INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

UNIT – I
COMMUNICATION SKILL
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
Communication is a two-way process through which information or message is exchanged between
individuals using language, symbols, signs or behavior. Speaking, listening, reading and writing are the parts
of communication, which help us to understand others.

Elements of communication:
 Sender : The person or entity originating the communication.

 Message : The information that the sender wishes to convey.

 Encoding : How the sender chooses to bring the message into a form appropriate for sending.

 Channel : The means by which the message is sent.

 Receiver : The person or entity to whom the message is sent.

 Decoding : How the receiver interprets and understands the message.

 Feedback : The receiver's response to the message.

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Effective communication involves skills that can be utilized to send messages that are clear, concise and
accurate.

 A clear statement is one which conveys the exact message that you are trying to convey to the
other person.
E. G. (i) He went to his manager and said, “Please allow me to reach office at 11 AM on Tuesday,
11 June 2019, as I have an appointment with a dentist.”

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

(ii) He went to his manager and said, “Please allow me to reach late to the office on Tuesday, 11
June 2019, as I have an appointment with a dentist.”

In the first sentence, you must have noticed that the time is mentioned, which makes the statement clear.

 A concise statement is appropriately brief or to the point

E. G. (i) The manager replied, “Alright, you may come late.”

(ii) The manager replied, “Alright, you may come late. But it is a matter of great concern that
most employees come late and you are also developing the same habit.”

In the second sentence, there is no need to tell the employee about the concern that the employer
had at the moment. This could have been shared at a different forum or separately.

 An accurate statement is one that is factual, i.e., its correctness can be verified.

(i) She informed the office that 50 per cent of the books given for binding have been completed.

(ii) She informed the office that most of the books given for binding have been completed.

in the first sentence, a measurable information is mentioned, which makes the sentence accurate.

It is, thus, important to ensure that our communication is clear, concise and accurate. Effective
communication skills help us to communicate the message correctly, precisely and completely. Lack of
communication skills can result in confusion, frustration, wasted effort and missed opportunities.

LISTENING SKILL :
Every effective conversation starts with listening. Listening skill is one of the most important
skills in communication. It is important to learn to give undivided attention to a person with whom a
conversation is taking place.

Importance of Listening Skill :

 We listen to obtain information.
 We listen to understand.
 We listen to enjoy.
 We listen to learn.
 We listen to build and maintain relationships.
 We listen to resolve conflicts.

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ACTIVE LISTENING :
Active listen is a communication technique where you fully concentrate, understand, respond and
remember what the speaker is saying.

Factors Affecting Active Listening :

 Eye contact: It is a form of body language. It is one of the most important aspects in the communication
process. Maintaining an eye contact with the person you are talking to sends a signal to the speaker that
“Yes, I am talking to you or listening to you”. Avoiding eye contact could mean that you do not want to
listen to the person speaking to you.

 Gestures: These indicate to the speaker if you are listening or not. Keep your hand and feet still while
talking to someone.

 Avoiding distractions: You need to identify the things that distract you. You must physically remove
the distractions in order to listen attentively.

 Giving feedback: Feedback can be positive or negative. But in both the cases, one needs to be polite so
that the person to whom the feedback is being given is not hurt or offended.

Stages of Active Listening :

1. Receiving: It involves listening attentively.

2. Understanding: It is an informed agreement about something or someone.

3. Remembering: It refers to the retrieval or recall of some information from the past.

4. Evaluating: It is about judging the value, quantity, importance and amount of something or someone.

5. Responding: It is about saying or doing something as a response to something that has been said or
done.

“RESPECT” Rule of Active Listening :

 R - Remove distractions that may hamper listening. For example, reducing the volume of television,
radio or mobile phone while talking to a person.

 E - Eye contact refers to looking at the speaker while listening.

 S - Show that you are listening attentively to the speaker through gestures

 P - Pay attention and focus on what the speaker is saying.

