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 Sources for the Mutual History of Ghana and the Netherlands

An annotated guide to the Dutch archives relating to Ghana and West

Africa in the Nationaal Archief, 1593–1960s
 Sources for the Mutual History of
Ghana and the Netherlands

An annotated guide to the Dutch archives relating to Ghana

and West Africa in the Nationaal Archief, 1593–1960s

Michel R. Doortmont & Jinna Smit

LEIDEN • BOSTON
2007
This book is printed on acid-free paper.

A Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978 90 04 15850 4

© 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Map 5: Forts and castles of the Coast of Ghana was reproduced with the kind permission of
SEDCO Publishers of Accra, Ghana.

Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints BRILL, Hotei Publishing,

IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV
provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to:
The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.

Fees are subject to change.

Printed in the Netherlands

Contents

ix Tables, charts, maps, and figures

xiii Abbreviations
xv Acknowledgements
xvii Preface by the director of the Nationaal Archief

1 Introduction

1 Background of the guide

7 Outline of the guide
14 Bibliographical notes

17 Part I: Archival Guide

1. Archives in the Nationaal Archief

17 Government archives
17    – Period before 1621
32    – Period 1621-1795
80    – Period 1796-1960s
144 Private archives
144    – Period before 1621
149    – Period 1621-1795
169    – Period 1796-1960s
177 Maps and drawings

2. Archives and collections outside the Nationaal Archief

209 Introduction
209 KITLV: Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and
Caribbean Studies
214 National Archives at Kew (Great Britain)
216 The Furley Collection

241 Part II: Thematic descriptions

1. The Dutch on the Coast of Guinea

241 Introduction
241 Charters, royal decrees, and treaties
246 Dutch relations with the Gold Coast and Ghana after 1872


Sources for the Mutual History of Ghana and the Netherlands

2. Dutch relations with other European nations

251 Introduction
252 The Portuguese
253 The British
255 The Swedes and the Danes
256 The Brandenburgers

3. The Dutch administrative and judicial system

258 Introduction
258 Governors and Councils: Dutch government on the Coast of
Guinea
267 Council minutes, resolutions, and general correspondence
270 Government journals
271 Correspondence between St. George d’Elmina and the outer forts
and others
272 The Dutch administration and judicial system

4. The Coast of Guinea in the Dutch archives

278 Introduction
279 Ghanaian and West African polities and political organisation
283 Ghanaian and West African social-economic history
284 Ghanaian cultural history

5. Economic activities and social-economic relations

287 Economic activities: an overview

289 Gold trade and gold mining and washing
291 Slave-trade
295 Other activities
299 Recruitment of African soldiers for the Netherlands East Indies

6. People

302 Introduction
302 Personnel of the WIC and the Dutch government
310 Euro-African and African people and the Dutch
313 Births, marriages, and death
316 Wills, estates, and probate
318 People and the law
318 Daily business and daily life

vi
 Contents

7. Castles, forts and towns

322 Introduction
324 Forts: building history and maintenance
328 Forts: occupation and strength
331 Fort, town, and countryside
334 Maps and drawings

339 Bibliography

363 Name index

373 Geographical index

379 Keyword index

vii
Tables, charts, maps, and figures

Tables
1 Chronology of the Dutch in Ghana and West Africa 4
2 Overview of government archives 18
3 Overview of private archives 143
4 Institutions responsible for administration of the posses-
sions on the Coast of Guinea in the Netherlands 244
5 Dutch consular representatives on the Gold Coast, 1872-
1960 248
6 Dutch governors of the Coast of Guinea 260
7 WIC gold exports from Africa, 1635-1675 290
8 Slave exports from Africa by WIC and interlopers, 1600-
1739 292
9 Slave exports from Africa by Dutch free traders, 1730-
1803 293
10 WIC imports into West Africa, 1700-1723 (in Dutch
guilders) 297
11 WIC exports from the Gold Coast, 1675-1731 (in Dutch
guilders) 298
12 Ranks, titles and functions 303
13 Dutch castles and forts on the Gold Coast 325

Charts
1 Organisation plan of the first WIC 259
2 Organisation plan of the second WIC in West Africa 263

