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Fort Cochin in Kerala 1750 1830 The Social Condition of
a Dutch Community in an Indian Milieu 1st Edition
Anjana Singh Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Anjana Singh
ISBN(s): 9789004168169, 9004168168
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 5.47 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830
 TANAP Monographs
on the History of
Asian-European Interaction
Edited by
Leonard Blussé

Guest Editor: Hugo s’Jacob

VOLUME 13
 Fort Cochin in Kerala,
1750-1830

The Social Condition of a Dutch Community in an

Indian Milieu

By

Anjana Singh

LEIDEN • BOSTON
2010
The TANAP programme is funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research
(NWO).

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Singh, Anjana, 1976-

Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830 : the social condition of a Dutch community in
an Indian milieu / by Anjana Singh.
p. cm. — (TANAP monographs on the history of Asian-European interaction,
ISSN 1871-6938 ; v. 13)
ISBN 978-90-04-16816-9 (hbk. : alk. paper)
1. Dutch—India—Cochin—Social conditions. 2. Community life—India—Cochin—
History. 3. Social change—India—Cochin—History. 4. Nederlandsche Oost-Indische
Compagnie—History. 5. Fort Cochin (Cochin, India)—Ethnic relations. 6. Fort Cochin
(Cochin, India)—History. 7. Cochin (India)—Ethnic relations. 8. Cochin (India)—History.
9. Kerala (India)—Ethnic relations. 10. Kerala (India)—History. I. Title. II. Series.

DS486.C7S49 2010
954’.83—dc22
2010004495

ISSN 1871-6938
ISBN 978 90 04 16816 9

Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.

Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all right holders to any copyrighted material used
in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes
communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be
made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters.

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV
provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.

printed in the netherlands

To my teachers and parents
with gratitude and love
 SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD

Probably nowhere in the world have such profound changes in historio-

graphy been occurring as in the nation states of Monsoon Asia that gained
independence after the conclusion of the Pacific War in 1945. These tra-
ditionally outward-looking countries on the rims of the Indian Ocean
and the Eastern Seas have been interacting with each other through
maritime transport and trade for more than two millennia, but the exi-
gencies of modern nation-building have tended to produce state-centred
historical narratives that emphasise a distinctive heritage and foster
cultural pride and identity on the basis of such heroic themes as anti-colo-
nial resistance. No one will deny the need for and utility of such ‘nation-
building’ agendas, but an inward-directed national historiography does
not necessarily prepare one’s citizens for our present age of regional co-
operation and globalisation.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the coastal societies of
Monsoon Asia witnessed the entry of European traders, the emergence of
global maritime trading networks, and the laying of the foundations of
colonial empires that reached their apogees in the nineteenth and twen-
tieth centuries. The difficulties of studying this pre-colonial and early
colonial past should not be underestimated. Local sources are often rare
because of wars and the frequent changes of both indigenous and colonial
regimes. The hot and humid tropical climate is also unkind to the preser-
vation of manuscripts. The mass of western-language data preserved in
the archives of the former East India Companies and those of the Spanish
and Portuguese empires in Asia often have an undeniably Europe-centred
character and bias. Thus we face not only a highly imbalanced supply of
source material, but also the very complex problem of how to decode the
hidden agendas that often colour these primary materials.
Over the past fifty years there has been a pronounced effort in academ-
ic circles in North America, Australia, and the former European colonial
nations to ‘decolonize’ historical writing on Asian-European interaction,
albeit for reasons totally different from those in their Asian counterparts.
Increasingly doubt has been cast on such longstanding paradigms as the
superiority of the dynamic West over static Asian societies. Historians of
international trade such as the late Holden Furber, whose description of
this period as ‘The Age of Partnership’ inspired the name of the TANAP
programme, have taken an interest in the various ways and means by
which Asian-European interaction began in various kinds of competition,
rivalry, collaboration, diplomacy, and military confrontation. This
viii SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD

approach has forced historians to return to the archival sources and the
places where these events unfolded with the result that new frontiers of
research have opened up in which close partnerships between Asian and
European historians, with their specific cultural tool kits and linguistic
backgrounds, are now starting to bear fruit.
In anticipation of the four hundredth anniversary of the establishment
of the Dutch East India Company in 1602, members of the History
Department of Leiden University proposed the establishment of an inter-
national research programme aimed at training a new generation of Asian
historians of Asian–European interaction in the early modern period. It
was taken for granted that any such drive towards international educa-
tional co-operation should be carried out in carefully planned collabora-
tion with the National Archives in The Hague, the Arsip Nasional of the
Republic of Indonesia in Jakarta, and the archives of Cape Town (South
Africa), Colombo (Sri Lanka), and Chennai (India), which together hold
several kilometres of archival records from the former Verenigde Oost-
indische Compagnie. The TANAP—Towards a New Age of Partnership
—educational and archival preservation programme was started in 2000
thanks to generous grants from the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture
and Science, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands Organi-
zation for Scientific Research (NWO), the Netherlands Foundation for
the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO), the Netherlands
UNESCO Commission, and Leiden University. Twelve universities in
Asia sent some thirty young lecturers to Leiden during 2001–2003.
Under the auspices of the Research Institute for Asian-African and
Amerindian Studies (CNWS), these historians participated in an
advanced master’s programme that included intensive courses on histori-
ography, palaeography, and the old Dutch written language.
With additional funding from several Asian foundations, in 2002
seventeen of the TANAP graduates from Sri Lanka, India, Singapore,
Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Japan, South Africa, and
the Netherlands began working towards a Ph.D. degree at Leiden. Three
others went on to pursue their doctorates at universities elsewhere in the
world. The TANAP Monographs on the History of Asian-European Inter-
action, which include two studies on early modern South African society,
are the offspring of their doctoral theses defended at Leiden.

Leonard Blussé, Leiden University

 CONTENTS

Acknowledgements xiv
Abbreviations xvii
Weights, Measures, and Currency xviii
Glossary xix
Maps xx

Introduction 1
Inspiration for Research 3
A Note on Sources 6
Points of Discussion 10

Chapter One: Getting to Know Places and Peoples:

Cochin circa 1750 13
Locating Fort Cochin 15
Ports North of Fort Cochin 16
Ports South of Fort Cochin 19
Fort Cochin: A Fortified Town 23
Dutch Administration of Fort Cochin 27
The Port of Cochin 31
The Peoples in and around Fort Cochin 32
Within the Walls 33
Outside the Walls 39
Conclusion 43

Chapter Two: The Metamorphosis of the Malabar Command

(1750–1784) 45
Changing Times: Europe and India 45
Power Struggle in Europe 46
The Scenario in India 48
The Malabar Coast 51
A Dance for the Bride 55
VOC and Pepper from Malabar 56
Profitability of the Malabar Command 62
Batavia’s Ill-founded Doubts 68
From Black Pepper to Brown Soil 72
Advocates of Landed Wealth 73
Batavia’s Men 77
A Reassessment 83
x CONTENTS

Conclusion 88

Chapter Three: The Social World of Fort Cochin 91

Mestizos and Merchants 92
Households and Family Units 96
Servants of the Company 101
Daughters, Wives, and Widows 109
Living in Fort Cochin 116
In Search of Livelihood 116
The Circle of Life 122
Daily Life 126
Public Institutions 131
The Court of Justice 132
Church, School, and Orphanage 136
Leper House and Hospital 141
Conclusion 143

Chapter Four: Days of Reckoning (1784–1795) 147

Winds of Change 148
England and the EIC 148
The Dutch Republic and the VOC 152
The State of Affairs of the Malabar Command 154
Sale of the Malabar Command 157
The Commander Leads 159
The Take-over of Fort Cochin 161
Contact for Conquest 164
Declaring Loyalties 167
A Surrender? 169
Conclusion 173

Chapter Five: Life after the VOC 175

Primary Changes after the Take-over 175
The British Administration 176
First Reactions of the Inhabitants 181
New Opportunities 182
Leaving Fort Cochin 182
A Season of Lovers 186
Staying On 188
The Peoples Re-visited 195
Conclusion 200

Chapter Six: Adapting to British Cochin (1798–1830) 201

Ongoing War 201
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Chapter 1: Learning outcomes and objectives

Learning Objective 1: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 5: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 2: Ethical considerations and implications
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 12: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 14: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 15: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 16: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 17: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 18: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Section 3: Study tips and learning strategies
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 23: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 24: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 26: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 27: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 28: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 4: Practical applications and examples
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 35: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 5: Ethical considerations and implications
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 41: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 44: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 46: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Discussion 6: Practical applications and examples
Practice Problem 50: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 55: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 56: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 57: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 59: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Exercise 7: Learning outcomes and objectives
Practice Problem 60: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 61: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 62: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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