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 (Ebook) The Docker Book by James Turnbull ISBN
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 The Docker Book

James Turnbull

March 12, 2019

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7)

Website: The Docker Book

Some rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise, for commercial purposes
without the prior permission of the publisher.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of
this license, visit here.
© Copyright 2015 - James Turnbull <[email protected]>
Contents

Page

Foreword 1
Who is this book for? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
A note about versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Credits and Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Technical Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Scott Collier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
John Ferlito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Pris Nasrat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Technical Illustrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Proofreader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Conventions in the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Code and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Colophon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Errata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter 1 Introduction 6
Introducing Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
An easy and lightweight way to model reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
A logical segregation of duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Fast, efficient development life cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Encourages service oriented architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Docker components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Docker client and server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

i
 Contents

Docker images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Registries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Compose, Swarm and Kubernetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
What can you use Docker for? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Docker with configuration management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Docker’s technical components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
What’s in the book? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Docker resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter 2 Installing Docker 19

Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Installing on Ubuntu and Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Checking for prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Installing Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Docker and UFW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Installing on Red Hat and family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Checking for prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Installing Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Starting the Docker daemon on the Red Hat family . . . . . . . . . . 31
Docker for Mac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Installing Docker for Mac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Testing Docker for Mac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Docker for Windows installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Installing Docker for Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Testing Docker for Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Using Docker on OSX and Windows with this book . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Docker installation script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Binary installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
The Docker daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Configuring the Docker daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Checking that the Docker daemon is running . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Upgrading Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Docker user interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

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Chapter 3 Getting Started with Docker 46

Ensuring Docker is ready . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Running our first container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Working with our first container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Container naming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Starting a stopped container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Attaching to a container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Creating daemonized containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Seeing what’s happening inside our container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Docker log drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Inspecting the container’s processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Docker statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Running a process inside an already running container . . . . . . . . . . 63
Stopping a daemonized container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Automatic container restarts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Finding out more about our container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Deleting a container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Chapter 4 Working with Docker images and repositories 71

What is a Docker image? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Listing Docker images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Pulling images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Searching for images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Building our own images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Creating a Docker Hub account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Using Docker commit to create images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Building images with a Dockerfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Building the image from our Dockerfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
What happens if an instruction fails? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Dockerfiles and the build cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Using the build cache for templating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Viewing our new image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Launching a container from our new image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Dockerfile instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

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Pushing images to the Docker Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Automated Builds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Deleting an image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Running your own Docker registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Running a registry from a container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Testing the new registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Alternative Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Quay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Chapter 5 Testing with Docker 139

Using Docker to test a static website . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
An initial Dockerfile for the Sample website . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Building our Sample website and Nginx image . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Building containers from our Sample website and Nginx image . . 146
Editing our website . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Using Docker to build and test a web application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Building our Sinatra application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Creating our Sinatra container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Extending our Sinatra application to use Redis . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Connecting our Sinatra application to the Redis container . . . . . 163
Docker internal networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Docker networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Connecting containers summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Using Docker for continuous integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Build a Jenkins and Docker server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Create a new Jenkins job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Running our Jenkins job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Next steps with our Jenkins job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Summary of our Jenkins setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Multi-configuration Jenkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Create a multi-configuration job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Testing our multi-configuration job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Summary of our multi-configuration Jenkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Other alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

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Drone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Shippable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Chapter 6 Building services with Docker 207

Building our first application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
The Jekyll base image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Building the Jekyll base image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
The Apache image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Building the Jekyll Apache image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Launching our Jekyll site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Updating our Jekyll site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Backing up our Jekyll volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Extending our Jekyll website example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Building a Java application server with Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
A WAR file fetcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Fetching a WAR file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Our Tomcat 7 application server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Running our WAR file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Building on top of our Tomcat application server . . . . . . . . . . . 228
A multi-container application stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
The Node.js image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
The Redis base image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
The Redis primary image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
The Redis replica image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Creating our Redis back-end cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Creating our Node container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Capturing our application logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Summary of our Node stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Managing Docker containers without SSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Chapter 7 Docker Orchestration and Service Discovery 254