Maps
1 The Netherlands, c. 1600 242
2 The provinces of Holland and Zeeland with important
towns, c. 1600 245

ix
Sources for the Mutual History of Ghana and the Netherlands

3 West African coastal regions 253

4 West Africa from Ivory Coast to Calabar 256
5 Forts and castles on the coast of Ghana 325

Figures
1 Fort Nassau at Mouri, on the Coast of Africa, north-north-
west of 4 1⁄3 degrees (detail). Drawn by Hans Propheet.
1629. Manuscript. Source: 4.VEL 782. xx
2 Ornamental stone depicting a clerk with the insignia
of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and West India
Company (GWC) in wall of the old building of the General
State Archives, now the Nationaal Archief, in the Bleyen-
burg in The Hague. Photo: Gijs Boink. 2
3 Record from the WIC archives, dated 1739, heavily
damaged by ink-rot: the acid in the ink is eating away the
paper. Photo: Michel R. Doortmont. 11
4 Record from the NBKG archives, eighteenth century,
heavily damaged by moist and insects: the paper is
discoloured at the edge, and part of it was eaten away.
Photo: Michel R. Doortmont. 12
5 Record from the NBKG archives, eighteenth century,
damaged by fungus: the paper is discoloured, and
covered in a black powdery substance. Photo: Michel R.
Doortmont. 12
6 Main entrance of the Balme Library, University of Ghana
at Legon. Photo: Michel R. Doortmont. 216
7 Bookcase holding the Furley Collection in the Rare Books
Reading Room of the Balme Library. Photo: Michel R.
Doortmont. 217
8 Display of notebooks from the Furley Collection, with the
index by Collins and Van Dantzig. Photo: Michel R. Doortmont. 218
9 Example of Furley notebook. Photo: Michel R. Doort-
mont. 220
10 Treaty between the WIC and Ahanta and Butre, 1656.
Source: OWIC 12, Contracts and treaties with the
inhabitants of the Coast of Guinea, and other documents
pertaining to jurisdiction in the area, 1640-1674. 280
11 (a) Plan of Fort St. Anthony at Axim, with immediate
surroundings, including part of the village on the lower


 Tables, charts, maps, and figures

edge (north), a water-well and an indigo basin, part of

the cotton plantation the Dutch had here; (b) the indigo
basin enlarged. Source: 4.VEL, no. 746. 296
12 Elevation of fort Batenstein at Butre, drawn by Dutch
architect and master of works and stores J. Varlet, Jr. in
February 1840. Source: 4.VELH, no. 299. 330
13 Map of the Department Butre, c. 1854 (detail). Source:
4.MIKO, no. 754. 335
14 Map of the Department Axim, drawn by the resident J.
Vitringa Coulon, 1854 (detail). Source: 4.MIKO, no. 756. 336

xi
Abbreviations

The abbreviations listed here are used on the basis of convention and
have no official status. The abbreviations refer both to the institutions
and their archives.

AR American Council (Amerikaansche Raad), generic

name for the Council of the American Possessions
and Establishments (Raad der Amerikaanse
Bezittingen en Etablissementen), 1801-1806.
BuZa-1796 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Departement van
Buitenlandse Zaken), 1796-1810.
BuZa Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Departement van
Buitenlandse Zaken), 1813-1870.
HDP Dutch Division at the Ministry of Naval and
Colonial Affairs in Paris (Hollandse Divisie bij
het Ministerie van Marine en Koloniën te Parijs),
1810-1814.
KITLV Royal Netherlands Institute of South East Asian
and Caribbean Studies (Koninklijk Instituut
voor Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde), Leiden, The
Netherlands.
MvK-I Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Ministerie van
Koloniën), 1814-1849.
MvK-II Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Ministerie van
Koloniën), 1850-1900.
MvO Ministry of War (Ministerie van Oorlog), 1813-1945.
MvO voor 1813 Ministry of War before 1813 (Ministerie van
Oorlog voor 1813).
NBKG Netherlands Possessions on the Coast of Guinea
(Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea).
SG States General (Staten-Generaal).
OWIC Old West India Company (Oude West-Indische
Compagnie); abbreviation used to indicate the
archives of the first WIC (1621-1674), rather than
those of the second (WIC).

