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The International Library of Psychology

COMPLEX!ARCHETYPE/SYMBOL
IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF C G lUNG

Founded by C, K. Ogden
 The International Library of Psychology

ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
In 12 Volumes

1 Studies in Analytical Psychology Adler

II Complex/Archetype/Symbol in the
Psychology of C G Jung Jacohi
III Psychology of C G J ung ]acohi
IV Experiment in Depth Martin
V Arnot and Psyche Nell1/lann
VI Arl: and the Creadve Unconscious Neulllan11
VII The Origins and History of Consciousness Nelttl1ann
VIII Jung's Psychology and its Socjal Meaning P,'Ogol!
IX Religion and the Cure of Souls in Jung's
Psychology Schaer
X Conscious Orien tation vatl det' Hoop
XI Lucifer and Prometheus Werhlowsky
XII The Secret of the Golden Flower Wi/helm
COMPLEX/ ARCHETYPE/SYMBOL IN

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF

CGJUNG

JOLANDE JACOBI

Golden
Golden
GoldenGolden
Golden Golden
Golden
 First published in 1925 by
Routledge

Reprinted in 1999 by
Routledge
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Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Transferred to Digital Printing 2007

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First issued in paperback 2013
© 1959 Bollingen Foundation, Inc.

All rights r eserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced

.

or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,

now known or hereafter invented, i n c l ud i ng photocopying
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permission in writing from the publishers.

The publishers have made every effort to contact authors/copyright holders

of the works reprinted in the International Lihrary of PJychology.
This has not been possible in every case, h oweve r and we would
,

welcome correspondence from those individuals/companies

we have been unable to trace.

These reprints are taken from original copies of each book. In many cases
the condition of these originals is not perfect. Th e publisher has gone to
great lengths to ensure the quality of these reprints, but wishes to point
out that certain characteristics of the original copies will, of necessity, be
apparent in reprints thereof.

Bt<itiJh Lihrary Cataloguing b1 P11hlication Data

A CIP catalogue record for thi s book
is available from the British Library

Complex/ Archetype/Symbol in the Psychology of C G Jung

ISBN 978-0-415-20939-7 (hbk)

ISBN 978-0-415-86427-5 (pbk)
 CONTENTS

Illustrations viii
Foreword, by C. G. Tung ix
EditoriaZ"Nate xii

I. COMPLEX I ARCHETYPE / SYMBOL

INTRODUCTION 3
C~prnx 6
The feeling..toned groups of representations in
the unconscious 6
Autonomy of the co~plexes 9
On the phenomenology of tIle complex 1 S
The difference between tlie conceptions of Juog
and of Freud 19
The two kinds of complexes 22
-Complexes belong to the basic structure of the
psyche 25
Neurosis and psychosis 2.8
ARCHETYPE 31"
Of the nature of the archetype 31
The historical development of the concept of
the arclletype in tIle work of Jung 33
Archetype,. instinct, and brain structure 35
The biological aspect of the archetype 39
Realistic and symbolic understanding +6
Archetype and Platonic idea 49
The arclletypes are not inherited images 51

v
 CONTENTS

Archetype s:od Gestalt "53

The hierarchy of the ,ar~lletypes 55
On the collective unconscious 59
Archetype and synchronicity 62.
Archetype and consciousness 66
An example from the world of dreams 6t)
SYMB~ ~
Archetype and symbol 74
'Xh at is a symbol? "77
S}~lnbo.l and sign 79
T.r.le symbol in Freud and Jung 88
The symbol as mediator 94
The symbol as a transformer of energy 99
Individual and collective symbols 103
The ego between: the collective consciousness
and the Collective unconscious 110
The symbols of the individuation process 11 3
The psyche's capacity for symbol transforma-
tion 116
Summary 118

II. ARCHETYPE AND DREAM

INTRODUCTION 12 7
THE DREAM OF THE BAD ANIMAL 1 ~9
The hermaphroditic aspect of the animal 144
Dragon and snake 146
The hom 1$0
The horned serpent 1 52
Impaling (Uspiking upU) and devouring 153
The dual psychologlcal aspect of the animal 1 ,6
The little animals 1 58
The blue fog or vapor 160
vi
 CON-TENTS

The four 165

One and four 169
.The rebirth 175
The night sea journey. 179
CONCLUSION 190
List of Works Cited 199
Index 2. 1 3
The Collected Works of C. Gil Tung 2.3 1

·v i i
 ILLUSTRATIONS

.. Frontispiece~ E--xorcising Complexes in the Seven..

