrid Intrusion Detection System Using Machine
Learning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Inadyuti Dutt, Samarjeet Borah, Indra Kanta Maitra, Kuharan Bhowmik,
Ayindrilla Maity and Suvosmita Das
Contents xix

IoT-Based Monitoring and Smart Planning of Urban Solid Waste

Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
Krishangi Deka, Krishangi Goswami and Sagarika
Network Traffic Analysis and Packet Sniffing Using UDP . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Md Ruhul Islam, Tawal K. Koirala and Ferdousi Khatun
Strahler Order Classification and Analysis of Drainage Network by
Satellite Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Ferdousi Khatun and Pratikshya Sharma
Digital Pen to Convert Handwritten Trajectory to Image for Digit
Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Debjyoti Ghosh, Sanchi Goyal and Rohit Kumar
Application of Particle Swarm Optimization-TVAC Algorithm in
Power Flow Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
Poulami Ghosh and Anand Kalwar
Network-Based Digital Notice Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
Saikumar Valluru, Prachi and Arun Kumar Singh
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949
About the Editors

Prof. (Dr.) Rabindranath Bera is Head and Professor in the Department of

Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) at SMIT and has been driving
the ECE Department for 13 years. He monitors and controls academic performances
of the faculty members and students of ECE Department. He also performs R&D
activities including sponsored and in-house projects. He completed his B.Tech.,
M.Tech. and Ph.D. from Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, University of
Calcutta, Kolkata. His areas of interest are remote sensing (active and passive),
communication, 4G mobile communication, integrated sensing and communication,
adaptive signal processing and cognitive radio and radar systems, radio astronomy,
process control instrumentation. He has won the URSI ‘International Young
Scientists Award’ for the year 2005. He recently attended IEEE 5G Summit in
Kolkata during 3–4 March 2017 where he has highlighted his work towards the
award of ‘BOSE Fellowship’ in the year 1993 at Japan. The participation has lots of
appreciation for this work. Nine Ph.D. students have already completed their PhDs
under his guidance, and he is currently supervising 11 Ph.D. students. He has 3
books, 85 journal papers and 80 conference papers published to his credit.
Prof. Subir Kumar Sarkar has completed his B.Tech., M.Tech. and Ph.D. (Tech)
from Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, University of Calcutta, and
Post-Doctoral from Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), USA. He has
worked around 10 years in industry like Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
as Executive Engineer and 25 years in universities (8 years in BESU and 17 years
in JU) in different capacities. He was the Head of the Department of Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineering, Jadavpur University, during 2011–2013,
Coordinator of the evening course of M.Tech. in ‘VLSI Design and
Microelectronics Technology’ 2009–2013 and 2016–till date and Coordinator of IC
Design & Fabrication Centre, Jadavpur University, from 2016 to till date. He has
authored five engineering textbooks published by CRC Press, USA; Artech House,
USA; Pan Stanford, USA; S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., India. He has already
guided 43 Ph.D. scholars (8 more registered and currently working), 15 R&D
projects sponsored by different Government of India funding agencies have been

