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Gracey s meat hygiene 11th Edition D S Collins Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): D S Collins; R J Huey; J F Gracey
ISBN(s): 9781118649985, 1118649982
Edition: 11
File Details: PDF, 20.74 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english
Gracey’s Meat Hygiene
This book is dedicated to the memory of two great veterinarians

Dr Joseph Forde Gracey (1918–2001)

and
Dr James Andrew Storrar (1947–2006)
Gracey’s Meat Hygiene
Eleventh Edition

Edited by
David S. Collins
MVB, DVPH(MH), MRCVS

Robert J. Huey
TD, MVB, DVPH(MH), MRCVS
This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Registered Office
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Offices
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permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell
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The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gracey’s meat hygiene / edited by D.S. Collins, R.J. Huey. – Eleventh edition.
   p. ; cm.
Meat hygiene
Preceded by Meat hygiene / J.F. Gracey, D.S. Collins, R.J. Huey. 10th ed. c1999.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-65002-8 (cloth)
I. Collins, D.S. (David S.), editor. II. Huey, R.J. (Robert J.), editor. III. Gracey, J.F. Meat hygiene.
Preceded by (work): IV. Title: Meat hygiene.
[DNLM: 1. Meat. 2. Food Inspection. 3. Food Safety. 4. Meat-Packing Industry.
5. Quality Control. WA 707]
RA602.M4
363.19′29–dc23
2014016565
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not
be available in electronic books.
Cover images: Poultry top left: iStock © EEI_Tony; Poultry top right: iStock © ly-ly; Sheep centre right:
Reproduced with permission of Ronald Siddle; Bull calves bottom: Reproduced with permission
of David S. Collins; All other images: Reproduced with permission of Graham Fallows
Cover design by hisandhersdesign
Set in 10.5/12.5pt Minion by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

1 2015
Contents

Contributors xi Lungs26
Pluck26
Preface xiii Circulatory system (heart, arteries,
capillaries and veins) 26
Acknowledgements xv
Heart26
1 The food animals 1 Portal circulation27
Dietary factors 2 Spleen (melt)27
World livestock production 3 Lymphatic system 28
UK meat plants and throughputs 4 Haemal lymph nodes28
Cattle4 Lymph nodes of the ox 29
Breeds4 Nodes of the head and neck30
Systems of beef production6 Nodes of the chest and forequarter30
Growth promoters7 Nodes of the abdomen and hindquarter31
Definitions7 Lymph nodes of the pig 33
Sheep7 Head and neck33
Definitions9 Other nodes33
Pigs10 Urogenital system 34
Pig breeds10 Urinary organs34
Pig breeds in the United Kingdom11 Genital organs34
Pig production11 Kidney34
Pig meat production13 Reproductive system 34
Glossary of terms13 Uterus34
Additional facts13 Udder36
Goats13 Endocrine system 36
Poultry14 Thymus36
Definitions14 Adrenal (suprarenal) bodies36
Rabbits15 Testicles (testes)37
Deer16 Collection and yield of glands37
Handling of deer17 Skin37
References17 Horns37
Further reading 17 Muscular system 37
Form animal welfare council 17 Connective tissue 38
Fat38
2 Anatomy 19 Determination of age by dentition 38
Descriptive terms19 Teeth38
Osteology and arthrology 19 Determination of sex 39
Bones19 Cattle39
Digestive system 21 Sheep40
Tongue21 Pigs41
Stomach22 Horse and ox differentiation 41
Mucous membranes22 Debasement of food
Intestines23 (adulteration and substitution)41
Liver24 Food tampering43
Pancreas (gut sweetbread)25 References43
Respiratory system 26 Further reading 43