xiii
Sources for the Mutual History of Ghana and the Netherlands

PRAAD Public Records and Archives Administration

Department, Accra, Ghana; formerly the National
Archives of Ghana.
VOC United East India Company (Verenigde Oost-
Indische Compagnie), 1602-1798.
WIC West India Company (West-Indische Compagnie);
indicating both the first – 1621-1674 – and second
WIC – 1674-1791.
WICom West India Committee (West-Indisch Comité);
generic name for the Committee for the Affairs
of the Colonies and Possessions on the Coast of
Guinea and in America (Comité tot de zaken van
de koloniën en bezittingen op de Kust van Guinea
en in Amerika), 1795-1801.
WIM West Indian Ministries (West-Indische
Ministeries), generic indication for the Ministry
of Trade and Colonial Affairs, 1806-1807 and the
Ministry of Naval and Colonial Affairs, 1808-1810
(Ministerie van Koophandel en Koloniën and
Ministerie van Marine en Koloniën).

xiv
Acknowledgements

The project of this archival guide was developed by the Nationaal Archief,
with the cooperation and (financial) support of the Netherlands Ministry
of Education, Culture and Science. In the Nationaal Archief the project was
carried by Dr. Maarten van Boven, the director, Jan Kompagnie, project
leader, and Frans van Dijk, member of the Editorial Advisory Board and
general source of inspiration. We wish to thank them for their support and
the facilitating role they played throughout the project. In the Nationaal
Archief we also like to thank Lennart Bes, who compiled the survey of maps
and drawings, Diederick Kortlang and Judy Michel, who offered technical
and administrative support, and the rest of the staff, who did odd jobs
for us, and facilitated the quick despatch of the necessary materials,
photocopies and reproductions for the project.
We wish to thank Dr. Henk den Heijer and Dr. Ineke van Kessel for their
advice and support for this project, both in their capacity as members of
the Editorial Advisory Board and as interested colleagues who offered
us their knowledge and insights freely and contributed greatly to the
success of this project. We also wish to thank Henk den Heijer for his
kind permission to reproduce some maps. In Ghana we wish to thank
Ms. Eugenia Adomaku-Gyase, the director of the Publlic Records and
Archives Administration Department, Mr. Augustine Mensah, former
chief records officer at the same institution, Professor Alema, director
of the Balme Library, University of Ghana at Legon, and Dr. Akosua Perbi
of the Department of History of the University of Ghana at Legon. Ms.
Adomako-Gyasi and Dr. Perbi acted as sounding board and international
members of the Editorial Advisory Board. All Ghanaian counterparts
offered us their expertise and assistance freely and thereby contributed
greatly to this publication. It is hoped that they will also become avid
users of this archival guide.
We wish to recognise Professor Albert van Dantzig, formerly of the
University of Ghana at Legon, and Mr. René Baesjou, formerly of the
University of Leiden, now both deceased. Their work of four decades
on the history of the Dutch in Ghana provided an invaluable basis and
inspiration for this project.

Michel Doortmont
Jinna Smit
The Hague, November 2006

xv
Preface by the Director of the Nationaal Archief

In 2007 Ghana celebrates the 50th anniversary of its independence.

The history of Ghana is not only connected to Great Britain, the country
from which the independence in 1957 was gained, however, but to the
Netherlands as well.
In the last decade of the sixteenth century the relations between
Ghana and the Netherlands started with what initially seemed to be an
unfortunate quest for trade and fortune. A Dutch seaman called Barend
Erickszoon stranded on the island of Principe in the year 1590 and was
captured by the Portuguese, the sole masters of the area by then. During
his captivity he learned that the Gold Coast was a good area for profit-
able trade. After his release and return to the Netherlands he managed
to persuade some merchants from the town of Enkhuizen to invest in a
trading voyage to the Gold Coast. In 1593 he sailed to West Africa with his
ship Maeght van Enkhuysen. After nine months he returned home with a
rich cargo of gold, ivory and grein (a sort of pepper). The success of Barend
Erickszoon inspired many Dutch merchants to follow his example.
So the year 1593 marks the beginning of a relationship which still is
progressing. The trading opportunities on the Gold Coast contributed to
the wealth of the Netherlands and its Golden Age of arts and sciences
in the seventeenth century. The dark side of the Dutch presence was
undoubtedly the slave trade in which the Dutch West Indische Compagnie
participated. The Dutch presence in Ghana ended formally in 1872 when
a treaty with the English government stipulated that the English took
over power in Ghana and the Dutch were given full control on the island
of Sumatra.
Nowadays the relations are based on equality and respect and Ghana
is one of the priority countries within the Dutch foreign policy in Africa.
In 2002 his royal highness the Prince of Orange and his wife Princess
Máxima visited Ghana to celebrate 300 years of diplomatic relations
between Ghana and the Netherlands.
In 2004 Ghana and the Netherlands signed an agreement on the
preservation of their mutual cultural heritage. Most of the archival
heritage due to the Dutch presence in Ghana is being managed by the
Nationaal Archief in The Hague. The Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture
and Science was willing to finance the preparation of an archival guide
on these sources.
I have no doubt that this guide will be highly appreciated by research-
ers in Ghana, the Netherlands and other countries. This guide not only
contains an overview of relevant sources, but embeds them in their
institutional and historical context as well. The researchers using this