xxi
xxii About the Editors

completed/ongoing, published more than 600 technical research papers in archived

international/national journals and peer-reviewed conferences. His research areas
include nanodevices and low-power VLSI circuits, computer networks, digital
watermarking and RFID. He has visited several countries like USA, France, the
UK, Switzerland, Japan, Thailand and Bangladesh as Keynote Speaker, Special
Guest of Honour, Invited Speaker, for training, presenting papers and visiting
sophisticated laboratories as a part of his collaborative research activities. He is a
Senior Member of IEEE, IEEE EDS Distinguished Lecturer, Life Fellow of IEI
(India) and IETE, Life Member of ISTE and Life Member of Indian Association for
the Cultivation of Science (IACS). He has successfully organized two
IEEE-sponsored International Conferences as Convener (2004) and as General
Chair (2012). He has filed one Indian Patent vide file No: 669/KOL/2013 dated 5
June 2013.
Dr. Swastika Chakraborty (Mukhopadhya) is Associate Professor in the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sikkim Manipal
Institute of Technology, Majitar, Rangpo, Sikkim. Previously, she was working as
an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal. She is an
accomplished researcher and teaching professional with progressive experience of
more than 20 years. She has a substantial number of publications in renowned
international/national journals and international and national conference. She has
been awarded government-sponsored research project in her capacity as a principal
investigator. She is a Member of IEEE Kolkata Section and former Treasurer and
present Executive Committee Member of IEEE GRSS Kolkata Chapter. She has
been awarded by JIS College of Engineering for good governance for her role in
teaching administration with a sponsorship of Technical Education Quality
Improvement Programme (TEQIP).
Modelling of Thermoelectric
and Conduction Mechanism
of Multi-nanoribbon Matrix

Amit Agarwal, P. C. Pradhan and Bibhu P. Swain

Abstract In this paper, modelling of thermoelectric and conduction mechanism of

multilayer graphene nanoribbon (GNR) has performed taking various temperatures.
The coordination of various elements H–H–H, C–C–H was calculated using radial
distribution function. The current–voltage curves GRN were estimated with vari-
ation of temperatures from 4 to 3400 K. To evaluate the conduction mechanism and
conductance with different applied voltage dI/dV versus voltage has been performed
with varying of temperature. Moreover, the thermoelectric coefficient of GRN with
different energy at different temperature has been estimated.

Keywords Graphene Graphene nanoribbon
Thermal coefficient


Interconnects Radial distribution function

1 Introduction

At present era, copper is used for interconnection at the BEOL instead of aluminum, as
conductivity of copper is six times more than aluminum, due to which chips had
smaller metal components and less energy is used to pass electricity through it which
lead to better performance in signal processing from transistor to transistor with
minimal heat loss. Cu is a candidate for global interconnection in the upper-level
metallization in ULSI technology due to its low resistivity and high electromigration

A. Agarwal (&)
P. C. Pradhan

Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Sikkim Manipal
Institute of Technology, Majitar, Rangpo 737136, Sikkim, India
e-mail: [email protected]
P. C. Pradhan
e-mail: [email protected]
B. P. Swain
Centre for Materials Science and Nano-Technology, Sikkim Manipal Institute
of Technology, Majitar, Rangpo 737136, Sikkim, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 1

R. Bera et al. (eds.), Advances in Communication, Devices and Networking,
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 462,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7901-6_1
2 A. Agarwal et al.

resistance however, the major obstacles to use due to stability issues like copper drift
out of wiring, corrodes copper by exposure of oxygen and water, electro-migration
thins copper interconnects and due to which there is increase in resistance of inter-
connects and break them [1]. Furthermore, the high diffusivity of copper materials is a
major drawback which degrades IC performance. Graphene nanoribbon (GNR) can
be a good candidate to replace Cu for interconnects at the BEOL [2]. Their 2D
structure, high electrical and thermal conductivity, and low noise also make GNRs a
possible alternative to copper for integrated circuit interconnects. Research is
exploring the creation of quantum dots by changing the width of GNRs at select points
along the ribbon, creating quantum confinement [3]. GRNs possess semiconductive
properties and may be a technological alternative to silicon semiconductors [4].
GNRFETs has capable of sustaining microprocessor clock speeds in the vicinity of
1 THz field-effect transistors dimension less than 10 nm wide with an Ion/Ioff
ratio >106 at room temperature. Naeemi et al. calculated conductance of GNR
interconnects as a function of chirality, width, Fermi level, and the type of electron
scatterings at the edges [1]. Chen et al. investigated GNR electrical properties as a
function of ribbon width. The electrical current noise of GNR devices at low fre-
quency is dominated by 1/f noise [5]. Hass et al. show multilayer graphene grown on
carbon-terminated SiC(0001) surface which holds rotational stacking faults linked to
the epitaxial state of the graphene–SiC interface, and such faults yield an electronic
structure vague from an isolated graphene sheet in the zone of the Dirac point [6].
Ghosh et al. reported on investigation of the thermal conductivity of graphene sus-
pended across trenches in Si/SiO2 wafer. The amount of power dissipated in graphene
and corresponding temperature rise were determined from the spectral position and
integrated intensity of graphene’s G mode [7]. There has been no discussion on the
bonding, effect of high temperature on the current, thermal coefficient, energy gap for
the multi-GNR interconnects. In this paper, we modelled multi-graphene nanoribbon
matrix and what is the impact of bonding on angle versus distribution, effect of
temperature on I–V, dI/dV, energy temperature coefficient.