'teenth Century
Woodcut, 1648, from a leaftet' ridiculing doctors and
their methods. Nurcl11berg, Germanisches Museum

Fig. 1. Night, Sleept Dea.~h1 and Dream

Woodcnt from V. Cart~ri~ Le IntcJgini de i dei de gli
cmtichi (Lyons, 1581) 126

Fig. ~I The Snake as a Symbol of the Curr~nt of

Time
Woodcut from Chr. CoUcrus Silcsius, Lux in Tenebds
(1657) 14°
Fig 3. Jona]I, Swallowed by. the Whale and Dis-
I

gorgep
D.,rawings from a 14th-century ms.. of the "'Biblio pau-
p~rum," St. Florian Monaste[y~ Upper Austria. From a
facsimile edn., ed. A. Camesilla and G. lIeider (Vienna,
186 3) 180
Fig, 4. TIle Uroboros
Dra\ving from a Greek ms. of tlle Alexandrian period,
4th to 1St centuries B~C. 197

vii i
 FOREWORDl

The problem this book is concerned with is one in which

It too, have been interested for a long time. It is now ex..
actly fifty years since I learned, thanks to the associa·
tion experiment, tIle role which complexes play in our
conscious life. The thing that mo~t impressed me was the
peculiar autonoluy the complexes display as compared .
with tIle other contents of" consciousness. Whereas the
latter are under the control of the will, coming or going at
its comluand, complexes eitl1er force themselves on our
consciollsness by breaking through its inhibiting effect, or
else, just' as suddenly, they obstinately reSist our conscious
intention to reproduce them. Complexes have not only
an obsessive, but very often a possessive, character, be..
having like imps and giving rise to all sorts of annoying,
ridiculous, and revealing actions, slips of the tongue, and
falsifications of memory and judgment. They cut across
the adapted performance of consc1ousness.
It was not difficult to see that ·while complexes owe their
relative autonomy to their ~motional nature, their ~pres­
sian is always dependent on a network of associations
grouped round a center charged with affect. The central
emotion generally proved to be individually acquired, and
therefore an exclusively personal matter. Increasing experi.-
ence SllOWed, however that the complexes ~e not infinifely
ll

variable, but mostly belong to definite catego~ies, which

soon began to acquire their popular, and by now hack..
ncyed, designations-inferiori~y complex, power complex,
1 Translated by R. F. C. 1-1ull.
ix
 FOREWORD

father complex, mother complex, anxiety complex, and all

the rest. This fact, that there are well..chamcterized and
easily recognizable types of complex, suggests that they
rest On equally ~ical foundations, that is, on emotional
aptitudes or instincts. In human beings instincts express
themselves in the fOnD of unre8ected t involuntary fan..
tasy images, attitudes, and actions, which bear an inner
resemblance to one another and yet are identical with the
instinctive reactions specific of Homo sapiens. They have
a dynamic and a fonnal a~pect. Their formal aspect ex..
presses itself, among other' things~ in fantasy images that
are surprisingly alike and can be found practically every·
where and at ail epochs, as might have been expected.
Like tIle instincts, tIlese images have a relatively autono-
mous character; that is te ~ay they are "'numinous" and
can be found above all in the realm of numinous or r&-
ligious ideas.
For reasons that I cannot enter into here, I have chosen
the term '·archetype" for this formal aspect of the jnsti~ct .
Dr. Jacobi has made it her task, in this boole, to expound
the important connection on the one hand between the
individual complex and the universal, instinctual arche-
type, f nd on the other hand between this and the symbol..
The R.?pearance of her study is the more welcome to DIe
in -that the cOncept of the archetype has given rise to the
greatest misunderstandings and-if one may judge by the
adve~e criticisms-must be presumed to be very difficult to
comprehend. Anyone, therefore, who has misgivings on
this score can seek information in this volume, whIch
also takes account of much of the literature.. My critics,
with but few exceptions, usually do not take the trouble
to read over what I have to say on the subject, but impute
to me, among other things, the opinion that the archetype
x
 POREWORD

is an inherited representation. Prejudices seem to be more

convenient than seeking the truth. In this Iespect, too, I
hope that the author's endeavors, especially the theoretical
cons~derations contained in Part I, illustrated by examples
of the archetype's mode of. manifestation and operation
in· Part II, may shed a little illumination. I am gratefuIJy
indebted to her for having spared me ~he labor of having
constantly to refer my readers to my own writings.