xvii
Sources for the Mutual History of Ghana and the Netherlands

guide, will, from now on, have access to much more documents and maps
than known before.
I would like to thank the authors of this guide, Dr. Michel Doortmont of
the University of Groningen for sharing his expertise on West African his-
tory with us, and Ms. Jinna Smit, temporarily co-operator of the Nationaal
Archief. Furthermore I would like to thank Ms. Eugenia Adomako-Gyasi
of the Public Records & Archives Administration Department (Accra), Dr.
Akosua A. Perbi of the University of Ghana, Dr. Ineke van Kessel of the
Africa Studies Centre (Leiden), Dr. Henk den Heijer (Leiden University), Mr.
Jan Kompagnie and Mr. Frans van Dijk (both Nationaal Archief ).
Let me conclude by expressing the hope that this guide will inspire
many researchers to visit the Dutch Nationaal Archief in order to reveal the
historical reality of the relations between Ghana and the Netherlands.

Dr. Maarten W. van Boven

Director of the Nationaal Archief of the Netherlands
The Hague, January 2007

xviii
Figure 1: Fort Nassau
at Mouri, on the Coast
of Africa, north-north-
west of 4 1⁄3 degrees
(detail). Drawn by
Hans Propheet. 1629.
Manuscript. Source:
4.VEL 782.
Introduction

Background of the guide

In 2001-2002, the Dutch and Ghanaian governments celebrated 300 years
of diplomatic relations between the two countries, which started with the
mission that West India Company official David van Nyendael undertook
from the Dutch headquarters on the Gold Coast at Elmina to the court of
the Asantehene Osei Tutu at Kumase. The mission was specifically meant
to forge a peaceful relationship with the newly established Asante state
and thereby to develop trade relations, and was therefore more than a
mission just to attract trade.
The symbolic celebration of 300 years of diplomatic relations was a
tribute to Dutch-Ghanaian relations which first developed at the end of the
sixteenth century and continue – in a multitude of forms and with different
levels of intensity – to this day. These relations have known their high and
low points: from strong local cultural, economic and political links to the
Dutch participation in the Atlantic slave-trade, and the sudden departure
of the Dutch from the Gold Coast in 1872. In 2004, the Netherlands and
Ghana signed a Cultural Framework Treaty to further develop cooperation
and development of the mutual cultural heritage of both countries in all
its forms (tangible and intangible). The project to develop an archival
guide, initiated by the Nationaal Archief of the Netherlands in The Hague,
and sponsored by the Netherlands Ministry of Education, Culture and
Science, symbolises the close cultural cooperation between Ghana and
the Netherlands. The publication of a major guidebook for the history
of Ghana in the year the country celebrates its fiftieth anniversary as an
independent state is a further expression of this close relationship.
The original presence of the Dutch in West Africa goes back four centu-
ries, and dates from the late sixteenth century. From the early seventeenth
century onwards, the Dutch gained more and more footholds on the Gold
Coast, when they conquered several Portuguese forts. This very long period
of contact has produced a considerable amount of Ghanian-Dutch mutual
cultural heritage in all possible forms. The most visible are of course the
castle of St. George d’Elmina and the numerous other forts that were
built and/or occupied by the Dutch, often from the seventeenth century
onwards till 1872. Today the castles and forts are on the UNESCO World
Heritage List, and symbolise both the long (positive) relationship between
Ghana and Europe, and the horrors of the Atlantic slave-trade. Other
examples of mutual cultural heritage can be found in the historic lay-out
and traditions of many coastal towns where the Dutch had a foothold. The
final departure of the Dutch as a resident power in the Gold Coast in 1872
heralded a period of – partial – loss of interest in the West African country
on the side of the Dutch. In the twentieth century Dutch interests in Ghana


