THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD 3.

TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION

• The continuous innovation to facilitate

connection and create fast, effective, and
GLOBALIZATION
efficient means to provide for human needs.
• Globalization is the term in the English
3. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
language with the most number of definitions
based on its various features and implications. • Countries are attempting to adopt similar
• The term globalization was released in the political policies and styles of government to
1960s. facilitate other forms of globalization.
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION 5. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION

1. Broad and Inclusive • Merging or ‘’watering down’’ of the world’s

cultures, e.g., food, entertainment, etc.
• Definition includes a variety of issues and
• Diverse cultural values and identities are
opportunities where different sectors may
challenged as outside influences infiltrate the
participate.
local culture.
• Globalization is the process of integrating
• Homogeneity of Cultural Globalization
nations and peoples.
- The increasing sameness in the world as
• Can be described politically, economically, and
cultural inputs, economic factors, and
culturally into a larger community.
political orientations of societies create
• Complex, sometimes contradictory, social common practices, common economies,
processes that are changing our current social and common government.
condition based on the modern system of
• Heterogeneity of Cultural Globalization
independent nation-states (Steger, 2005)
- Cultural hybridization- the creation of
2. Narrow and exclusive various cultural practices, new economies,
and political groups due to the interaction
• Focuses on one aspect of globalization of different elements from different
3 PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION societies of the world.
- ‘’Glocalization’’- coined by Roland
• Economic Process Robertson, characterized by the creation
• Political Process of a new culture by combining acquired
• Cultural Process influences with existing local routines.

GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS OF: 6. SOCIOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION

• Interconnectedness • A growing belief that we are all global citizens

• Inter-Dependence and should all be held to the same standards.
• Interrelations • We all have the same rights, responsibilities,
and concerns about various social issues.

7 ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION 7. ECOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION

1. FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION • Seeing the Earth as a single ecosystem rather

than a collection of separate ecological
• Interconnection of the world’s financial systems because so many problems are global.
system. • WE all live on the same planet that provides
2. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION for our very existence.

• A worldwide economic system that permits 3 APPROACHES OF GLOBALIZATION

easy movement of goods, production, capital, 1. REJECTIONISTS
resources, and services (free trade facilitates
this).
 • No acceptance- there was no absolute • THIRD REVOLUTION- Electronics,
definition of Globalization; that’s why they computers, digitization, automation.
reject it.
• A big idea resting on slim foundations- Linda • FOURTH REVOLUTION- Cyber physical
Weiss (1998). systems.
• Vague words employed in academic discourse
• Complex and ambiguous phenomenon like
nationalism (Calhoun, 1993) 3 METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
• Vacuous term- Susan Strange (1996)
• Solid
2. SKEPTICS • Liquid
• Flow
• Reservation- slightly accepting some
manifestations and forms of the term 1. SOLID/SOLIDITY OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization.
• Emphasizes the limited nature of current • Solidity refers to barriers that prevent or make
globalizing processes (Wade, 1996). difficult the movement of things.
• The world economy is not a truly global • Natural- landforms or bodies of water.
phenomenon but one centered on Europe, • Man-made- man-made barriers like the Great
Eastern Asia, and North America (Hirst et al., Wall of China and the Berlin Wall, Imaginary
1996). lines (e.g. nine dash line).
• Economic focus 2. LIQUIDITY AND FLOW OF GLOBALIZATION
• Industrial Countries
• The majority of economic activity around the • Liquidity refers to the tendency to melt
world remains primarily national in origin and barriers, and the process involves faster
scope. interconnection or flow of things across
boundaries.
3. MODIFIERS • Refers to the increasing ease of movement of
• They accept the term but modify it. people, things, information, and places in the
contemporary world
• It has existed at the very start of human
activity • Constant and speedy changes.
• Globalization started before World War 1. • Fast flow of information and communication.
• Disputes the novelty of the process, not a • Ease of movement.
recent phenomenon. NEW WORLD ORDER (NEW PARADIGM)
• Globalization as historical.
• Origins of globalizing tendencies can be traced • Evaluation of how we look at powerful
back to the political and cultural interactions countries in terms of their economies.
that sustained the ancient empires of Persia, • It measures:
China, and Rome. Raw Materials
• Some aspects of globalization may neither Labor Force
constitute new developments nor reach all Capital/Money
corners of the Earth. Machines/Technology
• Core, Semi-Periphery, Periphery
REVOLUTIONS
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
• FIRST REVOLUTION- mechanization,
steam and water power. GLOBALIZATION (Process)

• A set of complexes, sometimes

• SECOND REVOLUTION- Mass production contradictory, social processes that are
and electricity. changing our current social condition
based on the modern system of
independent nation-states.
GLOBALISM (Ideology)

• Political and economic belief systems or

ideologies serve as the basis for fostering
globalization.
GLOBALITY (Condition)

• Social condition is characterized by thick

economic, political, and cultural
interconnections and global flows that
make currently existing political borders
and economic barriers irrelevant.

IDEOLOGIES OF GLOBALIZATION
Claim one: Globalization is about the liberation and
global integration of market

• Triumph of markets over governments

• ‘globalization-market-liberty-integration’
• Mcdonaldization
Claim two: Globalization is inevitable and irreversible

• Hyper-consumption and or Hyper Debt

Claim three: Nobody is in charge of globalization

Claim four: Globalization benefits everyone (…in the
long run)
Claim five: Globalization furthers the spread of
democracy in the world
Claim six: Globalization requires a global war on
terror.