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 Knitting the Semantic Web

Knitting the Semantic Web has been co-published simultaneously as

Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, Volume 43, Numbers 3/4
2007.
 Monographs from Cataloging & Classification Quarterly®
For additional information on these and other Haworth Press titles, including
descriptions, tables of contents, reviews, and prices, use the QuickSearch
catalog at http://www.HaworthPress.com.

1. The Future of the Union Catalogue: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the
Future of the Union Catalogue, edited by C. Donald Cook (Vol. 2, No. 1/2, 1982). Experts
explore the current concepts and future prospects of the union catalogue.
2. AACR2 and Serials: The American View, edited by Neal L. Edgar (Vol. 3, No. 2/3, 1983).
“This book will help any librarian or serials user concerned with the pitfalls and
accomplishments of modern serials cataloging.” (American Reference Books Annual)
3. Computer Software Cataloging: Techniques and Examples, edited by Deanne Holzberlein,
PhD, MLS (Vol. 6, No. 2, 1986). “Detailed explanations of each of the essential fields in a
cataloging record. Will help any librarian who is grappling with the complicated responsibility
of cataloging computer software.” (Public Libraries)
4. The United States Newspaper Program: Cataloging Aspects, edited by Ruth C. Carter, PhD
(Vol. 6, No. 4, 1986). “Required reading for all who use newspapers for research (historians
and librarians in particular), newspaper cataloguers, administrators of newspaper collections,
and–most important–those who control the preservation pursestrings.” (Australian Academic
& Research Libraries)
5. Education and Training for Catalogers and Classifiers, edited by Ruth C. Carter, PhD (Vol. 7,
No. 4, 1987). “Recommended for all students and members of the profession who possess an
interest in cataloging.” (RQ-Reference and Adult Services Division)
6. National and International Bibliographic Databases: Trends and Prospects, edited by Michael
Carpenter, PhD, MBA, MLS (Vol. 8, No. 3/4, 1988). “A fascinating work, containing much of
concern both to the general cataloger and to the language or area specialist as well. It is also
highly recommended reading for all those interested in bibliographic databases, their
development, or their history.” (Library Resources & Technical Services)
7. Cataloging Sound Recordings: A Manual with Examples, by Deanne Holzberlein, PhD, MLS
(Supp. #1, 1988). “A valuable, easy to read working tool which should be part of the standard
equipment of all catalogers who handle sound recordings.” (ALR)
8. Authority Control in the Online Environment: Considerations and Practices, edited by
Barbara B. Tillett, PhD (Vol. 9, No. 3, 1989). “Marks an excellent addition to the field. . . . [It] is
intended, as stated in the introduction, to ‘offer background and inspiration for future thinking.’
In achieving this goal, it has certainly succeeded.” (Information Technology & Libraries)
9. Subject Control in Online Catalogs, edited by Robert P. Holley, PhD, MLS (Vol. 10, No. 1/2,
1990). “The authors demonstrate the reasons underlying some of the problems and how
solutions may be sought. . . . Also included are some fine research studies where the researchers
have sought to test the interaction of users with the catalogue, as well as looking at use by
library practitioners.” (Library Association Record)
10. Library of Congress Subject Headings: Philosophy, Practice, and Prospects, by William E.
Studwell, MSLS (Supp. #2, 1990). “Plays an important role in any debate on subject cataloging
and succeeds in focusing the reader on the possibilities and problems of using Library of
Congress Subject Headings and of subject cataloging in the future.” (Australian Academic
& Research Libraries)
11. Describing Archival Materials: The Use of the MARC AMC Format, edited by Richard P.
Smiraglia, MLS (Vol. 11, No. 3/4, 1991). “A valuable introduction to the use of the MARC
AMC format and the principles of archival cataloging itself.” (Library Resources & Technical
Services)
12. Enhancing Access to Information: Designing Catalogs for the 21st Century, edited by David
A. Tyckoson (Vol. 13, No. 3/4, 1992). “Its down-to-earth, nontechnical orientation should
appeal to practitioners including administrators and public service librarians.” (Library
Resources & Technical Services)
13. Retrospective Conversion Now in Paperback: History, Approaches, Considerations, edited by
Brian Schottlaender, MLS (Vol. 14, No. 3/4, 1992). “Fascinating insight into the ways and
means of converting and updating manual catalogs to machine-readable format.” (Library
Association Record)
14. Languages of the World: Cataloging Issues and Problems, edited by Martin D. Joachim (Vol.
17, No. 1/2, 1994). “An excellent introduction to the problems libraries must face when
cataloging materials not written in English. . . . should be read by every cataloger having to work
with international materials, and it is recommended for all library schools. Nicely
indexed.” (Academic Library Book Review)
15. Cooperative Cataloging: Past, Present and Future, edited by Barry B. Baker, MLS (Vol. 17,
No. 3/4, 1994). “The value of this collection lies in its historical perspective and analysis of past
and present approaches to shared cataloging. . . . Recommended to library schools and large
general collections needing materials on the history of library and information science.” (Library
Journal)
16. Cataloging Government Publications Online, edited by Carolyn C. Sherayko, MLS (Vol. 18,
No. 3/4, 1994). “Presents a wealth of detailed information in a clear and digestible form, and
reveals many of the practicalities involved in getting government publications collections onto
online cataloging systems.” (The Law Librarian)
17. Classification: Options and Opportunities, edited by Alan R. Thomas, MA, FLA (Vol. 19, No.
3/4, 1995). “There is much new and valuable insight to be found in all the chapters. . . . Timely in
refreshing our confidence in the value of well-designed and applied classification in providing
the best of service to the end-users.” (Catalogue and Index)
18. Cataloging and Classification Standards and Rules, edited by John J. Reimer, MLS (Vol. 21, No.
3/4, 1996). “Includes chapters by a number of experts on many of our best loved library standards.
. . . Recommended to those who want to understand the history and development of our library
standards and to understand the issues at play in the development of new standards.” (LASIE)
19. Electronic Resources: Selection and Bibliographic Control, edited by Ling-yuh W. (Miko)
Pattie, MSLS, and Bonnie Jean Cox, MSLS (Vol. 22, No. 3/4, 1996). “Recommended for any
reader who is searching for a thorough, well-rounded, inclusive compendium on the subject.”