2 Background Theory of GNR

Figure 1 shows schematic of multi-graphene nanoribbon matrix. In this structure,

there are 30 graphene nanoribbons (3  10 matrix form) used as an interconnect.
Upper part of matrix is connected to one end of the transistor and lower part to the
other end of the transistor, with multi-GNR in between. The transfer of current from
one transistor to another transistor is done by this multi-GNR. As GNR provides
high electrical, thermal conductivity, superior mobility, linear E-k relationship,
width-dependent transport gap, and low noise, so due to these ballistic transport
properties GNR makes most suitable candidate for interconnects.
Radial distribution function of GRN was calculated using [8, 9]
Modelling of Thermoelectric and Conduction Mechanism … 3

Fig. 1 Schematic of
multilayer GNR as
interconnects

2V DX  E
gð r Þ ¼ 2
@ r  rij ð1Þ
N i\j

where N is the number of atoms, V is the volume, r_ij is the position vector of atom
j with respect to the ith atom.
The conductance of GNR is derived using linear response of Landauer formula
[10, 11]. The conductance of single GNR is given by
Z  
2 @f0
Gi ¼ 2qh Ti ðE Þ dE ð2Þ
@E

where
   1
ðE  EF Þ
f 0 ðE Þ ¼ 1 þ exp
kB T

where f0(E) is the Fermi–Dirac distribution function and Tn(E) is the transmission
coefficient. Value of E0 = 0 and |Ei| = (|i| + 1/2) hvf/2r. vf = 106 m/s Fermi
velocity; r is width of GNR.
The total conductance of single GNR sheet is expressed as
X X
Gtot ¼ i
Gi ðe Þ þ i
Gi ðholesÞ ð3Þ
2 1 3
Z Z0
2 4
Gtot  Gi ðe Þ þ Gi ðholesÞdE5
i ð4Þ
DEi
0 1
4 A. Agarwal et al.

Further, we can deduce the above equation as

  
8q2 r 2 kB T EF
Gtot ¼ 2 cosh funcðr; ld Þ ð5Þ
Lh2 vf 2TkB

Above equation gives us the total conductance of a GNR sheet.

3 Results and Discussion

Figure 2 shows an angle versus bonding distribution plot for multi-GNR with
different bonding. From this figure, we analyze that for depending upon different
bonding and different angle there is change in the distribution pattern. For H–H–H
at an angle of 120, the distribution value is approximately 0.65 which is quite high
as compared with other angles. Similarly, for C–H–H the distribution value is
approximately 0.65 for angle of 97 and 0.3 for an angle of 175, which shows a
deviation of about 50% value in distribution. The bond angle of H–H–H, H–C–H,
H–C–C, C–H–H and C–C–C are of 37, 97, 175 and 120 respectively with same
bond distribution value of 0.65.
Figure 3 shows the I–V characteristics of multi-GNR with varying temperature.
From this figure, we analyze that with the increase of applied voltage from −1.0 to
1.0 V the current starts increasing linearly from approximately −30,000 to
30,000 nA. Also with the increase of temperature from 4 to 3000 K, there is
deviation of about 5% value of the current. At applied voltage of 0 V, there is no
much change in current due to change of temperature from 4 to 2600 K, but there is
slight deviation in current when the temperature is around 3000 K.
Figure 4 shows a dI/dV–V plot with varying temperature. From the figure, we
analyze that there is a aperiodic change in dI/dV with change in applied voltage.
With the change of applied voltage, there is change in dI/dV from a minimum value
of −38,000 nA/V to a maximum value of 58,000 nA/V. When the applied voltage
is −1.0, the dI/dV value is approximately 10,000 nA/V, as the voltage is increased
dI/dV also starts increasing from 10,000 to 40,000 nA/V till −0.75 applied voltages.