Sources for the Mutual History of Ghana and the Netherlands

were first and foremost economic in nature, as Dutch businesses invested

and established themselves in the country. Examples of household names
are Vlisco/GTP with their well-known Real Dutch Wax textiles, Henkes
Schnapps, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, and the electronics firm Philips which
is especially active in the development of medical systems and clinics
in Ghana. From the 1970s onwards, a new type of relationship between
Ghana and the Netherlands developed as well, in the form of a substantive
migration of Ghanaians to the Netherlands. Currently, the Netherlands is
one of the major migration countries for Ghanaians, many of whom settled
to stay and opted for Dutch citizenship as well.
There always has been an academic interest in the history of Dutch-
Ghanaian relations, with several early modern publications by Dutch
officials who lived on the Gold Coast. The best-known work is of course
Bosman’s New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea, dating
back to 1704 (Bosman 1704). The end of the slave-trade era in the begin-
ning of the nineteenth century saw a flurry of publications and reports
about the viability of the Dutch possessions and necessity for change
and renewal. Nevertheless, as the Dutch cession of its West African pos-
sessions was disputed both on the Gold Coast and in the Netherlands,
the discussion about the event itself and in the context of the foregoing
centuries of intensive contact produced another batch of publications.
In the middle of the twentieth century, the collection and transcription of
a large number of Dutch (and other European) historical sources by the
former colonial official J.T. Furley enabled non-Dutch speaking researchers
to access these sources firsthand for the first time. In the late twentieth
century, the academic interest grew further, not in the least because of the
work of Albert van Dantzig, the Dutch history professor at the University
of Ghana at Legon, who tirelessly promoted the joint history of Ghana and
the Netherlands through his lectures and publications, inspiring many

Figure 2: Ornamental
stone depicting a clerk
with the insignia of
the Dutch East India
Company (VOC) and
West India Company
(GWC) in wall of the old
building of the General
State Archives, now the
Nationaal Archief, in
the Bleyenburg in The
Hague.
Photo: Gijs Boink.


 Introduction

others to follow in his footsteps. The publication of the proceedings of

the conference held in The Hague on 300 years of diplomatic relations in
2001 formed another highpoint in the academic attention for the history
of Dutch-Ghanaian relations.
To write the history of Dutch-Ghanaian relations one needs sources. As
most of the Ghanaian cultures were oral cultures before the introduction
of systematic western education and colonial administration in the late
nineteenth century, historical sources available in Ghana for the pre-colo-
nial period have specific limitations. A body of written historical sources
form therefore an important complementary and supplementary basis
for the history of the country. Of the four European countries that stayed
longest in Ghana (Portugal, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark), the
Dutch have left the most elaborate archives in terms of their attention for
local matters and an administration that dealt with all kinds of civil matters
on the level of the local community and even the local individual. More
than the historical archives of the other European nations do the Dutch
archives therefore allow for a close-up study of Ghanaian history.
At the same time there are serious limitations to and problems with
the use of Dutch archives for the study of African history. An important
problem with the Dutch archives is the language. Not many historians
of Ghana and West Africa speak or read this language, which makes the
archives virtually inaccessible for the aspiring but non-Dutch historian.
This problem was recognised at an early date by the aforementioned
British colonial official J.T. Furley, who, after his retirement, set out on a
mission to collect and transcribe as many archives and records as he could.
Furley’s collection of notes is currently one of the major documentary
resources for historical research of Ghana’s precolonial history in Ghana
and in English. Therefore, this collection, or at least the Dutch sections
of it, are discussed and listed in this Guide.
This Guide builds on a tradition of research guides that started in the
early 1960s. In 1962, Carson prepared a research guide on Materials for
West African History in the Archives of Belgium and Holland (Carson 1962).
This guide is still a valuable research-aid today, because Carson did not
stop at transcribing the available inventories, but actually studied much
of the material and made useful concise summaries of their content. Two
articles by Harvey Feinberg (1967, 1969) complement Carson’s guide.
In 1978 Dutch archivists M.P.H. Roesingh and W. Visser compiled a
Guide to the Sources of the History of Africa South of the Sahara in the
Netherlands for the International Council on Archives, a UNESCO body.
This guide included all African materials in all Dutch repositories, and
although highly detailed, is not an ideal finding aid for the history of the
Dutch in Ghana and along the West African coast, because it is too general
in many respects. Moreover, both Carson and Roessingh & Visser strictly
took an archivist’s point of view when compiling their guides, which is
not always conducive for the historical researcher, who wants to know
which materials he can find in what place and how. This current guide
tries to meet this need.


