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Collection Highlights

Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond Dilip Ghosh

(Editor)

Nutritional and Health Aspects of Food in South Asian

Countries (Nutritional and Health Aspects of Traditional
and Ethnic Foods) 1st Edition Jamuna Prakash (Editor)

Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Endocrinology Christopher S.

Kovacs

Nutraceuticals and human blood platelet function

applications in cardiovascular health First Edition
Duttaroy
Sustainable Sugarcane Production 1st Edition Priyanka
Singh

No Nation for Women Ground Reportage on Rape from the

World s Largest Democracy Priyanka Dubey

Nutritional Influences on Bone Health 9th International

Symposium 1st Edition Connie M. Weaver

Omega 3 Fatty Acids Keys to Nutritional Health 1st Edition

Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde

Prenatal Diagnosis Brynn Levy

Nutraceuticals for
Prenatal, Maternal
and Offspring’s
Nutritional Health
 Nutraceuticals: Basic Research
and Clinical Applications
Series Editor
Yashwant Pathak, PhD

Herbal Bioactives and Food Fortification

Extraction and Formulation
D. Suresh Kumar
Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals
Production to Consumption
edited by Shampa Sen and Yashwant Pathak
Handbook of Metallonutraceuticals
edited by Yashwant V. Pathak and Jayant N. Lokhande
Nutraceuticals and Health
Review of Human Evidence
edited by Somdat Mahabir and Yashwant V. Pathak
Marine Nutraceuticals
Prospects and Perspectives
Se-Kwon Kim
Nutrigenomics and Nutraceuticals
Clinical Relevance and Disease Prevention
edited by Yashwant Pathak and Ali M. Ardekani
Food By-Product Based Functional Food Powders
edited by Özlem Tokuşoğlu
Flavors for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
M. Selvamuthukumaran and Yashwant Pathak
Antioxidant Nutraceuticals
Preventive and Healthcare Applications
Chuanhai Cao, Sarvadaman Pathak, and Kiran Patil
Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer
Recent Research Trends and Clinical Applications
edited by Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant Pathak
Flavor Development for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
M. Selvamuthukumaran and Yashwant Pathak
Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health
Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant
Pathak
For more information about this series, please visit: https​://ww​w.crc​press​.com/​
Nutra​ceuti​cals/​book-​serie​s/CRC​N UTBA​SRES
 Nutraceuticals for
Prenatal, Maternal
and Offspring’s
Nutritional Health

Edited by
Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani,
Sarvadaman Pathak, and Yashwant Pathak
CRC Press
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 Dedicated to my mother who always taught me the medici-
nal importance of each spice we add to food. Also, to my
whole family for their unconditional support and love.
Priyanka Bhatt

To my family members for always standing by me and to all

those who taught me love. And to my beloved, Mehrsa. Their
love has been the major spiritual support in my life.
Maryam Miraghajani

To all mothers across the globe, we appreciate all you have

done for all of us, without you we would not be here. I am
fortunate to have many mothers everywhere, who have
helped me to grow personally and professionally, and have
fed me. I would like to dedicate this book to all my mothers,
and my mother’s mothers: Seema Pathak, Sushma Desh-
pande, Kokila Shah, Daksha Shah, Seema Zuberi, Madhu-
lika Patel, Linda Stanley, Joann Hattey, Sindhu Deo, Shalini
Pathak, Smita Khandekar, Alexandra Schyns-van den Berg,
Shashi Pampanwar, Sara Hand, Mary McKay, Patti Perez-
Smith, and Lihua Zhong. Without your love, guidance, sup-
port, and food, life would be incompatible.
Sarvadaman Pathak

Dedicated to all the Rushies, sages, Shamans, medicine men

and women, and people of ancient traditions and cultures
who contributed to the development of drugs and nutraceu-
ticals worldwide and kept the science of health alive for the
past several millennia.
Yashwant V Pathak
Contents

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Maryam Miraghajani, Anastasia Victoria
Lazaridi, Sarvadaman Pathak, Priyanka Bhatt,
and Yashwant Pathak

2 Preconceptional Nutraceuticals during

Gestation and Promotion of Women’s
Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Akansha Atulkar and Yashwant Pathak

3 The Effects of Preconceptional

Nutraceuticals Intake on Foetus
Development and Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Ofosua Adi-Dako