Fig. 2 Angle versus 0.7 H-H-H

distribution of different bonds H-C-H
C-C-H
0.6 H-C-C
C-H-H
0.5 C-C-C
Distribution

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Angle
Modelling of Thermoelectric and Conduction Mechanism … 5

Fig. 3 Current versus 40000

Current (A)
voltage with varying
30000
temperature 4 oK
20000 200 oK
600 oK
10000 1000 oK
1400 oK

I (nA)
0 1800 oK
2200 oK
-10000 2600 oK
3000 oK
-20000

-30000

-40000
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Voltage (V)

Fig. 4 dI/dV versus voltage

60000
with varying temperature
40000
2000 oC
dI/dV (nA/V)

20000 4 oC
200 oC
0 600 oC
1000 oC
1400 oC
-20000 1800 oC
2200 oC
-40000 2600 oC
3000 oC
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Voltage (V)

Further with the increase of voltage, the dI/dV starts decreasing from 40,000 nA/
V to approximately 22,000 nA/V till −0.5 V applied voltage. This phenomenon of
increasing and decreasing of dI/dV value continues till 1.0 V of applied voltage.
Also with the change of temperature from 4 to 3000 K, there is deviation in the dI/
dV value. At applied voltage of 0 V, the value for dI/dV at low temperature of 4 K
is approximately 30,000 nA/V and at high temperature of 1800 K the dI/dV value
is approximately −30,000 nA/V. There is quite a high deviation with the change in
temperature at 0 V applied voltage. But at other values of applied voltages, the
deviation of dI/dV is around 10–20% only.
Figure 5 shows a plot between thermal coefficient and energy with varying
temperature. From the figure, we analyze that the value of thermal coefficient is
high, i.e., 2.5  10−4, for a low temperature of 50 K as compared to high tem-
perature of 3400 K with thermal coefficient value of 0.4  10−4. For a temperature
of 50 K, the thermal coefficient at 0 eV is approximately 2.5  10−4.
As energy is further increased, the thermal coefficient starts decreasing from
2.5  10−4 to 0 till 0.2 eV energy. Again, with the increase of energy the thermal
coefficient starts increasing to a value of 1.0  10−4. This phenomenon is
6 A. Agarwal et al.

Fig. 5 Current versus o

Temperature ( K)
voltage with varying 2.5 50

-4
temperature 100

Thermal Coefficent x 10
300
2.0 500
1500
2000
1.5 2500
3000
3400
1.0

0.5

0 1 2 3
Energy (eV)

continued till 2 eV energy. With further increase of energy, the thermal coefficient
starts decreasing and finally at 3 eV the thermal coefficient approaches to zero. In
case of 3400 K temperature, there is a constant value of thermal coefficient till 2 eV
energy and with the further increase of energy the thermal coefficient approaches to
zero.

4 Conclusion

In this paper, we experimentally modelled multi-GRN matrix and analyzed the

impact of bonding on distribution and effect of temperature on current, dI/dV,
temperature coefficient for multi-GRN matrix. At applied voltage of 0 V, the
maximum value for dI/dV at low temperature of 4 K is approximately 30,000 nA/V
and at high temperature of 1800 K the dI/dV value is approximately -30,000 nA/V.
Due to this ballistic transport property, GNR makes most suitable candidate for
interconnects and outperforms Cu.

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