Docker Compose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Installing Docker Compose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

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Getting our sample application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

The docker-compose.yml file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Running Compose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Using Compose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Compose in summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Consul, Service Discovery and Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Building a Consul image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Testing a Consul container locally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Running a Consul cluster in Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Starting the Consul bootstrap node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Starting the remaining nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Running a distributed service with Consul in Docker . . . . . . . . . 292
Docker Swarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Understanding the Swarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Installing Swarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Setting up a Swarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Running a service on your Swarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Orchestration alternatives and components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Fleet and etcd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Kubernetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Apache Mesos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Helios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Centurion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Chapter 8 Using the Docker API 320

The Docker APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
First steps with the Engine API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Testing the Docker Engine API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Managing images with the API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Managing containers with the API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Improving the TProv application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Authenticating the Docker Engine API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Create a Certificate Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Create a server certificate signing request and key . . . . . . . . . . 341

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Configuring the Docker daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Creating a client certificate and key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Configuring our Docker client for authentication . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Chapter 9 Getting help and extending Docker 352

Getting help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
The Docker forums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Docker on IRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Docker on GitHub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Reporting issues for Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Setting up a build environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Install Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Install source and build tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Check out the source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Contributing to the documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Build the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Running the tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Use Docker inside our development environment . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Submitting a pull request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Merge approval and maintainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

List of Figures 366

List of Listings 380

Index 381

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Foreword

Who is this book for?

The Docker Book is for developers, sysadmins, and DevOps-minded folks who
want to implement Docker™ and container-based virtualization.
There is an expectation that the reader has basic Linux/Unix skills and is familiar
with the command line, editing files, installing packages, managing services, and
basic networking.

A note about versions

This books focuses on Docker Community Edition version v18.08 and later. It
is not generally backwards-compatible with earlier releases. Indeed, it is recom-
mended that for production purposes you use Docker version v18.08 or later.
In March 2017 Docker re-versioned and renamed their product lines. The Docker
Engine version went from Docker 1.13.1 to 17.03.0. The product was renamed to
become the Docker Community Edition or Docker CE. When we refer to Docker
in this book we’re generally referencing the Docker Community Edition.

Credits and Acknowledgments

• My partner and best friend, Ruth Brown, who continues to humor me despite
my continuing to write books.

1
 Foreword

• The team at Docker Inc., for developing Docker and helping out during the
writing of the book.
• The folks in the #docker channel and the Docker mailing list.
• Royce Gilbert for not only creating the amazing technical illustrations, but
also the cover.
• Abhinav Ajgaonkar for his Node.js and Express example application.
• The technical review team for keeping me honest and pointing out all the
stupid mistakes.
• Robert P. J. Day - who provided amazingly detailed errata for the book after
release.

Images on pages 38, 45, 48, courtesy of Docker, Inc.

Docker™ is a registered trademark of Docker, Inc.

Technical Reviewers

Scott Collier

Scott Collier is a Senior Principal System Engineer for Red Hat’s Systems Design
and Engineering team. This team identifies and works on high-value solution
stacks based on input from Sales, Marketing, and Engineering teams and develops
reference architectures for consumption by internal and external customers. Scott
is a Red Hat Certified Architect (RHCA) with more than 15 years of IT experi-
ence, currently focused on Docker, OpenShift, and other products in the Red Hat
portfolio.
When he’s not tinkering with distributed architectures, he can be found running,
hiking, camping, and eating barbecue around the Austin, TX, area with his wife
and three children. His notes on technology and other things can be found at
http://colliernotes.com.

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 2

 Foreword

John Ferlito

John is a serial entrepreneur as well as an expert in highly available and scalable

infrastructure. John is currently a founder and CTO of Bulletproof, who provide
Mission Critical Cloud, and CTO of Vquence, a Video Metrics aggregator.
In his spare time, John is involved in the FOSS communities. He was a co-
organizer of linux.conf.au 2007 and a committee member of SLUG in 2007,
and he has worked on various open-source projects, including Debian, Ubuntu,
Puppet, and the Annodex suite. You can read more about John’s work on his
blog. John has a Bachelor of Engineering (Computing) with Honors from the
University of New South Wales.