(The Journal of Academic Librarianship)
20. Cataloging and Classification: Trends, Transformations, Teaching, and Training, edited by
James R. Shearer, MA, ALA, and Alan R. Thomas, MA, FLA (Vol. 24, No. 1/2, 1997). “Offers a
comprehensive retrospective and innovative projection for the future.” (The Catholic
Library Association)
21. Portraits in Cataloging and Classification: Theorists, Educators, and Practitioners of the Late
Twentieth Century, edited by Carolynne Myall, MA, CAS, and Ruth C. Carter, PhD (Vol. 25,
No. 2/3/4, 1998). “This delightful tome introduces us to a side of our profession that we rarely
see: the human beings behind the philosophy, rules, and interpretations that have guided our
professional lives over the past half century. No collection on cataloging would be complete
without a copy of this work.” (Walter M. High, PhD, Automation Librarian, North Carolina
Supreme Court Library; Assistant Law Librarian for Technical Services, North Carolina
University, Chapel Hill)
22. Maps and Related Cartographic Materials: Cataloging, Classification, and Bibliographic
Control, edited by Paige G. Andrew, MLS, and Mary Lynette Larsgaard, BA, MA (Vol. 27, No.
1/2/3/4, 1999). Discover how to catalog the major formats of cartographic materials, including
sheet maps, early and contemporary atlases, remote-sensed images (i.e., aerial photographs and
satellite images), globes, geologic sections, digital material, and items on CD-ROM.
23. The LCSH Century: One Hundred Years with the Library of Congress Subject Headings
System, edited by Alva T. Stone, MLS (Vol. 29, No. 1/2, 2000). Traces the 100-year history of
the Library of Congress Subject Headings, from its beginning with the implementation of a
dictionary catalog in 1898 to the present day, exploring the most significant changes
in LCSH policies and practices, including a summary of other contributions celebrating
the centennial of the world’s most popular library subject heading language.
24. Managing Cataloging and the Organization of Information: Philosophies, Practices and
Challenges at the Onset of the 21st Century, edited by Ruth C. Carter, PhD, MS, MA (Vol. 30,
No. 1/2/3, 2000). “A fascinating series of practical, forthright accounts of national, academic,
and special library cataloging operations in action. . . . Yields an abundance of practical
solutions for shared problems, now and for the future. Highly recommended.” (Laura Jizba,
Head Cataloger, Portland State University Library, Oregon)
25. The Audiovisual Cataloging Current, edited by Sandra K. Roe, MS (Vol. 31, No. 2/3/4, 2001).
“All the great writers, teachers, and lecturers are here: Olson, Fox, Intner, Weihs, Weitz, and
Yee. This eclectic collection is sure to find a permanent place on many catalogers’ bookshelves. .
. . Something for everyone. . . . Explicit cataloging guidelines and AACR2R interpretations
galore.” (Verna Urbanski, MA, MLS, Chief Media Cataloger, University of North Florida,
Jacksonville)
26. Works as Entities for Information Retrieval, edited by Richard P. Smiraglia, PhD (Vol. 33, No.
3/4, 2002). Examines domain-specific research about works and the problems inherent in their
representation for information storage and retrieval.
27. Education for Cataloging and the Organization of Information: Pitfalls and the Pendulum,
edited by Janet Swan Hill, BA, MA (Vol. 34, No. 1/2/3, 2002). Examines the history, context,
present, and future of education for cataloging and bibliographic control.
28. Historical Aspects of Cataloging and Classification, edited by Martin D. Joachim, MA
(classical languages and literatures), MA (library science) (Vol. 35, No. 1/2, 2002 and Vol. 35,
No. 3/4, 2003). Traces the development of cataloging and classification in countries and
institutions around the world.
29. Electronic Cataloging: AACR2 and Metadata for Serials and Monographs, edited by Sheila S.
Intner, DLS, MLS, BA, Sally C. Tseng, MLS, BA, and Mary Lynette Larsgaard, MA, BA (Vol.
36, No. 3/4, 2003). “The twelve contributing authors represent some of the most important
thinkers and practitioners in cataloging.” (Peggy Johnson, MBA, MA, Associate University
Librarian, University of Minnesota Libraries)
30. Knowledge Organization and Classification in International Information Retrieval, edited by
Nancy J. Williamson, PhD, and Clare Beghtol, PhD (Vol. 37, No. 1/2, 2003). Examines the issues
of information retrieval in relation to increased globalization of information and knowledge.
31. The Thesaurus: Review, Renaissance, and Revision, edited by Sandra K. Roe, MS, and Alan R.
Thomas, MA, FLA (Vol. 37, No. 3/4, 2004). Examines the historical development of the thesaurus,
and the standards employed for thesaurus construction, use, and evaluation.
32. Authority Control in Organizing and Accessing Information: Definition and International
Experience, edited by Arlene G. Taylor, PhD, MS, and Barbara B. Tillett, PhD, MLS
(Vol. 38, No. 3/4, 2004 and Vol. 39, No. 1/2, 2004). Presents international perspectives on
authority control for names, works, and subject terminology in library, archival, museum, and
other systems that provide access to information.
33. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR): Hype or Cure-All? edited by
Patrick LeBoeuf (Vol. 39, No. 3/4, 2005). Examines the origin, and theoretical and practical
aspects of IFLA’s Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records.
34. Metadata: A Cataloger’s Primer, edited by Richard P. Smiraglia, PhD (Vol. 40, No. 3/4, 2005).
“A comprehensive overview of metadata written by experts in the field.” (Michael Gorman,
President-Elect, American Library Association)
35. Education for Library Cataloging: International Perspectives, edited by Dajin D. Sun, MSLS,
MA, and Ruth C. Carter, PhD, MS, MA (Vol. 41, No. 2, 2005 and Vol. 41, No. 3/4, 2006).
Library school faculty and professional librarians from more than 20 countries discuss the
international development of educational programs for cataloging and classification.
36. Moving Beyond the Presentation Layer: Content and Context in the Dewey Decimal
Classification (DDC) System, edited by Joan S. Mitchell, MLS, BA, and Diane Vizine-Goetz,
PhD, MLS, BA (Vol. 42, No. 3/4, 2006). The authors, drawn broadly from the knowledge
organization community, explore the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system from a
number of perspectives. In doing so, each peels away a bit of the “presentation layer”–the
familiar linear notational sequence–to expose the content and context offered by the DDC.
37. Knitting the Semantic Web, edited by Jane Greenberg, PhD, and Eva Méndez, PhD (Vol. 43,
No. 3/4, 2007). Leaders in library, information, and computer science explore developing and
maintaining of the semantically rich and advantageous extension of the original Web, known as
the Semantic Web.
 Knitting the Semantic Web

