V Sem EC Electromagnetic Waves Paper Solution

PRIYADARSHINI BHAGWATI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Sessional Examination (2024-25)
Question Paper Solution
V Semester
Electromagnetic Waves
Subject Code : BEEC502T

Que. 1 (a)
Given points A(2,5,-1), B(3, -2,4) and C(-2,3,1). Find
(a) ⃗RAB · ⃗RAC (b) Angle between ⃗RAB and ⃗RAC (c) The length of projection
of ⃗RAB on ⃗RAC (d) The vector projection of ⃗RAB on ⃗RAC .

Solution :

Que. 1 (b)

⃗ = (x – y)ây in spherical coordinates.

Express the vector field W

Solution :

Que. 2 (a)
Derive an expression for electric field intensity at a field point due to an
infinite uniform line charge.

Solution :

Que. 2 (b)
2
Given ⃗D = 5r4 âr c/m2 in spherical coordinates. Evaluate both sides of
divergence theorem for the volume of the sphere enclosed by r=4 m.

Solution :

Que. 3 (a)
State and explain Biot Savart’s Law.

Solution :

L: Dr. P.R. Bokde 1 PBCOE, Nagpur

Paper Solution Electromagnetic Waves V Sem EC

Biot Savart law states that the differential magnetic field intensity at the
field point produced by a differential current element is directly propor-
tional to the strength of differential current element (dH ∝ IdL), inversely
proportional to the square of the distance r of the field point from the source
point (dH ∝ 1/r2 ) and directly proportional to sin θ where θ is the angle
between the direction of the differential current element and the radial di-
rection from source point to field point.

IdL sin θ
dH ∝
r2
IdL sin θ
∴ dH = k
r2

In SI units, the proportionality constant k was found to be unitless and equal

1 . Therefore the differential magnetic field intensity at field point due to
to 4π
differential current element is -
IdL sin θ
dH = A/m
4πr2

The direction of magnetic field intensity was found to be perpendicular to both

the directions, the direction of differential current element and the radial direc-
tion from source point to field point. The direction of magnetic field is therefore
normal to the plane containing the above two directions and hence is given by a
unit normal vector âN . Therefore the vector magnetic field at field point due to
differential current element is -

⃗ = IdL sin θ
dH âN
4πr2
Out of two possible normal directions, the direction of âN is given by the direction
of progression of a right handed screw rule when turned from d⃗L into âr through
the smaller angle θ between them . We have

⃗ =IdL sin θ IdL · 1 · sin θ âN |Id⃗L||âr | sin θ

dH â N = = âN
4πr2 4πr2 4πr2
⃗
⃗ = IdL × âr A/m
∴ dH
4πr2
The total magnetic field intensity at the field point due to filamentary current is
obtained as -
Id⃗L × âr
Z Z
⃗
H= ⃗
dH = A/m
line line 4πr2

If the current flows on a surface of a conductor as ⃗kA/m the differential magnetic

PBCOE, Nagpur 2 L: Dr. P.R. Bokde

V Sem EC Electromagnetic Waves Paper Solution

field intensity at field point due to differential current element is -

⃗kdS × âr (⃗k × âr )

⃗ =
dH = A/m
4πr2 4πr2

The total magnetic field intensity at field point due to surface current is obtained
as -
Z ⃗
(k × âr )dS
Z
⃗
H = dH = ⃗ A/m
S S 4πr2
If current flows in the volume of a conductor as⃗J A/m2 then the differential mag-
netic field intensity at field point due to differential current element is -

⃗Jdv × âr (⃗J × âr )dv

⃗ =
dH = A/m
4πr2 4πr2

The total magnetic field intensity at field point due to volume current is obtained
as -
(⃗J × âr )dv
Z Z
⃗ =
H ⃗ =
dH A/m
vol vol 4πr2

Que. 3(b)
Find the vector magnetic field intensity in cartesian coordinates at point
P(1.5,2,3) caused by a current filament of 24 amp in the aˆz direction on Z-
axis and extending from (a) z = 0 to z = 6 (b) z = 6 to z = ∞ (c) z = –∞ to z =
∞.

Solution :

Que. 4 (a)
Prove that the Maxwell’s Equation for magnetic field is given by -

⃗
⃗ =⃗J + ∂D
⃗▽ × H
∂t

Solution :

Que. 4 (b)

A material for which ϵr = 1.5, µr = 1 has conductivity σ. Let ⃗E =

60 cos(105 t)aˆx V/m, find (a)⃗Jc (b)⃗Jd (c) the conductivity for which the dis-
placement current density and conduction current density have equal am-
plitudes.