Pris Nasrat

Pris Nasrat works as an Engineering Manager at Etsy and is a Docker contributor.

They have worked on a variety of open source tools in the systems engineering
space, including boot loaders, package management, and configuration manage-
ment.
Pris has worked in a variety of Systems Administration and Software Development
roles, including working as an SRE at Google, a Software Engineer at Red Hat and
as an Infrastructure Specialist Consultant at ThoughtWorks. Pris has spoken at
various conferences, from talking about Agile Infrastructure at Agile 2009 during
the early days of the DevOps movement to smaller meetups and conferences.

Technical Illustrator
Royce Gilbert has over 30 years’ experience in CAD design, computer support, net-
work technologies, project management, and business systems analysis for major
Fortune 500 companies, including Enron, Compaq, Koch Industries, and Amoco
Corp. He is currently employed as a Systems/Business Analyst at Kansas State Uni-
versity in Manhattan, KS. In his spare time he does Freelance Art and Technical
Illustration as sole proprietor of Royce Art. He and his wife of 38 years are living
in and restoring a 127-year-old stone house nestled in the Flinthills of Kansas.

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 3

 Foreword

Proofreader

Q grew up in the New York area and has been a high school teacher, cupcake icer,
scientist wrangler, forensic anthropologist, and catastrophic disaster response
planner. She now resides in San Francisco, making music, acting, putting together
ng-newsletter, and taking care of the fine folks at Stripe.

Author

James is an author and open-source geek. His most recent books are The Packer
Book, The Terraform Book about infrastructure management tool Terraform, The
Art of Monitoring about monitoring, The Docker Book about Docker, and The
Logstash Book about the popular open-source logging tool. James also authored
two books about Puppet (Pro Puppet and the earlier book about Puppet). He is
the author of three other books, including Pro Linux System Administration, Pro
Nagios 2.0, and Hardening Linux.
He was formerly CTO at Kickstarter, at Docker as VP of Services and Support,
Venmo as VP of Engineering, and Puppet as VP of Technical Operations. He likes
food, wine, books, photography, and cats. He is not overly keen on long walks on
the beach or holding hands.

Conventions in the book

This is an inline code statement.

This is a code block:

Listing 1: Sample code block

This is a code block

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 Foreword

Long code strings are broken.

Code and Examples

You can find all the code and examples from the book on GitHub https://github.
com/turnbullpress/dockerbook-code.

Colophon

This book was written in Markdown with a large dollop of LaTeX. It was then
converted to PDF and other formats using PanDoc (with some help from scripts
written by the excellent folks who wrote Backbone.js on Rails).

Errata

Please email any errata you find to [email protected].

Version

This is version v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) of The Docker Book.

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 5

Chapter 1

Introduction

Containers have a long and storied history in computing. Unlike hypervisor vir-
tualization, where one or more independent machines run virtually on physical
hardware via an intermediation layer, containers instead run in user space on top
of an operating system’s kernel. As a result, container virtualization is often called
operating system-level virtualization. Container technology allows multiple iso-
lated user space instances to be run on a single host.
As a result of their status as guests of the operating system, containers are some-
times seen as less flexible: they can generally only run the same or a similar guest
operating system as the underlying host. For example, you can run Red Hat En-
terprise Linux on an Ubuntu server, but you can’t run Microsoft Windows on top
of an Ubuntu server.
Containers have also been seen as less secure than the full isolation of hypervisor
virtualization. Countering this argument is that lightweight containers lack the
larger attack surface of the full operating system needed by a virtual machine
combined with the potential exposures of the hypervisor layer itself.
Despite these limitations, containers have been deployed in a variety of use
cases. They are popular for hyperscale deployments of multi-tenant services, for
lightweight sandboxing, and, despite concerns about their security, as process
isolation environments. Indeed, one of the more common examples of a container
is a chroot jail, which creates an isolated directory environment for running