Jane Greenberg, PhD

Eva Méndez, PhD
Editors

Knitting the Semantic Web has been co-published simultaneously as

Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, Volume 43, Numbers 3/4
2007.
Transferred to Digital Printing 2008 by Routledge 2008
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Knitting the Semantic Web has been co-published simultaneously as

Cataloging & Classification Quarterly®, Volume 43, Numbers 3/4
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© 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or uti-
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Cover design by Kerry E. Mack.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Knitting the Semantic Web / Jane Greenberg, Eva Méndez, editors.

p. cm.
Co-published simultaneously as Cataloging & classification quarterly, volume 43, numbers ¾.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-8-7890-3591-2 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-7890-3591-X (alk. paper)
1. Semantic Web. 2. Libraries and the Internet. I. Greenberg, Jane. II. Méndez, Eva. III. Catalog-
ing & classification quarterly.
ZA4240.K58 2007
025.04–dc22
2006038232
 This section provides you with a list of major indexing & abstracting
services and other tools for bibliographic access. That is to say, each
service began covering this periodical during the year noted in the right
column. Most Websites which are listed below have indicated that they
will either post, disseminate, compile, archive, cite or alert their own
Website users with research-based content from this work. (This list is as
current as the copyright date of this publication.)

Abstracting, Website/Indexing Coverage . . . . . . . . . Year When Coverage Began