Sources for the Mutual History of Ghana and the Netherlands

Table 1

Chronology of the Dutch in Ghana and West Africa

1568-1648 The northern Netherlands provinces at war (Eighty Years War) with the King
of Spain over his sovereignty in the Netherlands
1588-1795 The Netherlands an independent state as Republiek der Verenigde
Nederlanden (Republic of the United Netherlands); sovereign body: States
General
1590-1600 Great extension of the Dutch trade overseas, including trade to West Africa
1596 First attack on São Jorge da Mina
1610-1612 First Dutch establishments on the Coast of Guinea
1612 Establishment of fort Nassau at Mouri, Dutch headquarters on the Coast of
Guinea
1621 Foundation of the first WIC
1625 Failed Dutch attack on Portuguese headquarters São Jorge da Mina
1637 Capture of São Jorge da Mina by the Netherlands
1641 Occupation of coastal towns in Angola by the Dutch, including Luanda and
Benguela
1642 Capture of fort St. Anthony at Axim by the Dutch, consolidation of the
Dutch authority on the Coast of Guinea and expulsion of the Portuguese
1648 End of the Eighty Years War, Treaty of Münster. Both the Netherlands and
Spain remain in the possession of their respective territories
1648-1654 Expulsion of the Dutch from the coastal towns of Angola and from Brazil by
the Portuguese
1649-1658 Swedish and Danish activities on the Coast of Guinea start
1664-1665 The English under Robert Holmes capture Dutch forts on the Coast of
Guinea, except Elmina
1666-1667 The Dutch under admiral M.A. de Ruyter retake the forts; Cape Coast
remains English
1674 Dissolution of first and foundation of the second WIC
1680 Akwamu conquers Accra
1683 Brandenburg Africa Company builds fort Gross Friedrichsburg at Princes’
Town (Pokesu); start of disputes between the WIC and the Brandenburg
Africa Company
1690s Komenda wars; rise of Asante
1701 Asante defeats Denkyera and becomes most important state in the Coast
of Guinea hinterland


 Introduction

1701-1702 Mission to Kumase by WIC-official David van Nyendael to establish political

and trade relations with Asante; Asante becomes important ally of the
Dutch and of the Elmina State
1704-1711 Anglo-Dutch antagonism
1720 Foundation of the Middelburgsche Commercie Compagnie which develops
into the main Dutch private slave-trading company after 1734
1730 Subjects of the Republic are allowed to trade privately on the West African
coast (with the exception of the Gold Coast) on payment of recognition
duty to the WIC
1734 The WIC is forced to allow subjects of the Republic free trade and shipping
on the Gold Coast as well
1740s Wars between Asante and Wassa and its allies; Dutch slave trade in
western region of the Coast of Guinea severely hampered
1754 Further relaxation of WIC trade restrictions: WIC official allowed to trade in
slaves
1756-1763 The Seven Years War in Europe severely damages the Dutch overseas trade
1770s Disputes between the Dutch and the Danes on the Coast of Guinea (Accra)
1780-1784 Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, with fatal consequences for the Dutch overseas
trade and colonial dominion; the English capture Dutch key points on the
Coast of Guinea and destroy fort Crevecoeur at Accra
1784 The English return the captured forts on the Coast of Guinea to the Dutch
1780s Collapse of the Dutch slave trade
1780s-1790s Dutch administration on the Coast of Guinea in serious financial trouble
1791 Dissolution of the second WIC; the government of the Netherlands takes
over responsibility for all WIC possessions
1795-1806 Dissolution of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and institution
of the Bataafse Republiek (Batavian Republic), which becomes more and
more a unitary state
1806-1811 Koningrijk Holland (Kingdom of Holland) under King Louis Napoleon
(brother of Emperor Napoleon I of France)
1807 British abolition of slave-trade
1807 First Asante invasion of the coast; Fante attack on Elmina
1811-1813 The Netherlands incorporated into the French Empire
1813 Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (Kingdom of the Netherlands) under Sovereign
Willem I
1814 The Netherlands abolish the slave-trade
1815 Unification of the Kingdom of the Netherlands with Belgium into the
Koninkrijk der Verenigde Nederlanden (Kingdom of the United Netherlands)
under King Willem I


