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Newton and the origin of civilization 1st Ed Edition
Feingold Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Feingold, Mordechai; Newton, Isaac; Newton, Isaac; Buchwald, Jed
Z
ISBN(s): 9781400845187, 1400845181
Edition: 1st Ed
File Details: PDF, 8.04 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
 Newton
and the
Origin of Civilization
 Newton
and the
Origin of Civilization

Jed Z. Buchwald & Mordechai Feingold

princeton universit y press

princeton and oxford
 Copyright © 2013 by Princeton University Press

Published by Princeton University Press,

41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540

In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street,

Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW

press.princeton.edu

Jacket art: Gli Astronomi, inv. 269; Niccolò Tornioli.

Courtesy of the Galleria Spada, Rome.

All Rights Reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Buchwald, Jed Z.
Newton and the origin of civilization / Jed Z. Buchwald and Mordechai Feingold.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-691-15478-7 (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. Newton, Isaac, Sir, 1642–1727.
2. Newton, Isaac, Sir, 1642–1727—Philosophy. 3. Newton, Isaac, Sir, 1642–1727—Public
opinion. 4. Scientists—England—Biography. 5. Philosophers—England—Biography. 6. Newton,
Isaac, Sir, 1642–1727. Chronology of ancient kingdoms amended. 7. Chronology, Historical—
History—17th century. 8. Civilization, Ancient—Philosophy. 9. Europe—Intellectual life—17th
century. 10. Public opinion—Europe—History—17th century. I. Feingold, Mordechai. II. Title.
QC16.N7B93 2012
530.092—dc23 2012024733

British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

his book has been composed in Minion Pro and Centaur

Printed on acid-free paper. ∞

Printed in the United States of America

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
 CONTEN TS

List of Illustrations vii

List of Tables xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction 1

1 Troubled Senses 8

2 Troubled Numbers 44

3 Erudition and Chronology in

Seventeenth-Century England 107

4 Isaac Newton on Prophecies and Idolatry 126

5 Aberrant Numbers: he Propagation of Mankind

before and ater the Deluge 164

6 Newtonian History 195

7 Text and Testimony 222

8 Interpreting Words 246

9 Publication and Reaction 307

10 he War on Newton in England 331

11 he War on Newton in France 353

12 he Demise of Chronology 381

13 Evidence and History 423

Appendix A Signs, Conventions, Dating, and Deinitions 437

Appendix B Newton’s Computational Methods 441

Appendix C Commented Extracts from Newton’s MS Calculations 447

vi Contents

Appendix D Placing Colures on the Original Star Globe 464

Appendix E Hesiod, hales, and Stellar Risings and Settings 468

Bibliography 489
Index 515
 ILLU STRATIO N S

Figure 1.1. he evening sky over Cambridge at 5:20 PM on Dec. 10(20), 1664. 37
Figure 1.2. he comet of 1664/1665 at times of several of Newton’s observations
(top), and, accompanied by dates of observations, as drawn in by an
unknown contemporary hand on a 1603 Bayer. 40
Figure 1.3. he cross-staf, as depicted by Gunter. 41
Figure 2.1. Hooke’s parallactic telescope. From Hooke, 1674b, pp. 1–2. 46
Figure 2.2. Hooke’s test of visual acuity. 50
Figure 2.3. A page from Hevelius’ manuscript for the Catalogus Fixarum
containing multiple observations for Ursa Major. 67
Figure 2.4. Hevelius’ rootop observatory platform. 68
Figure 2.5. Hevelius’ six-foot sextant (let); measuring stellar distances with
Elizabeth (center); the azimuthal quadrant (right). 69
Figure 2.6. (Top) From Hevelius’ manuscript showing asterisks next to distances
to Regulus for two stars in the constellation Ursa Major located in
the zodiacal sign Leo. (Bottom) he same listing, unaltered, in the
printed Pars Posterior. 70
Figure 2.7. Iceland spar’s double refraction. 73
Figure 2.8. Newton pressed his eye some time ca. 1666. CUL MS 3975, fol. 123v. 77
Figure 2.9. Object, prism, and eye. CUL MS 3996, fol. 122. 78
Figure 2.10. Descartes’ color-generating prism, exit-aperture, and attached screen. 81
Figure 2.11. Smith’s illustration of Cotes’ procedure for replacing a series of
immersed weights by their center-of-gravity. 102
Figure 2.12. Newton’s MS corrections of Hipparchus’ equinoctial data. Yahuda
MS 24. 104
Figure 4.1. Newton’s genealogy for Egyptian deities. 147
Figure 5.1. Petavius’ table for sons born ater the Flood. 168
Figure 5.2. Petty’s doubling table. 175
Figure 5.3. King’s irst correlations. 176
Figure 5.4. King’s second attempt. 177
Figure 5.5. King’s lowered rate of doubling. 178
Figure 5.6. Cumberland’s numbers (let) and Burnet’s centuries. 182
Figure 5.7. Whiston’s irst (let) and second series. 185
Figure 6.1. Newton’s theory for the origin of civilization. 196
Figure 7.1. Newton’s dog-eared page on Sesostris from Marsham’s Canon. 225
Figure 8.1. Precession of the summer solstice. 251
Figure 8.2. Flamsteed. hornhill ceiling. 253
Figure 8.3. Tycho, Kepler, and Newton. hornhill ceiling. 256
Figure 8.4. he Farnese Globe, from Bianchini, 1752 (top), and Roman mosaic,
North Africa, ca. 150–200 CE. Scorpio on let, Libra on right. 258
Figure 8.5. Top: Twelth-century MS with Cancer and Leo to the let, and Libra
and Scorpio to the right (Voss. MS Lat. Q92, fol. 101 recto & verso).
viii Illustrations