v
vi Contents

3 Meat establishment construction Production of bacon and ham 69

and equipment45 Cutting70
Site45 Application of the pickle70
Environmental statement45 Production of cooked hams71
Submission of plans46 Traditional dry-cured bacon71
Area size46 Alternative dry cure71
Facilities47 Smoking71
Equipment design50 Common defects in cured meat71
Pest control51 Micro-organisms on cured product72
Small abattoir units51 Refrigeration72
Lairage52 Mechanical refrigeration72
Cattle lairage52 Chilling of meat73
Sheep lairage52 Freezing of meat75
Pig lairage52 Freeze-drying or lyophilisation76
Deer lairage53 Storage of fresh meat76
Clipping or cleaning of livestock53 Vacuum packing76
Manure disposal53 Modified atmosphere packing76
Slaughterhall53 Refrigerated meat transport and storage76
Stunning area53 Changes in frozen meat 77
Bleeding area54 ‘Weeping’ or ‘drip’77
Cattle carcase dressing54 Durability of frozen meat78
On-the-rail dressing55 Effect of freezing on pathogenic
Sheep slaughterhall56 micro-organisms and parasites78
Pig slaughterhall57 Heat: Thermal processing 78
Singeing and scraping58 Traditional canning methodology79
Refrigeration accommodation58 Treatment of food to be canned79
Detained meat room59 Canning operations80
Condemned meat room60 Canning of meats82
Hide and skin store60 Foods packed in glass82
Gut and tripe room60 Spoilage in canned foods82
Red offal room60 Types of spoilage83
The edible fat room61 The public health aspect of canned
Cutting rooms61 foods85
Equipment wash61 Other methods of meat preservation 86
Fresh meat dispatch area61 Antioxidants86
Vehicle washing 62 Preservatives86
General amenities for personnel 62 Irradiation86
Veterinary office 62 Infrared radiation86
Treatment of effluent 62 Ultraviolet radiation86
Pollution parameters 63 Ionising radiation86
Treatment63 High pressure87
Preliminary treatment: Screening, References87
solids and grit removal63 Further reading 88
Secondary treatment 64
Further reading 65 5 Plant sanitation 89
Reasons for cleaning and disinfecting
4 Preservation of meat 67 plant89
Physical changes in stored meat67 ‘Scotoma effect’ or ‘factory-blindness’90
Chemical changes in stored meat68 The chemistry of cleaning 90
Water activity or water availability (aw )68 The soil91
Meat curing 68 The substrate: Materials of construction91
Salt68 Energies of cleaning92
Ingredients used in curing69 Chemical and physical reactions of cleaning92
 Contents vii

Detergents: Design and choice95 Animal husbandry in the lairage 127

Principles of disinfection 95 Moving animals within the lairage127
Biocidal active components95 Social stress128
Disinfectants: Design and choice97 Watering128
Hygiene equipment and application methods 97 Fasting128
Manual cleaning98 Resting of animals prior to slaughter129
Foam cleaning98 Pre-slaughter handling and meat quality 129
Foam and disinfectant application equipment98 Stress and the animal129
Gels99 Stress and meat quality130
Spray100 Pre-slaughter feeding of sugars131
Fogging100 Traumatic injury 131
Knife and cutting tool disinfection Time of bruising131
during processing100 Rough handling132
Machine washing102 Presence of horns132
Cleaning-in-place (CIP)102 Temperament132
Rinse systems104 Stunning box design132
Contamination and re-contamination 105 Mixing of animals133
Air105 Breed133
Water106 Incentives and education133
People106 References133
Surfaces106 Further reading 134
Cleaning procedures 106
The cleaning sequence106 7 Humane slaughter 135
Monitoring of hygiene 108 Pre-slaughter handling/restraint 136
Training110 Cattle movement and restraint136
Safety110 Pig movement and restraint137
Effluent and external odour control 110 The slaughtering process 137
Conclusion111 Assessment of unconsciousness at
Note111 slaughter137
References112 Methods of stunning 138
Percussive stunning138
6 From farm to slaughter 113 Head sites for percussive stunning140
Production of clean, healthy livestock 113 Water jet stunning142
Clean livestock115 Carbon dioxide and other gas mixtures142
Healthy livestock117 Electrical stunning144
Safe use of animal medicines117 Effect of stunning on meat quality 146
Safe disposal of animal waste117 Slaughter of minor species 146
Animal welfare on the farm119 Slaughter of deer146
Assessment of an animal’s welfare119 Slaughter of ostriches147
Transportation of livestock 122 Slaughter of rabbits147
Loading and unloading122 Other methods of slaughter 147
The journey to slaughter123 Slaughter of poultry 148
EU transport legislation123 Electrical stunning of poultry 148
Protection during transport123 Assessment of unconsciousness in
Means of transport123 electrical water bath stunned poultry 149
Space allowances123 Stunning/killing poultry with controlled
Duties of transporters123 atmospheres149
Feed, water and rest periods123 Percussive stunning of poultry150
Treatment of sick animals124 Other methods of slaughter150
Travel documentation124 Effects of stunning on poultry meat quality150
Loss of weight during transport124 Pithing150
Transport mortality125 Bleeding151
Lairage construction 126 Cattle151
viii Contents