February 1956 c. G. JUNG

xi
 · EDITORIAL NOTE
As far as possible, the quotations from C. G. Jung are
drawn from the Englisll edition of his Collected Works
translation iiof R. F. C~ Hull. At tIle
now in progress) in the translation
translation
present time, however, not all of tIle projected eighteen
(or more) volumes of that edition are published or in press..
When necessary, therefole, Mr~ Hull has translated pass-
ages specially; and sometimes earlier translations have
been used, often with his revisions in terminology (indi..
cated by "modified") In suell instances, the projected
I

title and the volume in the Collected Works are given in

brackets. Further bibliographical details are to be. found
in the List of Works Cited-. It may be added that the docu..
mentation refers to works of c~ G. Jung unless anotl1cr
author is specified, and t]l~t a list of the Collected Works
is given at the end of the book~
Part I was originally published, in Inuch briefer lonn, in
the Scltweizerische Zeitschrift fUr Psycllologie (Bern), IV
(1945) ·
The following abbreviations are used:
c. W.. The Collected Works of Q. G. Jung
ET Ercznos-Tdnrbilcher (Zurich)
R.F.C.H. R. F. C. I-Iull

xii
 I. COMPLEX/ARCHETYPE/SYMBOL

Man is not born to solve the problems of the world, but rather
to search out the roots of the problems, and then to reJnain
within tIle limits of the understandable.-Goethe to Ecker·
mann, October 12, 182. 5
This page intentionally left blank
 INTRODUCTION

The pres~t period is characterized by a terminological

tower of BabeL This is particularly t~e in the field of
psychology, this youngest of the sciences, and perhaps
most of all in the branch .that has been tenned Udepth
p8ychology.Jt 1 As the sciences split into more and more
numerous specialized bIanch~, the available voca~ulary
has been un~ble to keep pace with' the differentiation of
concepts.. Even in related disciplines, insunnountable
terminological difficulties have brought about constant
misunderstandings. Depth psychology, which is equally
indebted to the natural and the humane sciences, is far
from having perfected an appropriate vocabulary of its
own, and its literature is full of foreign implantations. The
very nature of depth psychology prevents it from adopt-
ing a pIocedure which is both possible and desirable in
mathematics and physics, and which has been attemp~
by the positivists and logisticians in the field of philoso-
phy,S! nalp.ely the creation of an "intersubjective language"
consisting of word signs of invariClble meaning. It has still
to "purify" its terminology from the overdetermined·'lresid..
nan inherited from mythological. tradition as ~1. ~s
physics, medicine, and other disciplines with wbic~ it was
1 Strictly speaking, 'the term Udepth psycbology" should be applied,
only to Freud's "'psychoaoalysi.i' and JUIlg'S "analytical psychology.n
But the term is lOose)i' used for all those schools which in their
theoretical and praetica work attach fundamental importance to the
hypothesis of the uunconscioust'!-,
I Attempts in this direction have been ma.de, for example, by suCh
philosophers as Ludwig Wit~genstein and Bertra~d Russell~

3
 I. COM PLEX I A,-it'CHETYPE ( SYMBOL

formerly li~ked. At th(· ~ame time it must contend with

an often impenetrable la~gIe of polyvalent psychic phe..
nomena and, in perfecting. its nomenclature, do justice to
the laws of tIle inner cosmos, lest it fall a victim to a
doctrinaire systematizatio~-an all but impossible task.
Narrow,. one-sided formulations kill the life of the
psycl~.e, whose mobile, dual face, seamed with paradoxes,
refus~s to sucll endeavors. its secret, which can never be
captlired by strict conceptual methods. Its essence remains
forever ambivalent and evades all efforts to unveil it. Yet,
says Jung, it is "the only immediate experience we can
have and the sine qua non of the subjective reality of the
world."D Thus in the last analysis any attempt to formu..
late psychic phenomena in temlS of language is doomed
t~limperfection, because the means of expression can
never be fully adequate to tIle subject matter.. And the
more stratified, profound, and comprehensive become tlle
psychic phenomena dealt with, and the greater the reality,
the autonomy-not to mention the immateriality-that
we ascribe to tIle psych~, the more acutely will this dis·
crepancy be felt. On the other hand, it will be less ap-
parent where the field to be considered is more limited,
more closely related to the world of the senses .and of
matter-where tIle psychic world is regarded as mere cpi..
phenomenon. From their own standpoint, accordingly,
the stancIl champions of a strict psychophysical parallel..
ism cannot be blamed for refusing the label of loC~cience"
to. the aspect of dept]" ·psycl101ogy tl1at cannot be verified
by controllable experiments and expressed in unambigu..
o:us concepts. Yet this is only one more indication that
all attitudes, particulsrly in PSYC]lO]Ogy, are primarily sub..
8 Symbols of Trdnsforr: til~ion) p. 2. 3z.
4
 INTRODUCTION