4 The Role of Nutraceuticals in the

Placental Growth, Development
and Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Maryam Miraghajani and Michael E. Symonds

vii
 5 Gestational Weight Gain and
Postpartum Obesity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Vasudha Prithipaul and Asra Sami

6 Role of Nutraceuticals in Risk of

Miscarriage and Related Outcomes:
Stillbirth and Maternal Mortality. . . . . . . . . . 71
Param Patel, Parth Amin, Sujan Patel, and
Yashwant Pathak

7 Nutraceuticals and Anaemia in

Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Deepti Kaushalkumar Jani

8 Nutraceuticals in Maternal Infections . . . . . . 105

Param Patel, Sujan Patel, Parth Amin, and
Yashwant Pathak

9 Nutraceuticals and Hormonal Balance

in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Ashley Oake, Michaela McMahon, and
Yashwant V. Pathak

10 The Role of Nutraceuticals in

Preeclampsia and Eclampsia. . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Nafiseh Shokri Mashhadi and Reza Ghiasvand

11 The Role of Nutraceuticals in Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Neda Roshanravan and Hamed Mohammadi

12 The Role of Nutraceuticals in Depression

during Pregnancy and Postpartum Well-
Being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Reza Amani and Shirin Amini

viii Contents
13 The Prevalence of Anemia in Postnatal
Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Arti Patel and Yashwant Pathak

14 Nutraceuticals Impacting Uterine

Growth, Gestational Age and
Mortality Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Shrushti Patil, Natalia Mercado, Yashwant Pathak,
and Priyanka Bhatt

15 Nutraceuticals for Bone Health in

Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Rupal Jani

16 Nutraceuticals for Maternal and

Offspring’s Dental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Amanda Rodrigues Amorim Adegboye

17 Role of Nutraceuticals in Atopic

Dermatitis, Eczema, Allergy in
Pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Meera Ratani, Yasmin Azad, Yashwant Pathak,
and Priyanka Bhatt

18 Nutraceuticals for Maternal and

Offspring’s Chronic Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Nasrin Sharifi and Reza Amani

19 Respiratory Tract Function and

Nutraceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Kavita Joshi, Vineet Jain, Kunal Dhankhar,
Harvinder Popli, and Keerti Jain

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Contents ix
Foreword

Adequate nutrition is a crucial component in normal fetal development.

Taken together, maternal body mass index (BMI), nutritional stores, and
diet, coupled with the integrity of utero-placental-fetal circulation deter-
mine nutrient availability for the fetus. During pregnancy, preconcep-
tional maternal weight and BMI, as well as gestational weight gain, have
a direct effect on fetal growth, birth weight, and perinatal outcome.
Maternal obesity and excess weight gain are associated with gestational
diabetes, fetal macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and the development of
preeclampsia, while underweight mothers and inadequate gestational
weight gain are associated with an increased risk of low birth weight
and growth-restricted infants as well as spontaneous preterm birth.
Deficiencies in maternal intake of vitamins and minerals are linked to
birth defects and adverse pregnancy outcomes – e.g., folate deficiency
and neural tube defects, selenium and preterm birth) while excess
maternal consumption of vitamin A can cause pleiotropic malformations
in offspring. Thus, an appreciation of the impact of maternal nutritional
status on fetal development is crucial to optimizing pregnancy outcomes.
There is also growing evidence that maternal nutrition can induce epi-
genetic modifications of the fetal genome. Epidemiological studies have
suggested that metabolic programming is a critical factor contributing
to the etiology of obesity as well as the concurrent increase in related
chronic diseases (e.g., type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular
disease). Fetal metabolic programming is the phenomenon whereby a
nutritional stress/stimulus applied during critical periods of early devel-
opment permanently alters an organism’s physiology and metabolism,
leading to unfavorable outcomes and adverse consequences later in life.
The fetal origins of adult disease hypothesis, first proposed by Barker,
suggests that adequate nutrition during fetal development is critical to

