Rock Slope Engineering Civil and Mining 4th Edition

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Rock Slope Engineering Civil and Mining 4th Edition
Duncan C. Wyllie Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Duncan C. Wyllie, Christopher W. Mah, Evert Hoek
ISBN(s): 9780203499085, 0203499085
Edition: 4th
File Details: PDF, 8.94 MB
Year: 2004
Language: english
Rock Slope Engineering
Rock Slope Engineering

Civil and mining

4th edition

Duncan C. Wyllie and

Christopher W. Mah
First published 1974 by the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
Second edition published 1977
Third edition published 1981
© The Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and E. Hoek and J. W. Bray
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Spon Press
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 2004 Duncan C. Wyllie and Christopher W. Mah
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Rock slope engineering : civil and mining / Duncan C. Wyllie,
Christopher W. Mah — 4th ed.
p. cm.
“Based on Rock Slope Engineering (third edition, 1981) by
Dr Evert Hoek and Dr John Bray.”
1. Rock slopes. I. Mah, Christopher W. II. Wyllie, Duncan C.,
1933 — Rock slope engineering. III. Title.
TA706.W98 2004
624.1
51363–dc22 2003014937

ISBN 0-203-49908-5 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-57083-9 (Adobe eReader Format)

ISBN 0–415–28000–1 (hbk)
ISBN 0–415–28001–X (pbk)
 This book is dedicated to

Dr Evert Hoek and Dr John Bray

in recognition of their pioneering work in the field of rock slope engineering.
Contents

Introduction xviii
Foreword xxi
Notation xxii
Note xxiv

1 Principles of rock slope design 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Scope of book 2
1.1.2 Socioeconomic consequences of slope failures 3
1.2 Principles of rock slope engineering 4
1.2.1 Civil engineering 4
1.2.2 Open pit mining slope stability 5
1.3 Slope features and dimensions 8
1.4 Rock slope design methods 8
1.4.1 Summary of design methods 8
1.4.2 Limit equilibrium analysis (deterministic) 11
1.4.3 Sensitivity analysis 14
1.4.4 Probabilistic design methods 15
1.4.5 Load and Resistance Factor Design 20

2 Structural geology and data interpretation 22

2.1 Objectives of geological investigations 22

2.2 Mechanism of joint formation 24
2.3 Effects of discontinuities on slope stability 25
2.4 Orientation of discontinuities 25
2.5 Stereographic analysis of structural geology 27
2.5.1 Stereographic projection 27
2.5.2 Pole plots and contour plots 29
2.5.3 Pole density 31
viii Contents

2.5.4 Great circles 32

2.5.5 Lines of intersection 34
2.6 Identification of modes of slope instability 35
2.6.1 Kinematic analysis 37
2.6.2 Plane failure 38
2.6.3 Wedge failure 38
2.6.4 Toppling failure 39
2.6.5 Friction cone 39
2.6.6 Applications of kinematic analysis 40
2.7 Example Problem 2.1: stereo plots of structural geology data 43
2.8 Example Problem 2.2: slope stability evaluation related to structural geology 44

3 Site investigation and geological data collection 46

3.1 Planning an investigation program 46

3.1.1 Geology 47
3.1.2 Rock strength 48
3.1.3 Ground water 48
3.2 Site reconnaissance 48
3.2.1 Aerial and terrestrial photography 49
3.2.2 Geophysics 49
3.3 Geologic mapping 52
3.3.1 Line and window mapping 53
3.3.2 Stereogrammetric mapping of discontinuities 53
3.3.3 Types of discontinuity 53
3.3.4 Definition of geological terms 54
3.4 Spacing, persistence and roughness measurements 59
3.4.1 Spacing of discontinuities 60
3.4.2 Persistence of discontinuity sets 61
3.4.3 Roughness of rock surfaces 62
3.5 Probabilistic analysis of structural geology 64
3.5.1 Discontinuity orientation 64
3.5.2 Discontinuity length and spacing 65
3.6 Diamond drilling 67
3.6.1 Diamond drilling equipment 67
3.6.2 Diamond drilling operations 68
3.6.3 Core logging 69
3.6.4 Core orientation 71

4 Rock strength properties and their measurement 74

4.1 Introduction 74
4.1.1 Scale effects and rock strength 74
 Contents ix

4.1.2 Examples of rock masses 75

4.1.3 Classes of rock strength 77
4.2 Shear strength of discontinuities 79
4.2.1 Definition of cohesion and friction 79
4.2.2 Friction angle of rock surfaces 81
4.2.3 Shearing on an inclined plane 81
4.2.4 Surface roughness 82
4.2.5 Discontinuity infilling 85
4.2.6 Influence of water on shear strength of discontinuities 88
4.3 Laboratory testing of shear strength 88
4.4 Shear strength of rock masses by back analysis of slope failures 90
4.5 Hoek–Brown strength criterion for fractured rock masses 92
4.5.1 Generalized Hoek–Brown strength criterion 95
4.5.2 Modulus of deformation 99
4.5.3 Mohr–Coulomb criterion 99
4.5.4 Rock mass strength 100
4.5.5 Determination of σ3
max 100
4.5.6 Estimation of disturbance factor D 101
4.6 Rock durability and compressive strength 102
4.6.1 Slake durability 102
4.6.2 Compressive strength 104
4.7 Example Problem 4.1: analysis of direct shear strength test results 106
4.8 Example Problem 4.2: analysis of point load test results 107

5 Ground water 109

5.1 Introduction 109

5.2 The hydrologic cycle 110
5.3 Hydraulic conductivity and flow nets 111
5.3.1 Hydraulic conductivity 111
5.3.2 Porosity 113
5.3.3 Flow nets 113
5.4 Ground water flow in fractured rock 114
5.4.1 Flow in clean, smooth discontinuities 115
5.4.2 Flow in filled discontinuities 116
5.4.3 Heterogeneous rock 117
5.4.4 Anisotropic rock 118
5.4.5 Ground water in rock slopes 118
5.5 Measurement of water pressure 120
5.6 Field measurement of hydraulic conductivity 123
5.6.1 Variable head tests 124
5.6.2 Pumping test 126
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 Sociology - Study Cards
Winter 2025 - Faculty

Prepared by: Professor Miller

Date: August 12, 2025

Topic 1: Literature review and discussion

Learning Objective 1: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 5: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 6: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 8: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 2: Research findings and conclusions
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 11: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 14: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 16: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 18: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 3: Fundamental concepts and principles
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 22: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 25: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 27: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 4: Study tips and learning strategies
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 36: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 39: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Methodology 5: Best practices and recommendations
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 43: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 46: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 49: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 6: Fundamental concepts and principles
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 51: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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