D E V ELOPMENT OF MUSCULAR AN D
S KELETAL SYSTEMS
Aute duisim zzriusto elit i#ut nismodo uptat
Intraembryonic mesoderm: Develops between ectoderm and endoderm ex-
cept in the center where the notochord is found.
Differentiates into 3 parts:
# A)Paraxial mesoderm(on sides of notochord): develops somites.
•A small cavity devlops in each somite but soon dissappears (myocele).
•Each somite devides into a ventromedial sclerotome and dorsolateral dermatomyo-
tome.
•Scelrotome: Bones of axial skeleton (cranium, spine, ribs and sternum).
•Myotome: Associated muscles of the back.
•Dermatome: Adjaccent dermis of skin
# B)Intermediate mesoderm.
# C)Lateral mesoderm: divides by intraembryonic coelom into:
$ $ 1)Somatic mesoderm 2)Splanchnic mesoderm
Intraembryonice Mesoderm
Embryology MSK block (1)# 2
INTRAEMBRYONIC
MESODERM
Proliferates
between
Ectoderm
&
Endoderm
EXCEPT
in
the
central
axis
of
embryo
where
notochord
is
found.
Paraxial
mesoderm:
divides
into
units
called
Intermediate
Lateral
mesoderm:
divides
by
intraembryonic
coe-‐
SOMITES mesoderm lom
into:
Soma%c
mesoderm
(between
ectoderm
&
coelom).
N.B:
Skeletal
muscle
forms
in
the
Splanchnic
mesoderm
(between
embryo
from
paraxial
mesoderm endoderm
&
coelom).
Development of Bones
Depending on mode of development, bones are divided into:
# A)Membrane bones: develop directly from mesenchymal cells.
•Ex: Majority of bones of the face and skull.
•Thinner.
•Intramembranous ossification.
•B)Cartilage bones: a cartilagenous model forms first and then ossifies.
•Ex: Bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton, the cranial base.
•Thick, strong, more compact, weight bearing.
Development of skull: Develops from mesoderm around developing brain.
THE
SKULL
Neurocranium:
pro-‐ Viscerocranium:
tec7ve
case
of
brain skeleton
of
face
Embryology MSK block (1)# 3
The skull bones develop by 2 ways of ossification.
# (A)Bones that develop by intamembranous ossifcatipn:
# F = Frontal , P = Parietal
Z = Zygomatic , ST = Squamous temporal
Mand = Mandible , Max = Maxilla
# (B)Bones that develop by inracartilagenous ossifcation:
# Base of skull.
Development of Limbs
The development of limbs is sensitive and affected by drugs(teratogenic
drugs). ● ● ●
They appear as small projections -elevations- in the cervical (up-
So,
the
mesenchyme
of
the
so-‐
per limbs) and lumbosacral (lower limbs). matic
layer
will
proliferate
and
that
will
result
in
the
appearance
Upper limb buds appear at day 26. of
an
elevation
on
the
ventro-‐
Lower limb buds appear at day 28. lateral
body
wall,
which
is
the
limb
bud.
N.B: Each limb bud is surrounded by an area of ectoderm.
● ● ●
Apical Ectodermal Ridge: A thickening of ectoderm that ap-
pears at the apex (tips) of limb buds and stimulates proliferation of
mesenchyme and elongation of limb buds. It is important because without it
→ no changes will occur in the limbs.
Development of limbs:
1) The AER appears at the apex to stimulate proliferation of mesencheme.
Then the distal ends flatten into a paddle-like hand and foot plates.
2) Digital rays appear as mesenchymal condensations that outline the digits.
3) Digits form inside rays, elongate and appear webbed.
4) The webs disappear (cells in between die by apoptosis) to form separate dig-
its. Not all cells during development grow and divide. There are cells that die
during development.
Embryology MSK block (1)# 4
Rotation of limbs: The limb buds were originally at right angle with the
trunk.
-Cranial (preaxial or superior) & caudal (postaxial or inferior) borders:
radius and tibia are cranial bones.
-Ventral (anterior) & dorsal (posterior) surfaces: flexor muscles are ven-
tral.
During the 7th week adduction of the limb buds occurs with 9o° rotation.
# - In upper limb, rotation occurs laterally: radius is lateral & flexor mus#
# cles are anterior.
# - In lower limb, rotation occurs medially: tibia is medial & flexor muscles
# are posterior.
Ossification of long bones:
Local mesenchymal cells chondrify then ossify to form the limb bones.
Ossification takes time & doesn’t appear in all bones but in specific sites
called ossification center then spread.
Ossification center place where ossification starts (there can be more than
one center).
No primary ossification centers appear after birth
No epiphyseal plate after puberty thus growing stops.
Development of joints: from mesoderm.
A) Fibrous joints: mesoderm differentiates into dense fibrous tissue.
B) Cartilagenous joints: mesoderm differentiates into cartilage.
C) Synovial joints: a cabity is formed inside the mesoderm. Mesoderm differen-
tiates into synovial membrane, capsule and ligaments.
Development of muscles:
Embryology MSK block (1)# 5
All muscles develop from the mesoderm except for: muscles of the iris, my-
oepithelial cells of mammary and sweat glands which develop from the ecto-
derm.
Cardiac muscles: Splanchnic part of the lateral mesoderm.
Smooth muscles: Walls of the viscera > Splanchnic part of lateral mesoderm.
# # # Walls of blood and lymphatic vessels > Somatic part of lat-#
# # eral mesoderm.
Skeletal muscles: Myotomes of the paraxial mesoderm except for some head
and neck muscles which develop from mesoderm of pharyngeal arches.
SOMITES
Myotome Sclerotome
1-‐
Hypaxial
division:
Muscles
of
body
wall
It
will
contribute
in
the
formaGon
of
the
bone
of
the
vertebral
column
,
ribs
and
sternum.
2-‐
Epaxial
division:
Muscles
of
back
(Extensors
of
vertebral
column)
3-‐
Myoblasts
migrate
into
the
limb
buds
where
they
will
produce
the
limb
muscles
Myotomes:
Each myotome divides into
a dorsal epaxial division > muscles of the back.
ventral hypaxial division > muscles of the ventral body wall.
Myoblasts migrate from the hypaxial division to limb buds to
form limb musclses
Embryology MSK block (1)# 6