xi
long-term health. Therefore, it is also crucial to gain an understanding of
the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between alterations
in intra-uterine environments and their long-term effects on the health of an
individual.
It is from this perceptive that the authors of this text address the role of
nutraceuticals in pregnancy outcomes and offspring nutritional health. The
role of nutraceuticals in promoting successful pregnancy outcomes is par-
ticularly vital in developing nations where deficiencies in vitamins, minerals,
and overall caloric intake are most common and, paradoxically, susceptibility
to the harmful effects of over-nutrition are the greatest. This book addresses
this important issue affecting global health. Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat
Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, and Yashwant Pathak have collected
a wonderful team of experts to address these issues and provide up-to-date
clinical evidence to inform recommendations for nutraceuticals use in preg-
nancy. Topics include the role of nutraceuticals in preconceptional health, mis-
carriage, and fetal development, as well as their impacts on maternal health
including the occurrence of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, depression,
bone and dental health, and pregnancy and puerperal anemia. I congratulate
the four editors for proffering this important text, and I am sure it will help
scientists and clinicians working in this field around the globe and serve as
an excellent reference on this topic.
Charles J. Lockwood, MD, MHCM
Senior Vice President, USF Health
Dean, Morsani College of Medicine
Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Public Health
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida

xii Foreword
Preface

Nutraceuticals are important products based on natural bioactive com-

pounds that cross the frontier between drugs and food. The definition
of a nutraceutical is “a food or part of a food that provides benefits for
health in addition to its nutritional content.” Nutraceuticals may be used
to improve health, delay the aging process, prevent chronic diseases,
increase life expectancy, or support the structure and function of the
body.
Globally the growing demand for value-added nutraceuticals for the pre-
vention and treatment of human diseases have rendered nutraceuticals
a multibillion-dollar market. As well as the increasing numbers of peo-
ple attaching importance to health in the nutraceuticals area, pregnant
women also affect the nutraceuticals market because of the potential
health benefits for both mothers and their offspring.
The book focuses on the role of nutraceuticals for the health of mothers
and their offspring before, during, and after pregnancy and birth.
Although there is an increasing number of pregnant individuals taking
nutraceuticals to maintain good health and get possible health benefits
for their babies, many gaps exist in the knowledge base. The question
of whether an adequate nutraceutical intake in pregnant women is safe
is always raised. These nutraceuticals might be involved a wide vari-
ety of biological processes, including activation of signal transduction
pathways, antioxidant defenses, gene expression, cell proliferation, dif-
ferentiation, and the preservation of mitochondrial integrity. So, the bio-
logical and epidemiological findings of relevant studies of nutraceuticals
intake effects on the health of mothers and their offspring need to be
addressed.

xiii
Also, a growing body of literature suggests that nutraceuticals have a favor-
able impact on mothers and their offspring. It should be mentioned that the
role of these products could be confounded by dietary patterns, genetic vari-
ability, the effects of gut microbiota, different ages, race, ethnicity, and socio-
economic factors, all of which should be assessed in order to support the
potential nutraceutical effects on the health of mothers and their offspring.
Importantly, the timing and duration of exposure to utraceuticals should be
considered when assessing the health of mothers and their offspring, due to
the establishment of epigenetic programs in utero and during the early stages
of life.
In recent years new trends have been established in this area of prenatal
nutrition, based on the consideration of appropriate nutrition and the effect it
has on the health of mothers and their offspring during pre-pregnancy, preg-
nancy, and after pregnancy.
Nutraceuticals and natural products have been used by many cultures and
societies around the world, such as Indian (in Ayurveda), Chinese (Chinese
medicine), traditional African medicines, and aboriginal and indigenous medi-
cines. Every country has interesting and specific recommendations in this
area, and while some have been widely used in recent years there is proven
clinical evidence, that many of these have been used for centuries.
This book addresses the nutraceuticals used for prenatal health and the health
of mother and child, and the focus is mainly on recent trends and possible
clinical evaluations of such nutraceuticals and natural products.
Several chapters have been written by established leaders in this field. Chapter
1 provides a detailed account of nutraceuticals and their application. Chapters
2 and 3 address nutraceuticals used before pregnancy.
Chapters 4 to 13 discuss the nutraceuticals used during pregnancy. They cover
the role of nutraceuticals in placental development, nutraceuticals for gesta-
tional weight gain and postpartum obesity, the role of nutraceuticals in the
risks of miscarriage and related outcomes, still birth, and maternal mortality,
as well as many other aspects.
Chapters 14 to 19 discuss nutraceuticals used for the offspring’s health. This
group of chapters covers nutraceuticals impacting uterine growth, gestational
age and mortality rate, nutraceuticals for the dental health of the offspring,
nutraceuticals and chronic disease (including blood pressure, obesity, insulin
resistance, and certain pediatric cancers), and many more.
We believe this to be the first published book examining the role of nutra-
ceuticals and their impact on the health of mothers and their offspring with
a focus on human population-based research. This is very important because
many of the health claims about nutraceuticals have not been validated in
humans. It is quite possible that many of these health claims, mostly emerg-
ing from animal studies and cell culture models, have been exaggerated.