Solution :

L: Dr. P.R. Bokde 3 PBCOE, Nagpur

Paper Solution Electromagnetic Waves V Sem EC

Que. 5 (a)
Prove that the intrinsic impedance of a medium is given by -
s
jωµ
η=
σ + jωϵ

Solution :

Que. 5 (b)
The electric field intensity of a uniform plane wave in air has an amplitude
of 800 V/m and is in aˆx direction. If the wave is propagating in aˆz direction
and has a wavelength of 0.6 m, find (a) the frequency (b) the period (c) the
⃗
value of β (d) the amplitude and direction of H.

Solution :

Que. 6 (a)
State and prove Poynting Vector theorem.

Solution : Maxwell’s first equation in a general conducting medium for time

varying fields is -
−
→ ∂Ẽ
▽ × H̃ = J̃ + ϵ (1)
∂t
Taking dot product of Ẽ on both sides we get,

−
→ ∂Ẽ
Ẽ · ▽ × H̃ = Ẽ · J̃ + Ẽ · ϵ (2)
∂t

We have a vector identity,

−
→ − → − → −
→ − →  −→ −→ 
▽ · A × B = B · ▽ ×A – A · ▽ ×B (3)

−
→ −
→
Let A = Ẽ and B = H̃
−
→
−
→ 

▽ · Ẽ × H̃ = H̃ · ▽ × Ẽ – Ẽ · Ẽ × H̃
−
→  −
→  −→

Ẽ · ▽ × H̃ = H̃ · ▽ × Ẽ – ▽ · Ẽ × H̃

PBCOE, Nagpur 4 L: Dr. P.R. Bokde

V Sem EC Electromagnetic Waves Paper Solution

Putting in equation 2 we get,

−
→  −→
∂Ẽ − →

H̃ · ▽ × Ẽ – ▽ · Ẽ × H̃ = Ẽ · J̃ + Ẽ · ϵ – ▽ · Ẽ × H̃ (4)
∂t
∂Ẽ −
→ − →
= Ẽ · J̃ + Ẽ · ϵ – H̃ · ▽ × E (5)
∂t
−
→
From Maxwell’s II equation, putting ▽ × Ẽ = –µ ∂∂tH̃ in equation 5, we get,

−→
∂Ẽ ∂H̃
– ▽ · Ẽ × H̃ = Ẽ · J̃ + Ẽ · ϵ + H̃ · µ (6)
∂t ∂t

Consider the term Ẽ · ϵ∂∂tẼ being same in space, we get,

!
∂Ẽ ∂E 1 ∂E 1 ∂E2 ∂ ϵE2
Ẽ · ϵ = Eϵ = ϵE = ϵ = (7)
∂t ∂t 2 ∂t 2 ∂t ∂t 2

where E is the instantaneous magnitude of electric field intensity. Similarly,

!
∂H ∂ µH2
H̃ · µ = (8)
∂t ∂t 2

where H is the instantaneous magnitude of magnetic field intensity. Therefore

equation 6 becomes,
! !
−
→
∂ ϵE2 ∂ µH2
– ▽ · Ẽ × H̃ = Ẽ · J̃ + + (9)
∂t 2 ∂t 2

Integrating both sides of equation 9 in a volume in space, enclosed by a closed

surface, where the electric and magnetic fields of electromagnetic wave exist, we
get,
! !
∂ ϵE2 ∂ µH2
Z
Z
Z Z
– Ẽ × H̃ dv = Ẽ · J̃ dv + dv + dv (10)
vol vol vol ∂t 2 vol ∂t 2

Space and time being the independent of each other, interchanging order of op-
erations in space amd time on right hand side of above equation and applying
Divergence theorem to LHS, we get,

! !

−→ d ϵE2 d µH2
I Z
Z Z
– Ẽ × H̃ · dS = Ẽ · J̃ dv + dv + dv (11)
S vol dt vol 2 dt vol 2