6
 Chapter 1: Introduction

processes. Attackers, if they breach the running process in the jail, then find
themselves trapped in this environment and unable to further compromise a host.
More recent container technologies have included OpenVZ, Solaris Zones, and
Linux containers like lxc. Using these more recent technologies, containers can
now look like full-blown hosts in their own right rather than just execution envi-
ronments. In Docker’s case, having modern Linux kernel features, such as control
groups and namespaces, means that containers can have strong isolation, their
own network and storage stacks, as well as resource management capabilities to
allow friendly co-existence of multiple containers on a host.
Containers are generally considered a lean technology because they require lim-
ited overhead. Unlike traditional virtualization or paravirtualization technologies,
they do not require an emulation layer or a hypervisor layer to run and instead
use the operating system’s normal system call interface. This reduces the over-
head required to run containers and can allow a greater density of containers to
run on a host.
Despite their history containers haven’t achieved large-scale adoption. A large
part of this can be laid at the feet of their complexity: containers can be complex,
hard to set up, and difficult to manage and automate. Docker aims to change that.

Introducing Docker

Docker is an open-source engine that automates the deployment of applications

into containers. It was written by the team at Docker, Inc (formerly dotCloud Inc,
an early player in the Platform-as-a-Service (PAAS) market), and released by them
under the Apache 2.0 license.

 NOTE Disclaimer and disclosure: I am an advisor at Docker Inc.

So what is special about Docker? Docker adds an application deployment engine

on top of a virtualized container execution environment. It is designed to provide

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 7

 Chapter 1: Introduction

a lightweight and fast environment in which to run your code as well as an efficient
workflow to get that code from your laptop to your test environment and then into
production. Docker is incredibly simple. Indeed, you can get started with Docker
on a minimal host running nothing but a compatible Linux kernel and a Docker
binary. Docker’s mission is to provide:

 NOTE Docker’s underlying components are part of a project called Moby.

These are brought together and constructed into the end user tool.

An easy and lightweight way to model reality

Docker is fast. You can Dockerize your application in minutes. Docker relies on a
copy-on-write model so that making changes to your application is also incredibly
fast: only what you want to change gets changed.
You can then create containers running your applications. Most Docker contain-
ers take less than a second to launch. Removing the overhead of the hypervisor
also means containers are highly performant and you can pack more of them into
your hosts and make the best possible use of your resources.

A logical segregation of duties

With Docker, Developers care about their applications running inside containers,
and Operations cares about managing the containers. Docker is designed to en-
hance consistency by ensuring the environment in which your developers write
code matches the environments into which your applications are deployed. This
reduces the risk of “worked in dev, now an ops problem.”

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

Fast, efficient development life cycle

Docker aims to reduce the cycle time between code being written and code being
tested, deployed, and used. It aims to make your applications portable, easy to
build, and easy to collaborate on.

Encourages service oriented architecture

Docker also encourages service-oriented and microservices architectures. Docker

recommends that each container run a single application or process. This pro-
motes a distributed application model where an application or service is repre-
sented by a series of inter-connected containers. This makes it easy to distribute,
scale, debug and introspect your applications.

 NOTE You don’t need to build your applications this way if you don’t wish.
You can easily run a multi-process application inside a single container.

Docker components

Let’s look at the core components that compose the Docker Community Edition or
Docker CE:

• The Docker client and server, also called the Docker Engine.
• Docker Images
• Registries
• Docker Containers

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 9

 Chapter 1: Introduction

Docker client and server

Docker is a client-server application. The Docker client talks to the Docker server
or daemon, which, in turn, does all the work. You’ll also sometimes see the Docker
daemon called the Docker Engine. Docker ships with a command line client binary,
docker, as well as a full RESTful API to interact with the daemon: dockerd. You
can run the Docker daemon and client on the same host or connect your local
Docker client to a remote daemon running on another host. You can see Docker’s
architecture depicted here:

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 10

 Chapter 1: Introduction

Figure 1.1: Docker architecture

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 11

 Chapter 1: Introduction

Docker images

Images are the building blocks of the Docker world. You launch your containers
from images. Images are the “build” part of Docker’s life cycle. They have a
layered format, using Union file systems, that are built step-by-step using a series
of instructions. For example:

• Add a file.
• Run a command.
• Open a port.