xiv Preface
This book addresses very important findings of the latest scientific research
regarding the role of nutraceuticals intake before pregnancy and during the
pregnancy on the health of mothers and their offspring.
We are extremely thankful to all the chapter authors for their contributions.
We believe that this book will be an indispensable reference in libraries,
and will be a valuable resource for pharmaceutical companies, pharmacists,
nutritionists, dietitians, and scientists, as well as for those in the allied health
sciences such as nursing and medical students. Also it may be a great help in
planning the health services for mothers and their offspring.
We are extremely thankful to our families and their support getting this book
out in the market.
We also would like to express our sincere thanks to CRC Press and all those
concerned in bringing this book to publication.
Editors:
Dr Priyanka Bhatt, PhD
Dr Maryam Miraghajani, PhD
Dr Sarvadaman Pathak, MD and
Dr Yashwant Pathak, PhD

Preface xv
Contributors

Ofosua Adi-Dako Reza Amani

Department of Pharmaceutics & Professor of Nutrition Science
Microbiology Food Security Research Center
School of Pharmacy Department of Clinical Nutrition
University of Ghana School of Nutrition and Food
Accra, Greater Accra Region, GA, Science
Ghana Isfahan University of Medical
Sciences
Amanda Rodrigues Amorim Isfahan, Iran
Adegboye
Department of Psychology Shirin Amini
Social Work and Counselling Department of Nutrition
Faculty of Education and Health Ahvaz Jundishapur University of
University of Greenwich Medical Sciences
Old Royal Naval College Ahvaz, Iran
London, UK Biotechnology and Management
of Bioresources Division
Parth Amin The Energy and Resources
College of Pharmacy Institute Darbari Seth Block
University of South Florida Health India Habitat Centre
Tampa, Florida Lodhi Road New Delhi, India

xvii
Akansha Atulkar Rupal Jani
Taneja College of Pharmacy Parul Institute of Pharmacy and
University of South Florida Research
Tampa, Florida Parul University
Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Yasmin Azad
College of Pharmacy Kavita Joshi
University of South Florida Health Department of Pharmaceutics
Tampa, Florida Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Research University (DPSRU)
Priyanka Bhatt New Delhi, India
College of Pharmacy
University of South Florida Health Anastasia Victoria Lazaridi
Tampa, Florida The Early Life Research Unit
Division of Child Health
Kunal Dhankhar Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Department of Pharmaceutics University of Nottingham
Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nottingham, UK
Research University (DPSRU)
New Delhi, India Maryam Miraghajani
Cancer Research Center
Reza Ghiasvand Shahid Beheshti University of
Department of community nutrition Medical Sciences
School of Nutrition and Food science Tehran, Iran
Isfahan University of Medical Science and
Isfahan, Iran The Early Life Research Unit
Division of Child Health, Obstetrics
Deepti Kaushalkumar Jani and Gynaecology
Associate Professor University of Nottingham
Babaria Institute of Pharmacy Nottingham, UK
Varnama, Vadodara, India
Nafiseh Shokri Mashhadi
Keerti Jain Department of Clinical Nutrition
Department of Pharmaceutics School of Nutrition and Food science
Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Isfahan University of Medical Science
Research University (DPSRU)
New Delhi, India Michaela McMahon
Morsani College of Medicine
Vineet Jain Tampa, Florida
Department of Pharmaceutics
Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natalia Mercado
Research University (DPSRU) College of Pharmacy
New Delhi, India University of South Florida Health
Tampa, Florida