Center: Ninth-century Aratea with Gemini (Voss. Lat. Q79, fol. 16v).
Bottom: Zodiac from the Piazza San Marco, Venice. 260
Figure 8.6. Schiller’s 1627 depiction of Gemini as Saint James 261
Figure 8.7. Bootes. Let: from a 1640 Blaeu globe now at the library of the
University of Utrecht (photo by JZB). Center: Bayer atlas. Right:
Hevelius atlas. 262
Figure 8.8. Bayer’s (let) and Flamsteed’s (right) Gemini. 263
Figure 8.9. Uraniborg 1587 (let) and Uranometria 1603 Cassiopeia. 264
Figure 8.10. Bayer’s star map and image for Perseus. 267
Figure 8.11. Bayer’s star map and image for Cetus. 278
Figure 8.12. Section of Bayer’s star map and image for Sagitta. 279
Figure 8.13. Bayer’s (let) and Hevelius’ renditions of Eridanus (Hevelius, 1687
(1690)). 280
Figure 8.14. he sun (black circle) setting in southern Grecian latitudes on the
day of the vernal equinox in 939 BCE, the year when Newton
thought Chiron delineated the irst celestial sphere. 290
Figure 8.15. MS list of regnal lengths for the kings of Judah and Israel. 302
Figure 9.1. Genealogy of French kings from Hugh Capet through Louis XV. 320
Figure 10.1. he Senex celestial globe. 334
Figure 10.2. Newton’s equinoctial circle (let) and colure on the Senex globe. 335
Figure 10.3. Bayer’s igure for Centaurus. 345
Figure 10.4. Bayer’s igure for Hydra. 347
Figure 10.5. he Senex globe with Newton’s colures. 349
Figure 11.1. Longitudes of prima and alpha at three dates: the circles that represent
prima are “east” of the ones that represent alpha: alpha trails prima
as time progresses. 359
Figure 11.2. Souciet’s illustration (let) and a rendition of what he had in mind,
showing that, though prima is always east of alpha in longitude, in
-143 it was west of it in right ascension. 360
Figure 11.3. Souciet’s equinoctial colure (heavy black line) added to Bayer’s (let)
and Hevelius’ maps for Aries. 364
Figure 11.4. Fréret’s coniguration for Chiron ca -1470 (top), with no star in
Aries either on the colure or at zero longitude, and (bottom) the
coniguration at the time of Hipparchus, with prima Arietis on the
equinoctial colure. 369
Figure 11.5. From Flamsteed’s 1729 atlas, showing the head of Cetus near the
center of Aries. 372
Figure 13.1. Newton’s tomb at Westminster inscribed with his colure. 435
Figure B.1. Locus of an unknown object (C) given two known ones (S1,S2) and
their distances to the unknown. 445
Figure B.2. To ind the midpoint M between stars S1 and S2. 446
Figure C.1. Newton’s MS star locations and coordinates for the colure through
the “back” of Aries. 453
Figure C.2. Newton MS calculation for Hesiod, post-1709. 457
Figure C.3. Newton MS calculation for Hesiod, 1726. 458
Figure D.1. Solstitial colures. 465
Illustrations ix

Figure D.2. Equinoctial colures. 465

Figure D.3. An MS colure computation. 466
Figure E.1. Solar motion through the zodiac. 469
Figure E.2. Winter solstice ca. 1700 (AL  !7°44′33″). 470
Figure E.3. 60 days past winter solstice ca. 1700. 471
Figure E.4. Illustration of the coniguration (top). Riccioli’s diagram (bottom
let), and Newton’s method. 473
Figure E.5. he efect of refraction on Arcturus. 477
Figure E.6. he efect of refraction on the sun. 478
Figure E.7. Top: schematic for the morning setting of the Lucida Pleiadum.
Bottom: star chart of the Pleiades setting at sunrise on October
25, -616. 485
Figure E.8. Armillary sphere, Flemish ca. 1550. 487
Other documents randomly have
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 Design - Case Study
Fall 2023 - Division

Prepared by: Lecturer Davis

Date: August 12, 2025

Conclusion 1: Experimental procedures and results

Learning Objective 1: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 2: Literature review and discussion
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 17: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Discussion 3: Case studies and real-world applications
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 21: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 23: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 25: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 26: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Part 4: Practical applications and examples
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 32: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 34: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 38: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 43: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 44: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Chapter 6: Case studies and real-world applications
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 51: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 57: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 7: Literature review and discussion
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 67: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 68: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Quiz 8: Study tips and learning strategies
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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