You can consider images to be the “source code” for your containers. They are
highly portable and can be shared, stored, and updated. In the book, we’ll learn
how to use existing images as well as build our own images.

Registries

Docker stores the images you build in registries. There are two types of registries:
public and private. Docker, Inc., operates the public registry for images, called
the Docker Hub. You can create an account on the Docker Hub and use it to share
and store your own images.
The Docker Hub also contains, at last count, over 10,000 images that other people
have built and shared. Want a Docker image for an Nginx web server, the Asterisk
open source PABX system, or a MySQL database? All of these are available, along
with a whole lot more.
You can also store images that you want to keep private on the Docker Hub. These
images might include source code or other proprietary information you want to
keep secure or only share with other members of your team or organization.
You can also run your own private registry, and we’ll show you how to do that in
Chapter 4. This allows you to store images behind your firewall, which may be a
requirement for some organizations.

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 12

 Chapter 1: Introduction

Containers

Docker helps you build and deploy containers inside of which you can package
your applications and services. As we’ve just learned, containers are launched
from images and can contain one or more running processes. You can think about
images as the building or packing aspect of Docker and the containers as the
running or execution aspect of Docker.
A Docker container is:

• An image format.
• A set of standard operations.
• An execution environment.

Docker borrows the concept of the standard shipping container, used to transport
goods globally, as a model for its containers. But instead of shipping goods, Docker
containers ship software.
Each container contains a software image – its ‘cargo’ – and, like its physical
counterpart, allows a set of operations to be performed. For example, it can be
created, started, stopped, restarted, and destroyed.
Like a shipping container, Docker doesn’t care about the contents of the container
when performing these actions; for example, whether a container is a web server,
a database, or an application server. Each container is loaded the same as any
other container.
Docker also doesn’t care where you ship your container: you can build on your
laptop, upload to a registry, then download to a physical or virtual server, test,
deploy to a cluster of a dozen Amazon EC2 hosts, and run. Like a normal shipping
container, it is interchangeable, stackable, portable, and as generic as possible.
With Docker, we can quickly build an application server, a message bus, a utility
appliance, a CI test bed for an application, or one of a thousand other possible ap-
plications, services, and tools. It can build local, self-contained test environments
or replicate complex application stacks for production or development purposes.
The possible use cases are endless.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

Compose, Swarm and Kubernetes

In addition to solitary containers we can also run Docker containers in stacks and
clusters, what Docker calls swarms. The Docker ecosystem contains two more
tools:

• Docker Compose - which allows you to run stacks of containers to represent

application stacks, for example web server, application server and database
server containers running together to serve a specific application.

• Docker Swarm - which allows you to create clusters of containers, called

swarms, that allow you to run scalable workloads.

We’ll look at Docker Compose and Swarm in Chapter 7.

In addition to Compose and Swarm, Docker provides the primary underlying com-
pute layer in the orchestration tool Kubernetes

What can you use Docker for?

So why should you care about Docker or containers in general? We’ve discussed
briefly the isolation that containers provide; as a result, they make excellent sand-
boxes for a variety of testing purposes. Additionally, because of their ‘standard’
nature, they also make excellent building blocks for services. Some of the exam-
ples of Docker running out in the wild include:

• Helping make your local development and build workflow faster, more ef-
ficient, and more lightweight. Local developers can build, run, and share
Docker containers. Containers can be built in development and promoted
to testing environments and, in turn, to production.
• Running stand-alone services and applications consistently across multiple
environments, a concept especially useful in service-oriented architectures
and deployments that rely heavily on micro-services.
• Using Docker to create isolated instances to run tests like, for example, those
launched by a Continuous Integration (CI) suite like Jenkins CI.