xviii Contributors
Hamed Mohammadi Shrushti Patil
Students' Research Committee College of Pharmacy
Department of Clinical Nutrition University of South Florida Health
School of Nutrition and Food Science Tampa, Florida, USA
Isfahan University of Medical
Sciences Harvinder Popli
Isfahan, Iran Department of Pharmaceutics
Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Ashley Oake Research University (DPSRU)
Morsani College of Medicine New Delhi, India
Tampa, Florida
Meera Ratani
Sarvadaman Pathak College of Arts and Science
Faculty, East West College of Natural University of South Florida
Sciences Tampa, Florida
Sarasota, Florida
Neda Roshanravan
Yashwant Pathak Cardiovascular Research Center
College of Pharmacy Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
University of South Florida Health Tabriz, Iran
Tampa, Florida
Faculty of Pharmacy Asra Sami
Airlangga University College of Art and Science
Surabaya, Indonesia. University of South Florida Health
Tampa, Florida
Param Patel
College of Pharmacy Michael E Symonds
University of South Florida Health The Early Life Research Unit
Tampa, Florida Division of Child Health, Obstetrics
and Gynaecology
Sujan Patel University of Nottingham
College of Pharmacy Nottingham, UK
University of South Florida Health
Tampa, Florida Nasrin Sharifi
Assistant Professor of Nutrition
Vasudha Prithipaul Science
College of Pharmacy Research Center for Biochemistry
University of South Florida Health and Nutrition in Metabolic
Tampa, Florida Diseases
Kashan University of Medical
Arti Patel Sciences
Taneja College of Pharmacy Kashan, Iran
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida

Contributors xix
 1
Introduction
Maryam Miraghajani, Anastasia Victoria Lazaridi, Sarvadaman
Pathak, Priyanka Bhatt, and Yashwant Pathak

Contents
What Are Nutraceuticals?.....................................................................................1
Scope and Future Development of the Nutraceuticals.......................................2
Importance of Nutraceuticals in Healthy Living.................................................4
References............................................................................................................5

What Are Nutraceuticals?

About 2000 years ago, Hippocrates correctly stated: “Let food be your medi-
cine and medicine be your food” (1). Currently, there is increased global inter-
est due to the recognition that “nutraceuticals” play a major role in health
enhancement. The term “nutraceutical” was coined by combining the terms
“nutrition” and “pharmaceutical” and was originally defined by Dr. Stephen L.
De Felice, founder and chairperson of the Foundation of Innovation Medicine
(2). Nutraceuticals have potential nutritional and therapeutic effects, and are
easily accessed, cost-effective, and tolerable, with a wide margin of safety (3).
Nutraceuticals, which have also been called medical foods, designer foods,
phytochemicals, functional foods, and nutritional supplements, include such
everyday products as “bio” yogurts and fortified breakfast cereals, as well as
vitamins, herbal remedies, and even genetically modified foods and supple-
ments (4). There is also a lot of confusion regarding the terminology, which
differs between countries, but the usual definition is a product isolated from
foods that is generally sold in medicinal forms not usually associated with
food (5). Both in Canada and in Great Britain, a functional food is essentially
a food, but a nutraceutical is an isolated or concentrated form of a nutrient
(6, 7). In the United States, “medical foods” and “dietary supplements” are
regulatory terms; however “nutraceuticals”, “functional foods”, and related
terms are determined by consultants and marketers, based on consumer
trends (8).