 E - Empathies and feel the emotions of the speaker. Empathy is the ability to share someone’s feelings or
experiences by imagining what it would be like to be in that person’s situation.

 C - Clarify doubts. Ask questions to clarify doubts.

 T - Tune yourself to the timing of the speaker, i.e., wait for the speaker to finish, and then, respond.

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Overcoming the Barriers of Active Listening :

WRITING SKILL & PARTS OF SPEECH

When we talk or write in English, we use sentences to express ourselves. Sentences are important
because if you do not clearly write sentences then, the meaning of the same cannot be understood clearly.

A sentence always begins with a capital letter, and it always ends with a question mark, full stop or
exclamation mark.

Using Capitals:

It is easy to know what to capitalize if you remember the word ‘MINTS’. MINTS is a set of simple
rules that help you capitalize words correctly.

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Punctuation:
It is a set of marks, such as the full stop and the comma, which help us separate parts of a sentence
and explain its meaning. Like uppercase letters, punctuation is also a very important part of sentences and
has some rules.

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PARTS OF SPEECH:
The different types of words we use in sentences are called parts of speech. These are,

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

WRITING SKILL & SENTENCE

A sentence is a group of words, which together expresses a complete idea that has meaning. A sentence
is formed by putting together a group of words in sequence. A sentence, typically, contains a subject and an
object, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command.

 Simple sentence : A simple sentence is one that has only one subject and one predicate or has
only one finite verb. Complex sentence

 A complex sentence is one, which consists of two or more coordinate clauses, joined by a
coordinating conjunction.

Almost all sentences have a subject and a verb. Some also have an object.

 A subject is a person or thing that does an action.

 Verb describes the action.
 Object is the person or thing that receives the action.

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Type of Object:
The object in a sentence can be either direct or indirect.

 Direct objects are the ones directly ‘acted on’ by the action word (verb). A direct object answers
the question ‘what?’. An indirect object answers questions, such as ‘to whom’ and ‘for
whom’.

Type of Sentence:

Active or Passive Sentence:

Sentences where the subject does an action are known to be in the Active voice. Sentences in which
the subject receives an action are known to be in the Passive voice .

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Type of Sentence (According to their purpose) :

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

UNIT – II
SELF MANAGEMENT SKILL
SELF MANAGEMENT
Self management is the ability to regulate one’s emotion, thoughts, and behaviors and taking
charge of all aspect of life at physical, mental, emotional, social, spiritual and professional levels. This includes
motivating oneself, and working towards achieving personal and academic goals.

MOTIVATION:
Motivation is a personal and internal feelings that influences every aspects of live. Thus, directing
behavior towards certain motive or goal is the essence of motivation.

Type of Motivation :
 Internal / Intrinsic Motivation : The inner desire which leads one to achieve a particular goal for his
inner satisfaction and pleasure is called internal motivation.

 External / Extrinsic Motivation : The external rewards which leads to achieve a particular goal for
his inner satisfaction and pleasure is called external motivation.

POSITIVE ATTITUTE:
A positive attitude is a mindset that helps you see and recognize opportunities. . It even increases
one’s chances of success. In addition, it can help the person make better decisions. People, who maintain
a positive or optimistic attitude in life situations and challenges, are able to move forward than those with
a negative attitude. Positive attitude helps improve mental and physical health.

Way to Maintain Positive Attitude :

 Start the day with a morning routine. Say positive affirmations, smile often and think about the
tasks to be accomplished during for the day.

 Feed the mind with positivity, read motivating books, listen to music with uplifting lyrics, watch
inspiring movies, etc.

 Be proactive. A proactive person decides how one must feel regardless of what may be going
around or what the day may bring.

 Focus on constructive and positive things. Do not approach life with ‘problems’. Approach it
with ‘solutions’.
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 Learn from failures. Think what could have been better and work towards the goals.

 Learn to focus on the present. Negativity mostly stems out from anxiety of the past and future
events.

 Move towards your goals and dreams. Be cheerful and work hard to achieve the dreams.