• **Academic Search Premier (EBSCO)**
<http://www.epnet.com/academic/acasearchprem.asp> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• **INSPEC (The Institution of Engineering and Technology)**
<http://www.iee.org.uk/publish/> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982
• **Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) (Cambridge
Scientific Abstracts)** <http://www.csa.com>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989
• **MasterFILE Premier (EBSCO)**
<http://www.epnet.com/government/mfpremier.asp> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Academic Source Premier (EBSCO) <http://search.ebscohost.com> . . . . . . . 2007
• Advanced Polymers Abstracts (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)
<http://csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Aluminum Industry Abstracts (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)
<http://www.csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Cabell’s Directory of Publishing Opportunities in Educational
Technology & Library Science <http://www.cabells.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Ceramic Abstracts (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)
<http://www.csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Composites Industry Abstracts (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)
<http://csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Computer & Control Abstracts (INSPEC–The Institution of Engineering
and Technology) <http://www.iee.org.uk/publish/>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
(continued)
• Computer and Information Systems Abstracts (Cambridge
Scientific Abstracts) <http://www.csa.com>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2004
• Corrosion Abstracts (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)
<http://www.csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• CSA Engineering Research Database (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)
<http://csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• CSA High Technology Research Database with Aerospace
(Cambridge Scientific Abstracts) <http://csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• CSA Technology Research Database (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)
<http://csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• CSA/ASCE Civil Engineering Abstracts (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)
<http://www.csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Current Abstracts (EBSCO) <http://search.ebscohost.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007
• Current Citations Express (EBSCO) <http://search.ebscohost.com>. . . . . . . . 2007
• EBSCOhost Electronic Journals Service (EJS)
<http://ejournals.ebsco.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001
• Education Research Complete (EBSCO) <http://search.ebscohost.com> . . . . 2006
• Education Research Index (EBSCO) <http://search.ebscohost.com> . . . . . . . 2007
• Electrical & Electronics Abstracts (INSPEC–The Institution of
Engineering and Technology) <http://www.iee.org.uk/publish/> . . . . . . . . 2006
• Electronic Collections Online (OCLC)
<http://www.oclc.org/electroniccollections/> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Electronics and Communications Abstracts (Cambridge Scientific
Abstracts) <http://www.csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Elsevier Eflow-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Elsevier Scopus <http://www.info.scopus.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005
• Engineered Materials Abstracts (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)
<http://www.csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Google <http://www.google.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2004
• Google Scholar <http://scholar.google.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2004
• Haworth Document Delivery Center
<http://www.HaworthPress.com/journals/dds.asp>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980
• (IBR) International Bibliography of Book Reviews on the Humanities
and Social Sciences (Thomson) <http://www.saur.de> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• (IBZ) International Bibliography of Periodical Literature on the Humanities
and Social Sciences (Thomson) <http://www.saur.de> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995
• Index Guide to College Journals (core list compiled by integrating
48 indexes frequently used to support undergraduate programs
in small to medium sized libraries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999
(continued)
• Index to Periodical Articles Related to Law <http://www.law.utexas.edu> . . . 1989
• Information Science & Technology Abstracts (EBSCO)
<http://search.ebscohost.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007
• Informed Librarian, The <http://www.informedlibrarian.com>. . . . . . . . . . . . 1993
• INIST-CNRS <http://www.inist.fr> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999
• Internationale Bibliographie der geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen
Zeitschriftenliteratur . . . See IBZ <http://www.saur.de> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995
• Journal of Academic Librarianship: Guide to Professional
Literature, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997
• JournalSeek <http://www.journalseek.net> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Konyvtari Figyelo (Library Review). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995
• Legal Information Management Index (LIMI)
<http://www.legalinformationservices.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007
• Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (EBSCO)
<http://www.libraryresearch.com>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts with Full Text
(EBSCO) <http://search.ebscohost.com>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007
• Library Literature & Information Science Index/Full Text (H. W. Wilson)
<http://www.hwwilson.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984
• Links@Ovid (via CrossRef targeted DOI links) <http://www.ovid.com> . . . . . 2005
• Materials Business File (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)
<http://www.csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Materials Research Database with METADEX
(Cambridge Scientific Abstracts) <http://www.csa.com>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts
(Cambridge Scientific Abstracts) <http://www.csa.com>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• METADEX (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts) <http://csa.com>. . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• NewJour (Electronic Journals & Newsletters)
<http://gort.ucsd.edu/newjour/>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• OCLC ArticleFirst <http://www.oclc.org/services/databases/> . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007
• Ovid Linksolver (OpenURL link resolver via CrossRef targeted
DOI links) <http://www.linksolver.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005
• Physics Abstracts (INSPEC–The Institution of Engineering
and Technology) <http://www.iee.org.uk/publish/>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
• Referativnyi Zhurnal (Abstracts Journal of the All-Russian
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information–in Russian)
<http://www.viniti.ru> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992
• Scopus (see instead Elsevier Scopus) <http://www.info.scopus.com> . . . . . . . 2005
• Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts (Cambridge Scientific
Abstracts) <http://www.csa.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
(continued)
• Subject Index to Literature on Electronic Sources of Information
<http://library2.usask.ca/~dworacze/BIBLIO.HTM> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996
• SwetsWise <http://www.swets.com>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001
• TOC Premier (EBSCO) <http://search.ebscohost.com> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007
• WilsonWeb <http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/Journals/> . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005

Bibliographic Access
• Cabell’s Directory of Publishing Opportunities in Educational
Curriculum and Methods <http://www.cabells.com/>

• Magazines for Libraries (Katz)

• MediaFinder <http://www.mediafinder.com>

• Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory: International Periodicals

Information Since 1932 <http://www.Bowkerlink.com>

Special Bibliographic Notes related to special journal issues

(separates) and indexing/abstracting:
• indexing/abstracting services in this list will also cover material in any
“separate” that is co-published simultaneously with Haworth’s special
thematic journal issue or DocuSerial. Indexing/abstracting usually covers
material at the article/chapter level.
• monographic co-editions are intended for either non-subscribers or libraries
which intend to purchase a second copy for their circulating collections.
• monographic co-editions are reported to all jobbers/wholesalers/approval
plans. The source journal is listed as the “series” to assist the prevention of
duplicate purchasing in the same manner utilized for books-in-series.
• to facilitate user/access services all indexing/abstracting services are en-
couraged to utilize the co-indexing entry note indicated at the bottom of the
first page of each article/chapter/contribution.
• this is intended to assist a library user of any reference tool (whether print,
electronic, online, or CD-ROM) to locate the monographic version if the
library has purchased this version but not a subscription to the source journal.
• individual articles/chapters in any Haworth publication are also available
through the Haworth Document Delivery Service (HDDS).
 AGGREGATOR SERVICES

EBSCOhost
As part of Ingenta
Haworth’s
J-Gate
continuing
Minerva
committment
to better OCLC FirstSearch

serve our Oxmill

library SwetsWise
patrons, we
are proud to LINK RESOLVER SERVICES
be working ICate (Openly Informatics)
with the
CrossRef
following
Gold Rush (Coalliance)
electronic
services: LinkOut (PubMed)

LINKplus (Atypon)

LinkSolver (Ovid)

LinkSource with A-to-Z (EBSCO)

Resource Linker (Ulrich)

SerialsSolutions (ProQuest)

SFX (Ex Libris)

Sirsi Resolver (SirsiDynix)

Tour (TDnet)

Vlink (Extensity, formerly Geac)

WebBridge (Innovative Interfaces)