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 14

 Chapter 1: Introduction

• Building and testing complex applications and architectures on a local host

prior to deployment into a production environment.
• Building a multi-user Platform-as-a-Service (PAAS) infrastructure.
• Providing lightweight stand-alone sandbox environments for developing,
testing, and teaching technologies, such as the Unix shell or a programming
language.
• Software as a Service applications;
• Highly performant, hyperscale deployments of hosts.

You can see a list of some of the early projects built on and around the Docker
ecosystem in the blog post here.

Docker with configuration management

Since Docker was announced, there have been a lot of discussions about where
Docker fits with configuration management tools like Puppet and Chef. Docker
includes an image-building and image-management solution. One of the drivers
for modern configuration management tools was the response to the ”golden im-
age” model. With golden images, you end up with massive and unmanageable
image sprawl: large numbers of (deployed) complex images in varying states of
versioning. You create randomness and exacerbate entropy in your environment
as your image use grows. Images also tend to be heavy and unwieldy. This often
forces manual change or layers of deviation and unmanaged configuration on top
of images, because the underlying images lack appropriate flexibility.
Compared to traditional image models, Docker is a lot more lightweight: images
are layered, and you can quickly iterate on them. There are some legitimate ar-
guments to suggest that these attributes alleviate many of the management prob-
lems traditional images present. It is not immediately clear, though, that this
alleviation represents the ability to totally replace or supplement configuration
management tools. There is amazing power and control to be gained through the
idempotence and introspection that configuration management tools can provide.
Docker itself still needs to be installed, managed, and deployed on a host. That
host also needs to be managed. In turn, Docker containers may need to be orches-
trated, managed, and deployed, often in conjunction with external services and

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 15

 Chapter 1: Introduction

tools, which are all capabilities that configuration management tools are excellent
in providing.
It is also apparent that Docker represents (or, perhaps more accurately, encour-
ages) some different characteristics and architecture for hosts, applications, and
services: they can be short-lived, immutable, disposable, and service-oriented.
These behaviors do not lend themselves or resonate strongly with the need for
configuration management tools. With these behaviors, you are rarely concerned
with long-term management of state, entropy is less of a concern because contain-
ers rarely live long enough for it to be, and the recreation of state may often be
cheaper than the remediation of state.
Not all infrastructure can be represented with these behaviors, however. Docker’s
ideal workloads will likely exist alongside more traditional infrastructure deploy-
ment for a little while. The long-lived host, perhaps also the host that needs to
run on physical hardware, still has a role in many organizations. As a result of
these diverse management needs, combined with the need to manage Docker it-
self, both Docker and configuration management tools are likely to be deployed
in the majority of organizations.

Docker’s technical components

Docker can be run on any x64 host running a modern Linux kernel; we recommend
kernel version 3.10 and later. It has low overhead and can be used on servers,
desktops, or laptops. Run inside a virtual machine, you can also deploy Docker
on OS X and Microsoft Windows. It includes:

• A native Linux container format that Docker calls libcontainer.

• Linux kernel namespaces, which provide isolation for filesystems, processes,
and networks.
– Filesystem isolation: each container is its own root filesystem.
– Process isolation: each container runs in its own process environment.
– Network isolation: separate virtual interfaces and IP addressing be-
tween containers.

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 16

 Chapter 1: Introduction

• Resource isolation and grouping: resources like CPU and memory are allo-
cated individually to each Docker container using the cgroups, or control
groups, kernel feature.
• Copy-on-write: filesystems are created with copy-on-write, meaning they
are layered and fast and require limited disk usage.
• Logging: STDOUT, STDERR and STDIN from the container are collected, logged,
and available for analysis or trouble-shooting.
• Interactive shell: You can create a pseudo-tty and attach to STDIN to provide
an interactive shell to your container.

What’s in the book?