1
There also seems to be a “thin dividing line” between the definitions of “phar-
maceuticals” and “nutraceuticals”. “Pharmaceuticals” may be considered as
medication used to treat and improve outcomes of interventions provided to
patients, while “nutraceuticals” are those that are intended to prevent diseases
(9, 10). However, a nutraceutical for one consumer can act as a pharmaceuti-
cal for another (9). Examples of nutraceuticals include fortified dairy products
(milk as such is a nutrient and its product, casein, is a pharmaceutical) and cit-
rus fruits (orange juice is a nutrient and its constituent, ascorbic acid, is a phar-
maceutical). So, in another definition, both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical
compounds might be used to cure or prevent diseases, but only pharmaceuti-
cal compounds have governmental approval. Also, nutraceuticals, in contrast
to pharmaceuticals, are substances that usually have no patent protection (9).
Overall, nutraceuticals should provide a health benefit to the consumer that
is greater than that of a general food item. Indeed, they are non-specific
biological therapies used to promote wellness, prevent malignant processes,
delay the aging process, prevent chronic diseases, increase life expectancy, or
support the structure or function of the body (5). However, nutraceuticals are
claimed to provide protection against some chronic disorders including obe-
sity, diabetes, degenerative and inflammatory diseases, cancer, and cardiovas-
cular diseases (5). These conditions involve many physiological and metabolic
changes, including increased oxidative stress and an imbalance between the
oxidative and antioxidative systems leading to cellular dysfunction. This can
cause compromised cell signaling and cell cycle control, cellular transport and
overall decreased biological activity, immune activation, and inflammation.
Most nutraceuticals have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic,
and neuroprotective effects with the ability to counteract these adverse con-
ditions (5, 11, 12). Hence, they are considered as optimal sources of health
promotion, especially for the prevention of life-threatening diseases.
Presently over 470 nutraceutical products are available with documented
health benefits. Some popular nutraceuticals include polyphenols and vita-
mins (for dermatologic benefits), glucosamine (for arthritis), lutein (for mac-
ular degeneration), ginseng (for colds), echinacea (anti-immune properties),
folic acid, minerals, essential fatty acids, amino acids, etc. (9, 13). Knowing the
safety concerns related to nutraceuticals, it is necessary to ensure maximum
potential benefits without adverse effects. From a large number of nutraceuti-
cal-related studies, they appear to be safe, although this can be compromised
by contamination with toxic plants, metals, mycotoxins, pesticides, fertilizers,
drugs, etc. (3). The assessment of claimed toxicity and the safety of nutraceu-
ticals need appropriate pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic studies.

Scope and Future Development of the Nutraceuticals

Currently, nutraceuticals, which provide various health benefits in the
treatment and prevention of diseases, are receiving more attention. Many
“Western” diseases derived from metabolic syndrome, which is a result of

2 Nutraceuticals for Nutritional Health

chronic inflammation, have been studied for years to identify their causes as
well as prevention and treatment. These include:

• cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including coronary artery diseases,

stroke, and heart failure;
• cancer of any type, such as colorectal, brain, and breast cancers;
• Type II diabetes; and
• neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
diseases).

This list is extensive. For this reason, companies have produced drugs to treat
and regulate most of these diseases as well as tablets containing food sub-
stances that can prevent or regulate certain conditions. However, there are
many challenges to overcome when developing nutraceuticals in a laboratory.
One challenge is that, as nutraceuticals are made from food products, their
formulation is limited. Another challenge is to determine the stability of the
formula, because factors such as pH, temperature, and pressure might affect
the desired effectiveness of the product (14). Additionally, complete tests of
active uptake, the metabolic response, and the biological variability should be
considered before introducing the final product onto the market (15).
Our current way of life includes high levels of stress, anxiety and bad eating
habits, which add a significant burden to people’s health. Because nutraceu-
ticals can potentially minimize factors that contribute to health deterioration,
research on nutraceuticals should be emphasized. Thus, laboratories at nutra-
ceutical companies are not restricted to the development of new “superfoods”
to address human needs. The aim is to link nutrition and health and to cre-
ate pioneering products that could significantly decrease the effects of some
non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease,
and cancer. Thus, the population’s mortality rate, and consequently the public
sector’s health expenditures, could potentially be reduced. With this objec-
tive, both food and pharmaceutical companies have to combine their product
strategies, technology, marketing, and supply chain management to obtain a
competitive advantage for their products, which are based on innovation and
creativity.
Recently, many people have developed the habit of taking nutraceuticals regu-
larly to boost their health because, for example, they might not be able to eat
a food product because of its smell, taste, and/or appearance, or it because
it does not fit with their eating patterns. All nutraceuticals can be found on
the market at a low cost or available to the public without any prescription,
so they can be purchased with just a click of the mouse, without any further
information or explanation about them from a pharmacist. Thus, regulatory
models need to be expanded to performed research, examine emerging issues
and hazards, and contribute to improvements in legislation. In the United
States, dietary supplements are regulated by the Dietary Supplement Health
and Education Act (DSHEA), and food additives are regulated by the Federal