 Knitting the Semantic Web
CONTENTS

About the Authors xvii

Introduction: Toward a More Library-Like Web via Semantic

Knitting 1
Jane Greenberg
Eva Méndez

PART I: SEMANTIC WEB FOUNDATIONS, STANDARDS,

AND TOOLS

The Birth of the New Web: A Foucauldian Reading

of the Semantic Web 9
D. Grant Campbell

Library Cards for the 21st Century 21

Charles McCathieNevile
Eva Méndez

Library of Congress Controlled Vocabularies and Their

Application to the Semantic Web 47
Corey A. Harper
Barbara B. Tillett

SKOS: Simple Knowledge Organisation for the Web 69

Alistair Miles
José R. Pérez-Agüera

Scheme Versioning in the Semantic Web 85

Joseph T. Tennis

Roles for Semantic Technologies and Tools in Libraries 105

G. Philip Rogers
PART II: SEMANTIC WEB PROJECTS AND PERSPECTIVES

RDF Database for PhysNet and Similar Portals 127

Thomas Severiens
Christian Thiemann

Biomedicine and the Semantic Web: A Knowledge Model

for Visual Phenotype 149
John Michon

Towards an Infrastructure for Semantic Applications:

Methodologies for Semantic Integration of Heterogeneous
Resources 161
Anita C. Liang
Gauri Salokhe
Margherita Sini
Johannes Keizer

FOAF: Connecting People on the Semantic Web 191

Mike Graves
Adam Constabaris
Dan Brickley

Advancing the Semantic Web via Library Functions 203

Jane Greenberg

Social Bibliography: A Personal Perspective on Libraries

and the Semantic Web 227
Stuart L. Weibel

Index 237
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Daniel Brickley, BSc <[email protected]> is an independent

Semantic Web developer. He worked for six years as a member of the
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) team, where he helped establish
the Semantic Web activity. He served as co-chair of the RDF Core
Working Group, edited the RDF Schema standard, and directed the
SWAD-Europe project which provided support to the growing Seman-
tic Web community. He retains an involvement with W3C, but is now
focussed on research and commercial work that uses Semantic Web in-
frastructure, and on the development of the FOAF (Friend Of A Friend)
project.

Adam Constabaris, MA, MA <[email protected]> is a program-

mer and systems architect for the Knowledge Management group at the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He received an MA in Phi-
losophy from the University of British Columbia in 1995 and an MA
in Philosophy from UNC-Chapel Hill in 1998. Adam is responsible
for the exploration and implementation of new framework technolo-
gies and programming methodologies to facilitate information ex-
change across campus.

D. Grant Campbell, PhD <[email protected]> completed his BA in

English at the University of Toronto in 1982. He completed his MA in
English at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario in 1986, and his
PhD in English at Queen’s in 1989. After teaching at University of
Toronto for one year, he took a break from academia to work at the
North York Public Library from 1990 to 1995. He received his MISt in
Library and Information Studies from the Faculty of Information Stud-
ies at University of Toronto, and in 1997 was the Coordinator of the
Cataloguing Internet Resources Project at FIS. He taught at Dalhousie
University from 1997 to 1998, and since 1998 has been teaching in the
Faculty of Information and Media Studies at the University of Western
Ontario, where he holds the position of Associate Professor. His re-
search interests include resource description and classification in both
xvii
xviii Knitting the Semantic Web

traditional and non-traditional contexts; the design of electronic text;

the Semantic Web; the design of electronic consumer health informa-
tion; and information architecture.

Mike Graves, MSLS <[email protected]> is a technical editor for

the Knowledge Management group at the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill. He received his MSLS from UNC-Chapel Hill in May
2003. His main work focuses on incorporating Semantic Web technolo-
gies into the daily operations of a large organization. Current projects
include using FOAF to model organizational structure, delivering event
metadata through Microformats, and encouraging the reuse of common
vocabularies with SKOS.

Corey A. Harper, MSLS <[email protected]> is a metadata librar-

ian at the University of Oregon Libraries. He provides system administra-
tion for the University’s Institutional Repository, Scholars’ Bank, and
plays a lead role in building digital collections. He received his MSLS
from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in May 2002. He
participates in the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) and is cur-
rently serving as 2005-2006 chair of the Pacific Northwest Chapter of
the American Society of Information Science & Technology (ASIS&T).
In 2004, Harper was recognized as one of Library Journal’s “Movers
and Shakers.” His work interests include library automation, emerging
technologies, programming, authority control, and digital preservation.

Johannes Keizer, PhD <[email protected]> oversees FAO’s

scientific documentation and related activities, including the interna-
tional AGRIS network of openArchive data and service providers. His
group has launched various initiatives in the last few years toward a
Semantic Web supporting FAO’s subject area, namely the Agricultural
Ontology Service (AOS) initiative and the AgMES (Agricultural Meta-
data Element Set) initiatives. Johannes Keizer holds a PhD in Biology
from the University of Mainz. Prior to joining FAO in 2000, he was a re-
searcher in biochemistry at the Italian High Health Institute and then as
Free Lance Consultant for Management of Scientific Data. He lives in
Rome.

Anita C. Liang, PhD <[email protected]> is currently a Senior

Specialist in Application Development at Perot Systems, Inc. working
on enterprise architecture design in health information systems. She
 About the Authors xix

worked as an ontology expert from 2003 to 2005 in the AGRIS/CARIS

Documentation Group at the Food and Agricultural Organization. Dur-
ing her tenure there, she was involved in numerous projects, both within
and outside of FAO, concerned with Semantic Web technologies, most
notably, with the conceptualization, design, and implementation of the
Agricultural Ontology Service. She provided support in the form of
ontological engineering, domain modeling, database (re)design, ter-
minology development, natural language processing, and knowledge
representation. Dr. Liang holds a PhD in linguistics from the University
of California, Berkeley. Prior to joining FAO, she was a computational
linguist working in Washington, DC, on question-answering software.