jective" For every statement on psychic pllenomena is

more crucially influenced by the personal position of the
man who makes it, and by the spirit of the age that molds
him, than is the case in other scientific fields. Nowhere
else is it so evident that. the "personal equation" which
begins at the moment of observation is carried over into
the linguistic expression and conceptual crystallization.
In view of aU this, it is not surprising that misunder-
standings and misinterpretations should abound in the
. . field of depth psychology, often leading to sterile polemics.
It is equally understandabJe that a desire should be felt
on all sides to remedy this situation.. In the present work
I have endeavored to clarify and illuminate (though with·
out going into a detailed 11istory of their development)
three basic concepts of lung's vast intellectual .edifice-
concepts that have given rise to numerous misunderstand--
ings. In yiew of, the considerations set fortI} above, such
a venture cannQt hope for complete success. A venture it
is and remains. I should like it to be regarded as a contri-
bution toward the ucommon language" that is so much
to be desired, and not as a definitive statement.

5
 COMPLEX

Tile feelin~-toned grOtlpS of representations in- the

unconscIous
According to Jung,1 it 1S not dreams (as Freud believed)
. but compiexes i that provide the royal road to the uncon..
sci~us. These words indicate the dominant, tIle central
role that he assigns to the complex in depth psychology.
The term itself, to be sure,. is also used currently to denote
all sorts of "composite structures.." but it has found 'its
most . important application in the field of depth psycholo..
'gy. ~·ugen Bleulet (1857-1939) had already used it to
designate certain psyc~ic condit~ons, but it is Juog who
defined it in the sense accepted today. In his exha':lStive
studies ··at the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Zu-
rich, published under the title Diitgnostische-AsBO%Ultions..
studien,' he first applied the term cCfeeling..toned complex"
to the phenomenon of the Iolfeeling-toned groups of rep-
resentations" in the unconscious; later the term was
noted that the "complex-indicators”
shortened to ucomplex"t.
Still wholly on the basis of the experim~nta] psycholo-
gy of the consciousness~ and with the help of its methods,
Jun~ and his coworkers conducted a series of tests wltich

1 Jung came to this conclusion On the basis ~f his observations

in the course of biS experiments on the process of association, He
noted that the "complex..indicaloIs" not only provide a dJrect proDf
of the existence of an unconscious realm of the psyche, but also
provide information regarding its hidden contents and their emo..
tional charge.
I ·~A Review of the Complex Theory" (C, W. 8), par. 210.
a Studies in Word Association (trl by M. D. Eder)1 [C~ W .. 2 ..]
6
 ~COMPLEX

indicated the presence and nat~r~·· C?f ~uch emotionally

toned groups of ,representations as·spec·ific factors' disturb-
ing the ,nonnal COl;1rse of the psychic. association process.
The point of departure was the· associative process as, a
reRec~it)li df psychic' activity. It was. shown' by car~fully
conducted experiments tha~ the Ifaisturbances" in queS~
tio~~are of an intrapsychic nature and originate in a realm'
- which is beyond the objective control of the cOnscious
mind and which manifests itself only when the threshold
of attention is lowered.· This not only provIded new' proof
-of the existence of an unconscious realm whose. manifes..·
tations would have ·to be taken into account in any psycho."
logical statement, but also offered the possibility of observ-
ing its workings directly and investigating them by experi.
-ment. In the association test-which tcannot here' be ,dis·
1
.