Technique to Maintain Positive Outlook :

 Physical exercise and fresh air: Practicing yoga, meditation and deep breathing exercises help
improve blood circulation and relax the body. Taking a walk or playing in the park helps one to get a
lot of fresh air, which helps in becoming more active.

 Healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet, such as dal, roti, green vegetables and fruits provides the
strength required to do daily work efficiently.

 Organise academic life: By keeping class notes organised, completing assignments on time and
keeping track of all deadlines, stress can be reduced to a great extent.

 Adequate sleep: A good night sleep for at least seven hours is important so that the mind and body
can get recharged to function better the next day

 Holidays with family and friends: Visiting a new place during summer vacation can help one break
the monotonous normal routine and come back refreshed.

STRESS :
Stress is a state of feeling upset, annoyed and hopeless. There are times when we feel nothing is
working right, we are not able to achieve our goals and feel hopeless. During such times, if we manage and
control our emotions, it helps us to sail through.

Way to Maintain Stress :

 Stay positive and analyze what is going wrong in a certain situation. Resolving the situation is easy once
understood.

 Maintain an accomplishment sheet and enter even small achievements.

 Keep your thoughts in present. Pondering over past issues makes us feel upset and helpless.

 Talk to friends and family for comfort.

 Practice meditation and yoga.

 Whenever you feel negative thoughts are taking over, take a look at your accomplishment sheet.

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RESULT ORIENTED
Result orientation is a term used to describe a person’s ability to recognize what results are
important and the steps needed to be taken to achieve them. It means to focus on the result of an assigned
task.

Hence, result orientation describes an individual or organization that focuses on outcome rather
than the process that has been used to produce a product or deliver a service.

How to Become Result Oriented:

 Set clear goals: Setting clear and accurate goals is the first step one needs to take to meet the
targets.
 Prepare an action plan: An action plan describes the way a person or an organisation will meet the
set objectives Each action, step or change should include the following information.
• What changes will occur after the actions?
• Who will carry out the changes?
• When will the changes take place and How long will the changes stay?
• What resources are needed to carry out the changes?
• Who should know and what should be communicated?
 Use the right resources and tools: One must evaluate the resources and tools needed to achieve
those results and whether they are available.
 Communicate with mentors and peers: One must talk to teachers, seniors and mentors for help in
setting realistic goals.
 Make a calendar: One must make a calendar to monitor the progress at regular intervals.
 Work hard: One must work hard and believe in one’s dreams.

GOAL SETTING:
Goals are a set of dreams with a deadline to achieve them. Goal setting is all about finding and listing
your goals and then planning on how to complete them.

Goals help you to separate what is important from what is not. It helps you to focus on the result instead of
less important work. This will make you successful in your career and personal life.

How to set goals:

We can use the SMART model to set goals. SMART stands for S - Specific M - Measurable A - Achievable R -
Realistic T - Time bound

 Specific — A specific and clear goal answers six questions. Who is involved in the goal? What do I want to do?
Where do I start? When do I start and finish? Which means do I use? Why am I doing this?
Example: “I would learn to speak English fluently by joining coaching classes after my school every day, and
in six months I will take part in the inter-school debate competition.”
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 Measurable — A measurable goal answers the questions “How much?”, “How many?” and “How do I
know that I have achieved results?”
Example: “I want to reduce my weight by 5 kg and develop stamina to be able to run 10 km in 45 minutes
in next six months.”

 Achievable — Breaking down big goals into smaller parts will make the goal achievable.
For example, Bigger Goal: “I want to become a teacher in a school.”
Breaking it into smaller goals:
1. Complete higher secondary
2. Complete graduation
3. Complete B.Ed.
4. Apply for jobs in the teaching field

 Realistic — A realistic goal would be something that we want and can work towards for achieving the goal.
Example: “I spend 3 hours every day of the year after school to revise my subjects to get good marks in the
exams.”

 Time bound — A SMART goal should have a timeframe, i.e., by when the goal needs to be achieved.