Charles McCathieNevile, BA <[email protected]> Chief Standards

Officer at Opera Software, is a Web standards and information architec-
ture expert, with a special interest in accessibility and usability. Before
joining Opera in 2005, McCathieNevile spent six years with the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C), putting his extensive experience with IT
accessibility and hypertextual networks to use, as well as participating in
the SWAD-E (Semantic Web Advanced Development-Europe) project.
He also serves as the vice president of Fundación Sidar, a non-profit or-
ganization working in Iberian languages to improve Web standards and
accessibility. McCathieNevile holds a degree in Medieval History from
the University of Melbourne in Australia. His current research interests
include usable security for the Web, extending the reach of the Web to
devices and regions where it hasn’t worked well until now.

John Michon, MD <[email protected]> is on the faculty of the

Department of Ophthalmology at the Duke University School of Medi-
cine. After his clinical training at the University of Illinois, Johns
Hopkins University, and the University of Southern California, he
earned a master’s degree in biomedical informatics from Stanford Uni-
versity. His research interests focus on the application of information
technology to biomedicine. A major goal is to allow computers to per-
form routine inference over large biomedical databases in order to save
human attention for more important tasks such as imagination, intuition,
and creative thinking. Besides his work in knowledge representation
and information semantics, he also does research in systems biology, a
field that seeks to predict the behavior of cells and organs in health and
disease based on their underlying molecular components.
xx Knitting the Semantic Web

Alistair Miles, MSc, MA Cantab. <[email protected]> is a research

associate at CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. He holds a de-
gree in Natural Sciences from Cambridge University. Alistair joined
CCLRC in 2002, and participated in the Semantic Web Advanced Devel-
opment for Europe (SWAD-Europe) project, co-ordinating the SWAD-
Europe Thesaurus Activity. He is a member of the W3C Semantic Web
Best Practices and Deployment Working Group, and has co-ordinated
the SWBP-WG “Porting Thesauri” Task Force. Alistair is strongly mo-
tivated by issues relating to practical deployment of Semantic Web
technologies, and is an editor of several W3C Working Drafts, includ-
ing the SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organisation System) Core Guide
and the Best Practice Recipes for Publishing RDF Vocabularies.

José R. Pérez-Agüera, MSc <[email protected]> is Assistant

Professor in the Department of Software Engineering and Artificial In-
telligence of the University Complutense of Madrid in Spain. In 2002,
he received the bachelor degree in Early Modern History from the Uni-
versity Complutense of Madrid. Later, in 2004, he received the DEA
(Advanced Studies Diploma–a kind of Research Master Degree) in Li-
brary and Information Science and in 2005 received the DEA (Master)
in Computer Science. Currently, he is working for his PhD in Computer
Science in the University Complutense of Madrid. His research inter-
ests include information retrieval on the Web using natural language
processing techniques and the Semantic Web paradigm.

G. Philip Rogers, MA <[email protected]> is a Senior Busi-

ness Analyst in Instructional and Information Systems (IIS) at UNC’s
School of Public Health and also a Doctoral student in Information Sci-
ence at UNC. Gershom’s research interests include applying IT pro-
cesses, infrastructure, and tools to help solve major Public Health and
Library/Information Science research challenges, metadata interoper-
ability, Semantic Web/Web 2.0, Business Intelligence/Knowledge Man-
agement, Content Management, Agile Project Management, and use
case-driven business analysis and requirements elicitation.

Thomas Severiens, Dipl.-Phys. <[email protected].

DE> studied Physics at the Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg.
In 1995 he started to develop PhysNet. After graduating, together with
some colleagues he founded the Institute for Science Networking
 About the Authors xxi

Oldenburg (ISN). Since 2004 he is working as a lecturer in Information

Engineering and as a researcher at the University of Osnabrück. He is
one of the chairs of Dublin-Core Working Group “Tools” and was a
member of W3C Working Group “XQuery” from 2001 until 2005. His
research interests include the development of distributed library sys-
tems, user oriented scientific information portals, strategies for long-
term preservation of the scientific research output, and development
tools for full-text semantics.

Gauri Salokhe, MEng <[email protected]> is Information Man-

agement Officer, AGRIS/CARIS Documentation Group, FAO, United
Nations. She holds BEng in Industrial Engineering and MEng in Infor-
mation Management. She is currently working on an initiative that aims
to bring coherence to the information management standards in the Agri-
culture domain. She has been extensively involved in the creation of an
exchange format for metadata for agricultural document-like informa-
tion resources. Currently, she is working on semantic standards related
issues, including domain ontologies and metadata ontologies for the ag-
ricultural domain. She is involved in the enhancement of AGROVOC,
the multilingual agricultural thesaurus used worldwide as a standard for
document/resource indexing and information retrieval purposes. She
collaborates with internal and external FAO partners on issues pertain-
ing to management of metadata on various types of information re-
sources, providing training when necessary. She has been involved in
the production of coursework, for the distance learning materials (Infor-
mation Management Resource Kit on “Management of Electronic Doc-
uments”).