L: Dr. P.R. Bokde 5 PBCOE, Nagpur

Paper Solution Electromagnetic Waves V Sem EC
R

Consider the first term of equation 11 i.e. vol Ẽ · J̃ dv. J̃ is the instantaneous
conduction current density produced in the medium by the electric field of the
wave due to non-zeroRvalue of
conductivity. Ẽ · J̃ gives the power per unit volume
at a point. Therefore vol Ẽ · J̃ dv gives the instantaneous power in the volume
in watts, that is dissipated as I2 R losses. I2 R losses take place in the medium
due to the conduction current flowing in that medium, because of non-zero value
of conductivity σ. This power to be dissipated in the volume enters the volume
through the enclosing closed surface, through the electric field intensity of the
wave. Therefore first term on RHS of equation 11 gives the instantaneous power
entering the closed surface, tobe dissipated as I2 R losses.
ϵE2 gives the energy density in the electric field of the wave. Therefore
R ϵE
2 vol 2 dv
gives the energy stored in the electric field intensity, in the volume of integration.
ϵE2 dv gives the instantaneous rate of increase of energy stored
R 
Therefore dtd
vol 2
in the electric field of the wave, in the volume of integration. Therefore second
term on right hand side of equation 11 gives the instantaneous power that en-
ters the volume through the enclosing closed surface, through electric field of the
wave and gets stored in the electric field.
µH2 R µH2
2 gives the energy density in the magnetic field intensity and vol 2 dv gives
the energy stored in the magnetic field intensity, in the volume  of integration.

d
R µH2
Therefore the third term on RHS of equation 11 above i.e. dt vol 2 dv gives
the instantaneous rate of increase of the energy stored in the magnetic field, in
the volume of integration. Therefore it gives the instantaneous power that enters
the volume through the enclosing closed surface, through magnetic field of the
wave and gets stored in the magnetic field.
Therefore RHS of equation 11 above gives the total instantaneous power enclos-
ing the closed surface. Therefore,
I
−→
– Ẽ × H̃ · dS = total instantaneous power entering the closed surface (12)
S

I
−→
∴ Ẽ × H̃ · dS = total instantaneous power leaving the closed surface (13)
S

Ẽ × H̃ gives the instantaneous power per unit area at a point i.e. the power den-
sity at a point and is given by the instantaneous Poynting’s vector P watts/m2

∴ P = Ẽ × H̃ watts/m2 (14)

This is the Poynting’s vector theorem.

The Poynting’s vector P i.e. the instantaneous power density is directed in the

PBCOE, Nagpur 6 L: Dr. P.R. Bokde

V Sem EC Electromagnetic Waves Paper Solution

−
→ − →
direction of E × H i.e. in the direction of propagation of wave. Therefore the
flow of energy takes place in the direction of propagation of the wave.

Que. 6 (b)
The electric field amplitude of a uniform plane wave propagating in aˆz di-
rection is 250 V/m. If ⃗E = Ex aˆx and ω = 1.0 Mrad/sec, find - (i) the fre-
⃗
quency (ii) the wavelength (iii) the time period (iv) the amplitude of H.

Solution :

Que. 7 (a)
Derive an expression for phase velocity and group velocity in rectangular
waveguide.

Solution :

Phase Velocity in Rectangular Waveguide

Wave propagates in the waveguide when guide wavelength λg is greater than

the free space wavelength λo . Since the velocity of propagation is the product of
λ and f, it follows that in waveguide, VP = λg × f, where VP is the phase velocity.
But the speed of light is equal to the product of λo and f. This VP is greater than
the speed of light since λg ≫ λo . This is contradicting since no signal can travel
faster than the spped of light. However, the wavelength in the guide is the length
of the cycle and VP represents the velocity of the phase. In fact, phase velocity
is defined as the rate at which the wave changes its phase in terms of the guide
wavelength.

λg
VP = = λg × f
Unit Time
2πfλg 2πf
∴ VP = = 2π
2π
λg

ω
∴ VP = (15)
β
Where, ω = 2πf and β = 2π
λ g
Since no intelligence or modulation travel at this velocity, VP is termed as phase
velocity.
We know that,
ω
VP =
β

L: Dr. P.R. Bokde 7 PBCOE, Nagpur

Paper Solution Electromagnetic Waves V Sem EC

Also,
 mπ 2  nπ 2
h2 = γ2 + ω 2 µϵ = A2 + B2 = +
a b
And γ = α + jβ.
For wave propagation, γ = jβ, since α = 0
 mπ 2  nπ 2
∴ γ2 = (jβ)2 = + – ω 2 µϵ (16)
a b
At f = fc , ω = ωc , γ = 0
 mπ 2  nπ 2
ωc2 µϵ = +
a b
Putting this in equation 16

γ2 = (jβ)2 = ωc2 µϵ – ω 2 µϵ
γ2 = –β2 = ωc2 µϵ – ω 2 µϵ
q
∴ β = ω 2 µϵ – ωc2 µϵ
√
q
∴ β = µϵ ω 2 – ωc2

As,
ω
VP =
β
ω
∴ VP =
√
q
µϵ ω 2 – ωc2
1 1
∴ VP = √ q
2
µϵ
1 – ωωc
c
∴ VP = r  2
1 – ffc

We also know that, f = λc , where λo is free space wavelength and fc = λc .

o c

c
∴ VP = r  2 (17)
1 – λλo
c

Expression 17 represents the expression for phase velocity.