cussed in detail-it was shown that the speed and the

quality of the reactions, to .Cfsti~ulus wordsu selected in
accordance with a definite' principle are individually con.. ··
ditioned. ~ . .prolotlged reaction time when the subject is
first exposed to the stimulus, and the faults (gaps 01 falsi..
fications of memory) occurring when the subject attempts. I

to recall during a ·repetition. of the experiment the answers'

given through spontaneous association, are not accidental
but are determined with incredible precision by the disturb-
ing effects of unc~ns~ous cont~ts sensitive to the action of
. 4. The various "disturbances" of the associative process hIve also
been studied experimentally by other methods, such as pulse and
respiration curves, measurements of resistance' to electric currents
(in which the so-called "phenomenon. of tbe psychogalvanic reflex"
6n~ explored by Veraguth provided valuable information), etc.
I On the ~sis of his experiments in hypnotism and his method
of dream :analysis FIend came to the same concl.usion~ The sympto-
matic a.ctions first desCIlned by him, the ·-disturbances" of the
psychic process, \\!hicb:l in neurotic states, appear in the form of
symptoms, correspond to the "complex..jndicators" verified by Jung
in his association experiments.
7
 I. COM P LEX fAR C H E T Y PEl S Y M B 0 L

a complex. The nature and duration of the symptoms of

I

disturbance consequently permit inferences as to tIle

feeling tone and depth of the affect·laden contents con..
cealed in tIle background of the psyche.
4'TIle entire mass of memories," writes Jung of his ex-
perience of an emotional complex, uhas a definite feeling
tone, a lively feeling [of irritation, anger, etc.]. Every mole--
cule [of the complex] participates in this feeling tone~ so
that, whether it appears by itself or in conjunction with
others, it al~ays carries this feeling tone with it, and it does
this with the greater .distinctness the more we can see its ~
,connection witli th(~tc0mplex-situation as a whole." Jung
adds in a footnote: uThis behavior migllt be compared to
Wagnerian music. 1··he leitmotiv, cis a sort of feeling tone,
denotes a complex of ideas whicb is essential to the dramatic
structure. Each time one or the other complex is stimulated
by sometlling someone does or sayS, the relevant leitmotiv is
sounded in one of its variants. It is exactly the same in
ordinary psy~hic life: ithe leitmotivs are the feeling tones
of our complexes, our actions and moods are modulations
of tlte leitmotivs.." And in another: "The individual rqr
resentations are combined according to the different laws
of association (similarity, coexistence, etc.), but, are se- .
lected and grouped into larger combinations .by an af-
fect.."·
According to Jung's definition 'every complex consists
primarily of a -"nuclear element," a vehicle of mea~ing,
. whicll is beyond the realm of the conscious will, uncon..
scious g'nd uncontrollable; and secondarily, of a number
of associations connected with the. nuclear element, stem-
e Obsr dis Psychologje del' Dementia praecox, p. 44. "[The Psy-
chology of Dementia Praecox," C. W. 3; here tr, R.F..C.H. Cf.
Brill tr.'. PPI 34-35 and notes.]
8
 COMPLBX

rning in part from innate personal disposition and in part

from individual experiences conditioned by the environ-
~ment7 Supposing we take an image of the "paternal," of .
the Greek god Zeus, for example. in an individuars un..
conscious as suell a un.uclear element:· We can speak of
a "father complex" in this individual only if the clash
between reality and the individual's own .vulnerable dis..
position in this respect, the cIas]) between the particular
inward and outward situations,B gives this "'nuclear ele·
ment" a sufficiently 11igh emotional cl1arge to carry it out
of 3· state of merely "~potentiart disturbance into one of
actual disturbance~ Once constellated and actualized, the
complex can openly resist the intentions of the ego con·
sciousness, shatter its unity, split off from it, and act as an
Uanimated foreign body in the sphere of consciousness."D
. Accordingly Jung says: UEveryon~ ~nows' nowad,ays that
people o!have complexes·; what is not so well known .•. is
that complexes can have U8."lO And yet this is the crucial
point on Wllich we must gain clarity if we are to counter tl1e
prevailing smug faith in the supremacy of the will and of
e~o . consciousness with the doubt it deserves.

Autonomy of the complexes

Complexes may disclose every degree of independence.
Some rest peacefully, embedded in the general fabric of
the unconscious, and scarcely make themselves noticed;
others behave as real disturbers of the psychic c'economy";
. ,

T Cf. Jacobi, The Psychology of C. G. lung (London, 1951). pp.,

51 ff.j (New Haven, 195 1 ), pp. 45 ft. .
8 itA Psychological Theory of Types," in Modern Mdn in SetJrch
af d Soul, p. 92. [e. W. 6.J
,itA Review of the COJIlplex Theory," par. 201 ..
10 Ibid., par.. 200.