Margherita Sini, MSc <[email protected]> after several years

of work in International Organizations and private small and medium
companies on software development, computer training, GIS and col-
laboration on EU-Funded projects, is currently working in FAO as an
Information Management Specialist. A major part of her work involves
working on information resources description and discovery systems,
bibliographical and information systems, metadata schemas, thesauri,
and development of domain specific multilingual ontologies. She is pri-
marily working on the Agricultural Ontology Service (AOS) initiative
and she is one of the main actors in the development of the AGROVOC
multilingual thesaurus.
xxii Knitting the Semantic Web

Joseph I. Tennis, PhD <[email protected]> is an assistant

professor at the School of Library, Archival and Information Studies of
the University of British Columbia, Canada. Dr. Tennis received his BA
in Religious Studies from Lawrence University, his MLS, and Special-
ist degree in Library and Information Science in Book History from the
School of Library and Information Science at Indiana University. He
received his PhD from the University of Washington in 2005. He is in-
volved in the InterPARES 2 research project on authentic digital rec-
ords in electronic systems. He is a member of the DCMI Usage Board,
and his research interest include: classification theory; interaction with,
and management of classificatory structures; functional analysis of
metadata; and comparative studies of knowledge organization prac-
tices.

Christian Thiemann, BSc <[email protected]> worked for

Oldenburg Research and Development Institute for Information Tech-
nology Tools and Systems (OFFIS) during high school. After his manda-
tory military service, he worked for the Institute for Science Network-
ing Oldenburg (ISN) in PhysNet project (2003-2005). Since fall 2003
he studies Physics at the Georg-August-University Göttingen. In
2005/2006 he studied at the University of California in San Diego. He
also has been a member of the working group on Physics of Transporta-
tion and Traffic at the University of Duisburg-Essen and is currently a
member of the “Traffic Modelling and Econometrics” working group at
the Dresden University of Technology. His research interests include
cellular automaton models of freeway traffic, computational physics,
and computer science in general.

Barbara B. Tillett, PhD <[email protected]> is Chief of the Cataloging

Policy and Support Office (CPSO) at the Library of Congress and Act-
ing Chief of the Cataloging Distribution Service. She currently serves
as the Library of Congress representative on the Joint Steering Commit-
tee for Revision of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, chairs the
IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institu-
tions) Division IV on Bibliographic Control, and leads the IFLA work
towards an International Cataloguing Code and a Virtual International
Authority File. In addition she leads the worldwide initiative within
IFLA to update and replace the 1961 “Paris Principles,” which are the
foundation of nearly every cataloging code used in the world today. Her
publications have focused on cataloging theory and practice, authority
 About the Authors xxiii

control, bibliographic relationships, conceptual modeling, and library

automation. Dr. Tillet has received several awards, including the Mar-
garet Mann Citation in 2004, recognizing her many contributions in the
areas of cataloging and classification.

Stuart L. Weibel, PhD <[email protected]> has worked in OCLC Re-

search since 1985, during which time he has managed projects in the
area of automated cataloging, automated document structure analysis,
electronic publishing, persistent identifiers, and metadata. He was a
founding member of the International WWW Conference Committee
(IW3C2) and has also served on program and organizational commit-
tees for the Internet Society, the European Conference on DLs, the Joint
Conference on DLs, and the International Conference on Asian DLs.
Work with Eric Miller in the Internet Engineering Task Force working
group on Uniform Resource Names led to the development of the
PURL system at OCLC. From 1995 until 2005 he led the Dublin Core
Metadata Initiative (DCMI), an international consensus building activ-
ity that develops and supports cross-disciplinary resource discovery
standards. Weibel spent the 2006 calendar year at the University of
Washington (iSchool) where he studied persistent identifiers and Web
2.0 issues as they relate to libraries. His thoughts and photographs are
irregularly recorded at: http://weibel-lines.typepad.com.
 ABOUT THE EDITORS

Jane Greenberg, PhD, is Associate Professor in the School of Infor-

mation and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill (SILS/UNC-CH); Director of the SILS Metadata Research Center;
and recently was awarded a Frances Carroll McColl professorship. Pro-
fessor Greenberg’s research and teaching focus on metadata and classi-
fication problems. She is the Principal Investigator for the Memex
Metadata (M2) for Student Portfolios project, sponsored by Microsoft
Research and UNC’s Information Technology Services. She serves on
the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) Advisory Board and is
Co-Chair of the DCMI Tools Working Group. She frequently serves on
national and international digital library and metadata conference
program committees, and was Program Co-Chair of the 2003 Dublin
Core conference. Dr. Greenberg was the Principle Investigator of the
AMeGA (Automatic Metadata Generation Applications) project and
the Metadata Generation Research (MGR) project, collectively spon-
sored by Microsoft Research, OCLC Online Computer Center, and the
Library of Congress. Professor Greenberg earned a master’s degree in
Library Science from Columbia University and a doctorate in Library
and Information Science from the University of Pittsburgh.

Eva Méndez, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Library and Informa-

tion Science Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, where she
has been teaching and researching since March 1997. She holds a doc-
torate in Information Science from the same University, awarded in the
academic year 2001-2002 as the outstanding thesis of the year in her
field. She is a member of the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI)
Advisory Board and served as Co-Chair of the International Conference
on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications (Vocabularies in Practice)
held in Madrid in 2005. Her research focuses on Semantic Web technol-
ogies applied to digital information systems and services, with an em-
phasis on metadata standards and other vocabularies. In addition to the
DCMI, Dr. Méndez has served on many conference and workshop pro-
gram committees worldwide. She has also served as an advisor on infor-
mation practice and policy in countries in the European Union and Latin
America. Dr. Méndez was Fulbright-EU Research Scholar at University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Information and Library Sci-
ence, Metadata Research Center, during the academic year 2005-2006.
 Introduction:
Toward a More Library-Like Web
via Semantic Knitting
Jane Greenberg
Eva Méndez