Group Velocity in Rectangular Waveguide

If there is a modulation in the carrier, the modulation envelop actually travels at

a velocity slower than that of carrier alone and of course slower than speed of

PBCOE, Nagpur 8 L: Dr. P.R. Bokde

V Sem EC Electromagnetic Waves Paper Solution

light. The velocity of modulation envelop is called group velocity and is repre-
sented as Vg . This happens when the modulated signal travels in a waveguide,
the modulation goes on slipping backward with respect to the carrier.
It is defined as the rate at which the wave propagate through the waveguide. It
is given by –
dω
Vg = (18)
dβ
√
q q
But, β = µϵ ω – ωc = µϵ(ω 2 – ωc2 ).
2 2

Now, differentiating equation of β with respect to ω, we get,

dβ 1
= q × 2ωµϵ
dω 2 2
2 µϵ(ω – ωc )
√
dβ µϵ
∴ =q
dω
2
1 – ωωc
√
dβ µϵ
∴ =r  
dω 2
1 – ffc

Therefore,
dω
Vg =
dβ
r  2
1 – ffc
Vg = √
µϵ

s
λo 2
 
∴ Vg = c 1 – (19)
λc
Expression 19 represents the expression for group velocity in rectangular waveg-
uide.

L: Dr. P.R. Bokde 9 PBCOE, Nagpur

Paper Solution Electromagnetic Waves V Sem EC

Now,
s
λo 2
 
c
Vp × Vg = r 2 × c 1–
 λc
1 – λλo
c

∴ Vp × Vg = C2
q
∴ Vp × Vg = C

Hence we cab say that the geometric mean of phase velocity and group velocity
is equal to velocity of light.

Que. 7 (b)
What is guide wavelength in waveguide? Derive an expression for guide
wavelength.

Solution :

Que. 8 (a)
What is Wave impedance? Derive an expression for Wave impedance for
TE waves in rectangular waveguide.

Solution :

Que. 8 (b)
Determine the cut-off wavelength for the dominant mode in a rectangu-
lar waveguide of breadth 10 cm. For a 2.5 GHz signal propagated in this
waveguide in dominant mode, calculate the guide wavelength, the group
and phase velocities.

Solution :

Que. 9 (a)
Define the following terms related to antenna (Any Four)

1. Directivity
2. Radiation Resistance
3. Beamwidth
4. Front to back ratio
5. Radiation intensity
6. Effective aperture

Solution :

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V Sem EC Electromagnetic Waves Paper Solution

1. Directivity
• Directivity D of antenna is defined as ratio of maximum radation intensity
of test antenna to average radiation intensity of test antenna.
• In terms of expression, it is given as :

Maximum Radiation intensity of test antenna

D= (20)
Average radiation intensity of test antenna

• Directivity is also defined as maximum directive gain.

• The maximum directive gain of antenna for particular direction is constant.

3. Beamwidth
• Antenna beamwidth is a measure of directivity of an antenna.
• It is angular width measured in degrees.
• Antenna beamwidth is measured from radiation pattern of the antenna,
where the radiated power is half of its maximum value.
• In other words, it is also defined as the angle between two half power points
in a radition pattern.

Figure 1: Radiation Pattern

4. Front to Back Ratio

• Front to back ratio is defined as ratio of power radiated in desired direction
to power radiated in back or opposite direction.
• In terms of expression, it is given as :

Power radiated in desired direction

A= (21)
radiated in back or opposite direction

• Higher the value of front to back ratio, better it is.

• It is generally desired to have higher front to back ratio as compared to gain.

5. Radiation Intensity
• Radiation intensity is defined as power per unit solid angle.

L: Dr. P.R. Bokde 11 PBCOE, Nagpur

Paper Solution Electromagnetic Waves V Sem EC

• Radiation intensity is denoted by capital letter U or ϕ.

• Radiation intensity does not depend on distance from radiator.

Que. 9 (b)
An antenna has a radiation resistance of 70 Ω, a loss resistance of 10 Ω and
power gain of 12 dB. Determine antenna efficiency and its directivity.

Solution :

Que. 10 (a)
Calculate the radiation resistance of a broadcast antenna which is 30 m
high, base fed vertical conductor over a perfectly conducting ground at a
frequency of 500 kHz.

Solution :

Que. 10 (b)
Explain ‘Retarded magnetic Potential’.

Solution :

PBCOE, Nagpur 12 L: Dr. P.R. Bokde