Introduction 3
Drug and Cosmetic Act. In China, the State Food and Drug Administration
(SFDA) handles the regulation of dietary supplements and the Ministry of
Health manages all the approvals. In Europe, there is the European Food
Safety Authority (EFSA), and in India there is the Food Safety and Standards
Act (FSSA). The role of all these regulatory agencies is to protect the public
from harm caused by food products, increase awareness, and explain scien-
tific work to the public.
Thus, even if there are many researchers who have shown the benefits of
food ingredients, people have to take into consideration the issues that have
not been explored. A particular example is green tea. Green tea can protect
humans from various types of cancer resulting from environmental causes,
because it has antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antimutagenic effects (16, 17).
It has been also associated with most of the NCDs, such as CVD and diabetes,
as well as neurodegenerative diseases (16, 18). Despite its extensive benefits,
the EFSA scrutinized the safety of green tea catechins from all dietary sources
in a 2018 report. Even though it is believed to be safe for daily use, cases of
liver injury, increased serum transaminase levels (which is a marker of liver
damage), and hepatotoxicity have been noted. Thus, the EFSA recommends
that further research is conducted on adverse events related to pyrrolizidine
alkaloids, which can contribute to the hepatotoxicity, are required, and that
the labeling system should be improved (19).

Importance of Nutraceuticals in Healthy Living

The value of longevity and life prosperity has been known since the fifth
century BC. Hippocrates, the father of Western medicine, noted: “Let food be
thy medicine and the medicine be thy food” (20). There is evidence that, in
ancient civilizations, herbs and food were used for treatment purposes, for
example in Egypt (21), China (22), and India (23). Food was used to heal the
body, give it strength, and satisfy the feeling of hunger. Unfortunately, food
is now used differently. The boom in the industrial era and the technological
progress of the past century have inevitably led to many changes in the way
that people live. Nowadays, people have forgotten the real purpose of eating
and now they are satisfying their cravings. Currently, hunger is not satisfied
after a meal with many artificial flavors, coloring agents, sugars, and other
harmful ingredients that destroy our bodies (24).
We live in a century where our eating behavior has changed from being
influenced by biological to psychological and socioeconomic factors. These
modifications to the food pattern led to the necessity of nutritional advisory
expertise, which was implemented in 1980. During the 1980s, a series of
clinical studies revealed a successful nutritional intervention to prevent dis-
eases by following a specific diet (25–27). The probability for both sexes of
dying between the ages of 30 and 70 years from CVDs, cancer, diabetes, and
chronic respiratory diseases was reduced by 4.1% between 2000 and 2016 (28).

4 Nutraceuticals for Nutritional Health

However, in most regions, the rate of obesity has increased and the
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has pro-
jected that levels of obesity will increase to 47%, 39%, and 35% in the United
States, Mexico, and England, respectively (29). Thus, each country has its own
regulatory system for food-based dietary guidelines, which constantly change
over time as well as with regard to the needs of each country’s population. In
Europe, almost every country has different guidelines for the products eaten,
relating to the population’s eating pattern. For example, Greece has a food
pyramid based on the Mediterranean diet (30) and the United Kingdom uses
the Eat Well Guide (31), which both show the food patterns that are required
for a well-balanced and healthy diet. Across Asian countries, such as China
(32), food pyramids have also been established.
The amount of a specific ingredient that is ingested during our daily food
consumption is not enough to help our bodies defend against some diseases.
Thus, companies have developed nutraceuticals to fill the gap between the
healthy diet we should follow and the one that we actually do. There are
both established and potential products because sufficient research should be
done before a product is placed on the market (33). Potential products include
a supplement that could fight obesity, such as capsaicin (34), which is well
known to activate brown adipose tissue, a tissue in our body that, once trig-
gered, will produce heat in the form of energy, meaning that it burns stored
fat from our body. There are also traditional products, which are foods that
have not undergone any manual changes, so they are natural and can have
some health benefits. An example is oranges, which are rich in vitamin C,
which helps the immune system (35).
One of the categories of nutraceuticals is probiotics. These are food or supple-
ments that contain live microorganisms that can help maintain good bacteria
in the gut. Many supplements include micronutrients and minerals that have
various health benefits. Vitamin E and selenium are antioxidants that can help
to protect our immune function (36), and iron helps with energy production,
proper growth and development, and cell formation (37). These are some
examples of the function of macronutrients. They contribute to good intesti-
nal health, immune function, decreases in cholesterol levels, and reduce the
risk of cancer (38). Fortified foods, herbs, and dietary supplements are also
included in the category of nutraceuticals that boost our health because we
have forgotten to maintain healthy patterns in our lives.

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Introduction 7
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