9
 It C O:M P LEX I ARC H E T Y PEl S Y M lJ 0 L

still others have already "made their way into conscious·

ness, but resist its influence and remain more or less inde-
pendent, a law unto themselves.
'The ego complex/' writes Jung, uforms the center char.. .
acteristic of our psyche.. But it is only one among several ·
". complexes. The others are more often than not associated
with the ego
cOmpleJfand in this way become conscious, but"
they can exist for some time without being associated with
the ego complex."ll They lurk as it were in the background'
of the unconscious until a suitable constellation calls them
to the plane of cons~_iollsness, 111en they often act in..
visibly,. inwardly preparing the way for some transforma-
tion.. For the conscious mind may be aware of the pres-
ence of a complex-llow frequently we hear sufferers
from psychic disorder saying: "1 know that I have a
mother complex," etc.-and yet, not knowing t~e under..
lying causes, be unable to resolve it. Knowledge of its exist-
ence seems futile; its" harmful action will continue until
we succeed in .Idi~c!larging" it, or until the' excess of
psychic energy stor~ up in it is transferred to another
gradient," te., unti:. we succeed in assimilating it emotion~
.ally. .
These complexes, :that are only intellectually known,
must be sharply distl'nguished from those that are really
I(understood," i.e~, m~de conscious in a form tllat actually
stops them from exerting a bannfu) influence, For in these
latter cases we are no longer dealing with complexes but
with assimilated contents of consciousness as, for example,
'in the case of a mother complex that has ceased to be one,
because it has been resolved and its content transformed
into a natural relation to the mother. Still, it must be
11 uThe Psychological Foundati~ns of Belief in Spirits" (C, W. 8).
par. 5'8:1.
10
 COMPLEX

stressed that once we become consciously aware of a com~

plex, it has a better chance of being 4'understood" and
;,corrected, i.e., made to disappear, than if we have no sus..
picion of its existence. Eor as long as it remains totally
unconscious and the attention of our consciousness is not
attracted to it even by the symptoms it causes, it remains
inaccessible to any possible understanding. It then posses..
ses the .uncontrollable, compulsive character of all antono..
mOllS forces to which the ego is exposed for better or
worse; it promotes dissociations and so· impairs the unity
of the psyche.
Jung points out expressly that as long as complexes are
unconscious -tlley can be enriched with associa.tions and
hence ubroadened," but can never be corrected. They
cast off the compulsive character of an automatism only
wheJ:l we, raise them to con8cious~ess, a st~p which is
among the most important elements of therapy.. In pm~
portion to their distance from consciousness, the com..
plexes take on in the unconscious an archaic-mythological
character and an increasing numinosfty through enric~­
ment of their contents, as can easily be observed in cases
of schizophrenia. But numino,sity is totally impervious to
the' conscious will and puts the subject into a state of
seizure, of will.. less subservience. The conscious complexes,
on the other hand, can be corrected .and tmnsformed.
They "slough off their mythological envelope, and, by
entering into th~ adap~ve process going fanvard in, con-
sciousness, they personalize and rationalize themselves to
the point where a di~lectical discussion becomes pas..
sibleln11
From the functional point of view -we may say that the
resolution of a complex and its emotional assimilation, i.e.,
11 "00: the Nature of the Psyche" (C. W. 8), par. 384.
11
 COMPLEX I ARc;HETYPE I SYMI'OL

111e PiOCesS·· of raising it to consciousness, always result in

a new distribution of psychic energy. For the psycbic
energy that has been held fast in the complex can then
flo\v off into new contents, and so bring about a new situa..
tion more propitious to psychic balance.
TIlUS the complexes are impressive indicators not only
of tl1e udivisibilityU or udissociability" of the psyche but
also of the relative independence of the fragments, which
may amount to complete psychic disintegration in all its
variants. 13 This fact, which is a primordial experience of
mankind, is the basis of the view, widespread particularly
among primitive people..,:, that several souls can coexist in
one and the same person. uFundamentaIly," says Jung,
"tllere'is no difference in principle between a fragmentary
personality and a complex;" for complexes are often usplin-
ter psyches.."l"
Thus the complex-as is clearly shown by dreams-
may appear in personified form. And the same observation
can be made in spiritualis~ic manifestations, automatic writ..
iog, and such phenomena. For dream images Uenter
like another kfud of reali'ty into tIle field of consciousness
of the dream ego... They are not subject to our control
II

but obey their own laws. They are . autonomous psycbic

11 •

complexes, wbich have the po\ver to form tllemselves out

~f their OW~ nlaterlal"u;. ~:I"he same is true of visions, hal·
':.: .:,,~uvinations, atld obse~sl:>ns. A complex that has become
. autonomous can carryon -a totally sepa~~te existence in
tlle background of tl1e psyche; it uforms, so to speak, a
miniature self..containeo psyclle'~16 within the (Cbig" psycl1e,
- and in certain psychotic states an autonomous complex
13 s
Ibid., pars. 36 ft. 1" uColuplex Theory,H par. 202..
1& "Belief in Spirits," par~ 580. .
10 The Prclctlce of Psychotherapy, par. 125.