Sources for the Mutual History of Ghana and the Netherlands

1815 Governor-general H.W. Daendels sent out to the Coast of Guinea; effort to
modernise the Dutch administration and improve the economic viability of
the possessions; fails with death of Daendels in 1818
1816-1818 Mission of Dutch Euro-African official W. Huydecoper to Kumase to re-
enforce good relations
1818 Treaty between Great Britain and the Netherlands for the further
prevention of the slave-trade
1819 The Netherlands again introduces a new administrative organisation and
chooses for a low-key and cheap presence on the Coast of Guinea
1830 Secession of Belgium from the Kingdom; final Treaty concluded in 1839
1830s First serious efforts to recruit African soldiers for the Netherlands East
Indies; recruitment lasts till 1872, with break in the 1840s
1836-1837 The Netherlands sends diplomatic mission to the Coast of Guinea and
Asante under general Jan Verveer, to regulate the recruitment of African
soldiers and to modernise the Dutch administration
1838-1839 King of Ahanta, Bonsu II, attacks Dutch officials at Butre. Dutch military
intervention fails and commander (governor) Tonneboeijer and several
other top officials are killed. Expeditionary force under general Jan Verveer
sent from the Netherlands, king Bonsu II killed and Dutch protectorate
established; Ahanta kingdom breaks up
1838 Modernisation of Dutch administration on the Coast of Guinea, with
additional changes made in 1842
1847-1848 Further changes made to the Dutch administration
1851 Denmark cedes its possessions on the Coast of Guinea to Great Britain
1867-1869 Unrest about the exchange (effective 1868) of territory on the Coast of
Guinea between Great Britain and the Netherlands; the Netherlands sends
expeditionary force to pacify former British establishments; the exchange
of territories gives Great Britain control of all forts east of and including
Cape Coast Castle, the Netherlands of all forts west of and including St.
George d’Elmina
1872 The Netherlands cedes its possessions on the Coast of Guinea to Great
Britain
1872-1960 Consular representation of the Netherlands on the Gold Coast

Sources: Roessingh & Visser 1978; Van Dantzig 1980.


 Introduction

Outline of the guide

Overview and listing of archives
This guide is divided into two parts. Part I describes the archives concern-
ing the historical relations between the Netherlands and Ghana, 1593
– 1960s. The guide focuses on the Dutch presence in Ghana and Ghanaian
history as recorded in the Dutch archives. Moreover, the guide limits itself
to a description of the archives that are kept in the Nationaal Archief,
the national archives of the Netherlands established in The Hague, and
some related stray archives. In this respect this guide, although based on
earlier publications, differs considerably from its two main predecessors
(Carson 1962; Roessingh & Visser 1978), which both cast a wider net,
incorporating Belgian archives (Carson) as well as archives pertaining to
all of Africa south of the Sahara. Both guides have outlived their useful
life as proper research aides, due to changes in the archival organisation
and the perspective chosen by the authors. Nevertheless, in lay-out and
approach this guide leans heavily on both, and often borrows from its
predecessors.
In this guide we focus on Ghana (the former Gold Coast or Coast of
Guinea), as indicated before, but there are two exceptions. When the
Dutch West India Company first developed relations along the West African
Coast, they were allowed a charter which gave the Company a free hand
along the African coast from the Tropic of Cancer down to the Cape of
Good Hope. For much of the seventeenth-century archives one can make
no proper distinction between the Coast of Guinea and other areas, so
all are included. The second exception is in the nineteenth century, when
the Dutch government cooperated closely with the British government
in quelling the Atlantic slave-trade. All materials relative to the abolition
of the Atlantic slave-trade and the Dutch presence to this effect in Sierra
Leone are incorporated into this guide. Not so are the archives of public
and private institutions in the Congo, Angola, Southern and Eastern Africa,
West African countries like Liberia, and other places were the Dutch
developed an interest or foothold. So the main attention goes to Ghana
and the coastal areas of West Africa that were explored by the Dutch from
their headquarters at St. George d’Elmina in modern-day Ghana.
As mentioned above, the guide is divided into two main parts. Part I
focuses on the archives and the way in which they are ordered, to assist
researchers to make a choice of materials relevant for any specific theme.
First we give a description of the archives in the Nationaal Archief, ordered
chronologically and according to the status of the producing institution.
This means that we first look at the archives of (central) government and
government bodies, like the West India Company, ministries, and the
Dutch government on the Coast of Guinea, and secondly at private archives
– of families and individuals – deposited in the collections of the Nationaal
Archief. Here one has to keep in mind that private archives – especially
those predating the nineteenth century – often contain public records,