In this book, we walk you through installing, deploying, managing, and extending
Docker. We do that by first introducing you to the basics of Docker and its com-
ponents. Then we start to use Docker to build containers and services to perform
a variety of tasks.
We take you through the development life cycle, from testing to production, and
see where Docker fits in and how it can make your life easier. We make use of
Docker to build test environments for new projects, demonstrate how to integrate
Docker with continuous integration workflow, and then how to build application
services and platforms. Finally, we show you how to use Docker’s API and how
to extend Docker yourself.
We teach you how to:

• Install Docker.
• Take your first steps with a Docker container.
• Build Docker images.
• Manage and share Docker images.
• Run and manage more complex Docker containers and stacks of Docker con-
tainers.
• Deploy Docker containers as part of your testing pipeline.
• Build multi-container applications and environments.

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 17

 Chapter 1: Introduction

• Introduce the basics of Docker orchestration with Docker Compose, Consul,

and Swarm.
• Explore the Docker API.
• Getting Help and Extending Docker.

It is recommended that you read through every chapter. Each chapter builds
on your Docker knowledge and introduces new features and functionality. By
the end of the book you should have a solid understanding of how to work with
Docker to build standard containers and deploy applications, test environments,
and standalone services.

Docker resources

• Docker homepage
• Docker Hub
• Docker blog
• Docker documentation
• Docker Getting Started Guide
• Docker code on GitHub
• Docker Forge - collection of Docker tools, utilities, and services.
• Docker mailing list
• The Docker Forum
• Docker on IRC: irc.freenode.net and channel #docker
• Docker on Twitter
• Get Docker help on StackOverflow

In addition to these resources in Chapter 9 you’ll get a detailed explanation of

where and how to get help with Docker.

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 18

Chapter 2

Installing Docker

Installing Docker is quick and easy. Docker is currently supported on a wide

variety of Linux platforms, including shipping as part of Ubuntu and Red Hat En-
terprise Linux (RHEL). Also supported are various derivative and related distribu-
tions like Debian, CentOS, Fedora, Oracle Linux, and many others. Using a virtual
environment, you can install and run Docker on OS X and Microsoft Windows.
Currently, the Docker team recommends deploying Docker on Ubuntu, Debian or
the RHEL family (CentOS, Fedora, etc) hosts and makes available packages that
you can use to do this. In this chapter, I’m going to show you how to install Docker
in four different but complementary environments:

• On a host running Ubuntu.

• On a host running Red Hat Enterprise Linux or derivative distribution.
• On OS X using Docker for Mac.
• On Microsoft Windows using Docker for Windows.

 TIP Docker for Mac and Docker for Windows are a collection of components
that installs everything you need to get started with Docker. It includes a tiny
virtual machine shipped with a wrapper script to manage it. The virtual machine
runs the daemon and provides a local Docker daemon on OS X and Microsoft Win-
dows. The Docker client binary, docker, is installed natively on these platforms

19
 Chapter 2: Installing Docker

and connected to the Docker daemon running in the virtual machine. It replaces
the legacy Docker Toolbox and Boot2Docker.

Docker runs on a number of other platforms, including Debian, SUSE, Arch Linux,
CentOS, and Gentoo. It’s also supported on several Cloud platforms including
Amazon EC2, Rackspace Cloud, and Google Compute Engine.

 TIP You can find a full list of installation targets in the Docker installation
guide.

I’ve chosen these four methods because they represent the environments that are
most commonly used in the Docker community. For example, your developers
and sysadmins may wish to start with building Docker containers on their OS X
or Windows workstations using Docker for Mac or Windows and then promote
these containers to a testing, staging, or production environment running one of
the other supported platforms.
I recommend you step through at least the Ubuntu or the RHEL installation to get
an idea of Docker’s prerequisites and an understanding of how to install it.

 TIP As with all installation processes, I also recommend you look at using
tools like Puppet or Chef to install Docker rather than using a manual process.
For example, you can find a Puppet module to install Docker here and a Chef
cookbook here.

Version: v18.09.2 (b71a7e7) 20

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