I2
 COMPLEX

can even draw attention to itself by a personal "voice" of

its own. if The pronouncements of mediums in states of
trance are always expressed in the first person, just as
though a real iQdividua] were speaking. In his doctoral
dissertation, leOn the Psychology and Pathology of So..
called Occult Phenomena,'~ Jllng pointed out such ma.ni-
festations in tIle trance st~tes of mediums and character..
ized them as Uattempts of a future personality (whose
pflrtial aspects they represent) to break through.."
Since the autonomous complexes are by nature un-
conscious, they seem-like all
manifestations of the un..
conscious-not to belong to the ego, i.e., to be qualities of
outside objects or persons, in other worcls t projections. I

N otiollS of persecution, tIle belief in Uspirits," based on

such projections, or the phenomenon of possession com~
mon in the Middle Ages (in which the ego is totally
"swallowed up" by the complex, because the complex
proves even more powerful than the ego complex) 18 may
be interpreted as a Udirect expression of the complex
structure of the unconscious.." But whether (·suclt small
psychic fragments as complexes are capable of a con-
sciousness of their own is still an unanswered question..n19
11 Excellent examples of this are provided by Lud,,,ig Standen-
maier, Die Magie dis £xperilnentelle Naturll1issensclldft (1912) and
Aldous H u~Jey, The Devils of Loudun (1951).
18 Jung interprets the ego u as a reRection, not of one~ but of very
many processes and their interplay-in fact, of aU those processes
and contents that make up ego·consciousness. Their diversity does
indeed form a unity, because their relation to consciol1sness acts as
a sort of gravitational force dra\ying the various parts together,
towards what might be called a virtual· center. For this reason) I'
do not speak simply of "~e ego but of an ego complex, on the
proven assumption that the ego, having a fluctuating composi-
tion, is changeable and therefore cannot be simply the ego." ("Spirit
and Life" [C. W. 8]. par. 611.)
18 "Complex Theory,," par. 2.02. Jung assumes the existence in the

13
 Ia C 0 ~ P LEX I ARC H E T Y PEl S Y M B 0 L

However, certain experiences in the field of psychopa..

thology-for example" tIle pllenomenon of "dual personali-
ly"described by Janet-suggest that tIle, existence of quasi.
conscious processes in the l1!lCOnscious must be considered
at lea:~t as a possibility.. At all events, complexes are '4psy.
chic 2gencies whose deepest nature is still unfathomed."lo
We can break their power only by Umaking conscious"
their repressed and unoonscious contents. This usually
meets with strong resistance on the part of the patient and
requires the specific method of "analysistt-unless an ex·
perience of grace or some fOnD of catastrophe or hardship
provides a shock sufficient to resolve the complex. Intel-
lectual understanding is by no means sufficient. Only
emotional experience liberates; it alone can bring about
the necessary revolution and transformation of energies"
No phenomenon of the unconscious can be apprehended
by the intellect alone, "for [the complex] consists not
only of meaning but a1,0 of 'Value, and this depends on
the intensity of the accompanying feeling tones/'ll which
in turn determine the ro~e that the complex will play in
the economy of the psyche.
"It is through the 4affect/ " Jung writes, lftthat the sub..
ject becomes involved nnd so comes to feel the wl10le
weight of reality. The difference amounts roughly to that
between a severe illness which one reads about in a text
book and the real illn..'ll.ss which one has. In psychology
aile possesses nothing unless one has.i experienced it in
reality. Hence a purely· intellectual insight is not enough,
because one knows on1y the words and not the substance
of the thing from inside"J'11

unconscious of scinhllaB, ur seeds of light, Le., germs ol conscious-

ness. Cf. ICOn the Natur~ of the Psyche," pars. ~88ff.
2.0 "Complex: Theory," par.. 216. 21 AiDn, par~ 52.~
'I Thidall par.. 61.
1i
 COMPLEX