Sheep151 Rendering processes 183

Pigs152 References184
Efficiency of bleeding 153
Slaughter without pre-stunning 153 9 Meat inspection protocols 185
Shechita – Jewish religious slaughter153 The case for change 185
Muslim methods of slaughter156 The holistic approach 187
Slaughter of poultry without stunning157 Integrated Food Safety Assurance 187
References157 Farm to fork187
Further reading 158 Food chain information187
Ante-mortem inspection 188
8 Meat hygiene practice 159 Ante-mortem inspection procedure in the
Meat and animal by-products 159 slaughter establishment189
Hygienic production159 Practical ante-mortem procedure190
Sources of contamination 159 Emergency slaughter animals191
Outer integument – hide, hair, fleece or skin159 Emergency slaughter: The decision on farm191
Gastrointestinal tract160 Emergency slaughter: The decision
Stunning and sticking160 at the slaughter establishment192
Physical contact with structures160 Post-mortem inspection 192
Operatives160 Facilities for post-mortem inspection192
Equipment and utensils161 Carcase identification and traceability193
The slaughter hall environment161 Traditional post-mortem inspection194
Vermin and pests161 Traditional post-mortem inspection
Chemical contamination162 of cattle194
Methods of reducing contamination 162 Traditional post-mortem inspection
Dealing with the dirty animal162 of calves196
Clipping cattle on line163 Traditional post-mortem inspection
Protecting the meat from the worker163 of sheep and goats196
Good hygiene practice165 Traditional post-mortem inspection of pigs196
Layout and flow lines167 Traditional post-mortem inspection
Dressing techniques – Removal of of equines197
hide/fleece/hair167 Traditional post-mortem inspection
Preventing contamination from the of poultry197
gastrointestinal tract170 Decisions at post-mortem examination 198
Post-slaughter decontamination 172 Common post-mortem findings 203
Water172 Abscesses203
Trimming173 Omphalophlebitis204
Chemical treatments173 Arthritis204
Bacteriophages174 Oedema204
Ultraviolet and pulsed high-intensity Pneumonia and pleurisy205
light174 Endocarditis206
Outputs of the slaughterhouse 174 Pericarditis207
Treatment of edible co-products 175 Pyelonephritis207
Fats175 Bruising208
Edible fat rendering176 Pigmentation208
Stomach and intestines176 Haematogenous pigments209
Bones177 Bile pigments209
Hides and skins177 Porphyrin210
Animal by-products 178 Lipofuscin (‘wear-and-tear pigment’,
Category 1178 pigment of brown atrophy,
Category 2179 lipochrome, haemofuscin)211
Category 3 (can be used for pet food)180 Xanthosis (xanthomatosis,
Materials for technical uses181 osteohaematochromatosis,
Hygiene requirements for animal brown atrophy)211
by-product processing establishments 183 Tumours211
Other documents randomly have
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 Chemistry - Exercise Book
Summer 2022 - Laboratory

Prepared by: Dr. Jones

Date: August 12, 2025

Section 1: Theoretical framework and methodology

Learning Objective 1: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Quiz 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Example 10: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 17: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 3: Case studies and real-world applications
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 27: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 28: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 29: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Chapter 4: Research findings and conclusions
Practice Problem 30: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 36: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Module 5: Practical applications and examples
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 44: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 6: Experimental procedures and results
Example 50: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 54: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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