Over the last five years, the library community’s attention to the Se-
mantic Web has progressed at a creeping pace. More recently–within
the last year–the Semantic Web appears to be gaining greater attention
by information professionals looking for answers to manage the com-
plex world of the Web. This development is perhaps best explained by
Paul Miller’s (2005; 2006) stimulating and thought provoking notion of
“Library 2.0” inspired, in part, by Tim O’Reilly’s (2005) highly influ-
ential “What Is Web 2.0.” Part of Miller’s central thesis is that the rich
untapped structured data sources which libraries possess need to be ex-
posed and mined. He believes the 21st century library is obligated to ex-
pose its rich data and provide a new level of service, information access,
and knowledge discovery for the good of its users and citizens at large.
Miller’s Library 2.0 integrates with the foundation ideas and evolution
of the Semantic Web, and invites librarians to think outside the box and
actively engage in the development of the Semantic Web. This special
volume demonstrates that librarians and other information profession-
als, including people involved in information intensive work (e.g., med-
ical doctors), are taking Miller’s advice and building a more library-like
World Wide Web (Web) through what we call “semantic knitting.”

[Haworth co-indexing entry note]: “Introduction: Toward a More Library-Like Web via Semantic Knit-
ting.” Greenberg, Jane, and Eva Méndez. Co-published simultaneously in Cataloging & Classification Quar-
terly (The Haworth Information Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc.) Vol. 43, No. 3/4, 2007, pp. 1-8;
and: Knitting the Semantic Web (ed: Jane Greenberg, and Eva Méndez) The Haworth Information Press, an
imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc., 2007, pp. 1-8. Single or multiple copies of this article are available for a
fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service [1-800-HAWORTH, 9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. (EST). E-mail
address: [email protected]].

Available online at http://ccq.haworthpress.com

© 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1300/J104v43n03_01 1
2 Knitting the Semantic Web

THE SEMANTIC WEB AND UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES

The Semantic Web represents Berners-Lee’s initial idea of the Web,

and is defined as “an extension of the current Web in which information
is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to
work in cooperation” (Berners-Lee et al., 2001). In more conventional
terms, Connolly (1998) explains that the Semantic Web will relieve him
from the “bane of my [his] existence” of performing mundane tasks that
he knows a computer can perform for him (e.g., searching for a doctor
who accepts his health insurance plan).
The Semantic Web requires that information bearing entities on the
Web be tagged with machine-processable meaning (semantic metadata)
in a standard way. The standardization will enable the exchange, use,
and reuse of information. Tagging entities with ontological or other
standard values will result in a semantically knitted network that can
support computational activities and provide people with services effi-
ciently. A fundamental component to this activity is the development,
registration, and sharing of metadata schemas and ontologies.
Koivunen and Miller (2001) identify the following principles to
guide Semantic Web development:

1. Everything can be identified by URIs (Uniform Resource Identi-

fier). People, places, things, and attributes about these entities can
all be identified with an URI.
2. Resources and links have types. Identifying relationships such as
“is version of,” “has subject,” and “is author” make data machine
processable.
3. Partial information is tolerated. There is no limit on the encoding
of entities (resource, links, and relationships).
4. There is no need for absolute truth. Truth of information on the
Web cannot be guaranteed, but Semantic Web agents will be able
to determine what information is trustworthy via context.
5. Evolution is supported. The Semantic Web is organic, and new in-
formation can be added to older information.
6. Minimalist design. The goal is to standardize no more than is nec-
essary; “When we use the Semantic Web technologies the result
should offer much more possibilities than the sum of the parts.”

Although these principles emphasize the simplicity of the Semantic

Web, they are only valuable if there is a means by which they can be
achieved. Concrete examples demonstrating these principles are needed
 Introduction 3

to motivate Semantic Web development. This volume contributes to

this need by presenting Semantic Web foundations, projects, and philo-
sophical ideas.

STATUS OF THE SEMANTIC WEB

We teach in the area of organizing information and digital content

and data management. We encourage students to read about the Seman-
tic Web, explore Semantic Web developments, and think critically
about the Semantic Web’s future. At times we are challenged when dis-
cussing the Semantic Web, particularly when students and colleagues
ask: “Where is it [The Semantic Web]?” “Can I see the Semantic Web in
operation?” and “What about privacy issues?” Our replies to such ques-
tions generally unfold in the following order: Semantic Web develop-
ment is underway with enabling technologies and standards, such as the
Resource Description Framework (RDF), Web Ontology Language
(OWL), Friend Of A Friend (FOAF), and the newest language Simple
Knowledge Organizations System (SKOS). We also point to RSS (RDF
Site Summary/Really Simple Syndication), which incorporates RDF
and has had a global impact on the Web-based news syndications.
These technologies provide the technical backbone required to form the
Semantic Web’s infrastructure. These technologies have also motivated
the development of Semantic Web tools and projects (Table 1) helping
to form an infrastructure that allows information to be digested and used
in new ways as envisioned by Berners-Lee.
Notwithstanding Semantic Web progress (e.g., Table 1), it would be
incorrect to say that these developments support a mature Semantic
Web. In other words, when asked if the Semantic Web currently sup-
ports agents scheduling personal appointments or planning a vacation to
Hawaii, we reply “no.” We can, however, look at online calendaring ap-
plications and travel services, such as Expedia.com, and see semantic
components that could be harvested for Semantic Web development.
Despite these developments, current Semantic Web limitations have led
to criticism (Marshall, 2004; Shirky, 2003). Criticism is useful for ad-
dressing current shortcomings and planning the next step in developing
a Semantic Web. The downside of criticisms is that they often fail to
note where important progress has been made.
What is important and stands as evidence of major progress is the
wide range of communities with a growing interest in information stan-
dards, data interoperability, and open information. Never in our time
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