On the phenomenology of the complex

The phenomenology of the complex reveals a wide divers..
ity of forms. All of them may show somatic as well as.
psychic symptoms, and combinations of the two. We may
brieRy differentiate the following forms:
a) The complex is unconscious but not yet sufficiently
charged with energy to be experienced as an ('independent
will," an autonomous entity; still, it more or less blocks
'. the natural psychic process. It has preserved a relative
connection with the totality of the psychic organization
(e..g~, it is manifested only in slips or other trifling symp-
toms).
b) The complex is unconscious, but already so "swol..
len" and independent that it acts as a second ego in con-
flict with the conscious ego, thus placing the individual
between two truths, two conflicting streams of will, and
threatening to tear him in two (as, for example, in certain
forms of compulsion neurosis). . ,
c) The "complex ego" can break completely out of the
psychic organization, split 011 and become autoDomqus.
This leads to the wel]..known phenomenon of cednal per-
sonality" (Janet), or to a disintegration into several partial
personalities according to the number and nature of the
patient's unconscious complexes.
d) If the complex is so heavily charged as to draw the
conscious ego into i~s ·sphere, overpower and engulf it,.
then the complex has to a greater or lesser degree become
filter in the house of the conscious ego; then we may speak
of a partial or total identification between the ego and tIle
complex. This phenomenon can be clearly observed in
men having a mother complex or women having a father
complex. Unbeknownst to .them, the words, opinions, d&
sires, and strivings of the mother or father have taken pas..
I 5
 I. COM P LEX· I ARC H E T Y PEl S Y M B 0 L .

session of tIleir ego, making it their" instlument and

mouthpiece. Such identify between complex and ego can
of course vary in degree, "Jt may cover only parts or the
whole of tlle ego. In the fbrmer case, difficulties of adap-
tation, a relative loss of reality, psychic disorders of greater
or lesser intensity will result; in the second case the un-
mistakable cllaracteristics of a disastrous inflation will be
manifested, as may occur, .for example, in individuals who
identify themselves with God or the devil t with a· child
or a' goblin, with political or historical figures, or all man-
.ner (If animals, and in the various forms of psychosis in-
voJ~·: ng partial or total loss of the ego.
e)· Since tinconscious contents are experienced only in
projected (orm, the unconscious complex appears first in
projection as an attribute of an outward object or person..
If the ullconsciot1s complex is so markedly "'split ofEH as
to take on the character of an entity (often of a menac-
ing nature) assailing the individual from outside, or if it
appears as an attribute of an object of outward reality,
such symptoms occur as may be observed in persecution
mania, paranoia, etc. This object may either belong to the
actual outside world, or it may merely be thought to come
froDl outside "but actually stems from ,within, from the
psyche. Such Uobiect~~" may take the form of spirits,
sounds, animals, figures, etc.
f) The complex is k~own to the conscious mind, but
known only intellectually and hence retains all its original
force. Only tl1e emoticnal experience coupled with the
understanding and intprgration of its content can resolve
it.. 28
The inability to distinguish between contents of the
conscious mind and t;lose stemming from the unconscious
28 Cf. pp. 23ff., below*
16
 COMPLEX

complex, which f1bec]oud" consciousness-as is always the

case in d) and e)-eonstitutes a' great danger; it prevents
the individual from properly adapting hims~lf to his in·
ward and outward reality; it impairs his ability to form
clear. judgments, and above all thwarts. any satisfactory
human contact. This phenomenon of "participation/'· i.e.,
deficient ability to distinguish between su~ject and object,
is often observed not only in neurotics but also in the
primitive peoples who practice animistic religions, in small
children, and in 111any adults who have remained in high
degree unconscious. It is .. the psychic situation toward
wbic], tIle various propaganda .techniques are directed..
The stronger the tendency to "participation:' that is to
say, the less able the ego is to assert itself over against in
oA

undation by inward or 'outward psychic influences, the

more readily will the individual be colored by, or succumb
to, the spirit of a group, and become one with the mass'.
Maturity implies that the different parts of the psycIle
are recognized as sl1ell and brought into the proper re.-
lation to one another. In order to arrive at a harmonious
interaction of these parts of the psyche, one must first of
all distinguish and delimit them from one another. This
makes it possible to keep the influences and incursions
of the unconscious entirely separated. from those that
have already been clarified by consciousness-the two
will no longer be confused. Ability to discriminate be..
tween them is therefore the prerequisite not only of a
well·defined ego, but ~lso) in the last analysis, of any
higher culture.
Accordingly the ego can take four different attitudes
toward the comp~ex: total unconsciousness of its existence,.
identification, projection, or confrontation. But only con-
17
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