Sources for the Mutual History of Ghana and the Netherlands

as in this period public office holders did not draw a clear distinction
between their public and private positions.
For the blocks of public and private archives we have chosen a chrono-
logical order in accordance with the Dutch institutional changes:

1. before 1621 The period before the establishment of the (first)

West India Company, in which the States General of
the Netherlands were the main agency concerning
itself with colonial affairs and West Indian and African
trade.
2. 1621-1795 The period of the first and second West India Company,
1621-1674 and 1675-1791 respectively, and the final
years of the Republic of the United Netherlands that
collapsed in 1795, in which Dutch control over the West
African possessions was decentralised in accordance
with the decentralised manner in which the Republic
was run.
3. 1795-1960s The period of centralised government in the Nether-
lands, in which Dutch relations with Ghana and West
Africa were regulated by a Ministry of Colonial Affairs (or
equivalent institution) until the Dutch departure from
the Gold Coast in 1872, and by the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs in the period after 1872. Also, the Ministries
of Economic Affairs and War were involved in Dutch-
Ghanaian (Gold Coast) relations in this period.

Within the chronological periods, the private archives are described in a

strict alphabetical order, according to the (first) surname of the person
or family after whom the collection is named.
Where public archives run over from one period into the next, they are
described in full in the earliest applicable period, with a cross-reference
in the other periods. This is for instance the case with the archival series
of the Netherlands Possessions on the Coast of Guinea (Nederlandse
Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea), the archives produced by the Dutch
government in Africa, that run from the middle of the seventeenth century
till 1872. The descriptions end more or less naturally with several collec-
tions of economic and foreign relations records from the 1960s. This is
not to say that at this point in time Dutch-Ghanaian relations ended of
course, or that record keeping stopped. In view of the limited transfer
of public records younger than thirty to forty years to the Nationaal
Archief, the 1960s are a natural end-point for this guide. Most of the
governmental records for the period after the Second World War can
be found in the archives of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs
and concern diplomatic affairs, diplomatic and economic treaties, and
development cooperation. Much of this material is as yet not transferred
to the Nationaal Archief.


 Introduction

Many of the archives of state institutions like the High Colleges of State
(States General, Council of State, ministries), but also those of the WIC, are
mainly composed of large series of resolutions, minutes, correspondence,
etc. The references to these series say little about the actual content.
Information about the establishment, functions, distribution of duties and
the organisation of the institution which formed the archive is emphasised
here, according to the format introduced in the guide by Roessingh &
Visser. Data about the size of the archives, the available inventories and
other entries are also included. Sometimes a brief summary is given of
the headings and catchwords, used in indexes and alphabetical registers
under which relevant papers are mentioned.
Unlike Carson and Roessingh & Visser, we have made an effort to
describe all relevant archives for the study of Ghanaian history and the
history of the WIC in West Africa, as well as the history of the Dutch
slave-trade in West Africa, which are kept in the Nationaal Archief in The
Hague. This means that for the more important institutions with extensive
listings of relevant material, we have copied the entries in the available
inventories and class lists, providing both the original Dutch text as well
as an English translation for each entry. This format and the institutional
descriptions were borrowed from the archival guide Dutch Sources on
South Asia (Gommans, Bes & Kruijtzer 2001).
In the description of individual documents, personal names and place
names appear more often than in the general description of the larger
archival series. Because these names are included in the index of this
guide, individual documents can easily attract a disproportionate amount
of attention. It has to be emphasised that the same or similar information
can be found in the series of correspondence and resolutions, often even
in greater detail. If a document is in a language other than Dutch, this is
mentioned as well. Here it has to be noted that in the general correspond-
ence one often finds documents in English, French, Portuguese or Danish
unexpectedly. The language indication in this guide is therefore limited.


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