SELF AWARENESS
Self-awareness is about understanding one’s own needs, desires, habits, traits,
behaviours and feelings. When we are not aware of ourselves, then we tread in a direction about
which we are not clear. Therefore, it is important that we must be aware of ourselves. It plays a critical
role in how we understand ourselves and relate to others and the world around us.

Steps towards Self – Awareness :

 The first step for practicing self-awareness is gaining a greater awareness of one’s emotions.

 The second step to practicing self-awareness is making a habit of tracking one’s feelings.

 The third step for practicing self-awareness is expanding one’s practice to areas of life beyond the
person’s feelings

Personality & Personality Trait :

Personality is a cluster of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make a person unique and
different from others.

Personality traits are defined as relatively lasting patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that
distinguish individuals from one another.

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There are five parameters that describe an individual’s personality. These five dimensions are also
called the ‘Big Five Factors’ and the model are referred to as the ‘Five Factor Model’(FFM)

 Openness: These peoples are, generally, creative, curious, active, flexible and adventurous. If a
person is interested in learning new things, meeting new people and making friends, and likes
visiting new places, the person can be called open-minded.

 Consciousness: These peoples are self-disciplined, do their work on time, take care of others before
themselves and care about others’ feelings.

 Extraversion: These people are, generally, talkative. A person, who can easily make friends and
make any gathering lively, is confident and an extrovert.

 Agreeableness: These people are, generally, kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm and considerate.
They accommodate themselves in any situation.

 Neuroticism: Neuroticism is a trait, wherein, individuals show tendency towards anxiety, self-doubt,
depression, shyness and other similar negative feelings. People, who have difficulty in meeting
others and worry too much about things, show signs of neuroticism.

Common Personality Disorder :

Personality disorders involve long-term patterns of thoughts and behaviour that are unhealthy and rigid. A
personality disorder is a way of thinking, feeling and behaving that deviates from worldly expectations and causes
distress, which lasts over time.

Cluster A - Suspicious :
People falling under this cluster always mistrust others and are suspicious, even when there is no need to do so.

 Paranoid persona lity disorder: It is characterised by distrust for others, including friends, family members
and partners. People with such a disorder mostly hold grudges against others. The second step to practicing
self-awareness is making a habit of tracking one’s feelings.

 Schizoid personality disorder: It refers to the natural tendency to direct attention toward one’s inner life
away from the external world. A person with schizoid personality disorder is detached and aloof, and prone
to introspection and fantasy. The person shows little interest in forming personal relationships and seems to
be emotionally cold.

 Schizotypal personality disorder: People with this type of personality disorder believe that they can
influence other people or events with their thoughts. They often misinterpret behaviours. This causes them
to have inappropriate emotional responses. They may consistently avoid having intimate relationships.

Cluster B – Emotional & Impulsive :

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This personality disorder is characterized by unstable moods and behaviours, which lead to unhealthy and
unstable relationships, emotional instability and feeling of worthlessness.

 Antisocial personality disorder: People with antisocial personality disorder disregard social rules and
obligations. They are irritating and aggressive, and act impulsively. They tend to lack guilt and fail to learn
from experience. They may lie, steal or abuse, and may also get addicted to alcohol or drugs.

 Borderline personality disorder: People with borderline personality disorder essentially lack a sense of self-
worth, and thus, experience feelings of emptiness and fears of abandonment. There is a pattern of emotional
instability, violent outbursts and impulsive behaviour. Suicidal threats and acts of self harm are common in
people with such a personality disorder. They may have difficulty in dealing with stressful events.

 Histrionic personality disorder: People with histrionic personality disorder frequently try to gain more
attention by being overly dramatic. They are extremely sensitive to criticism or disapproval, and can be easily
influenced by others.

 Narcissistic personality disorder: People with narcissistic personality disorder believe that they are more
important than others. They lack empathy for other people and tend to exaggerate their own achievements.

Cluster C – Anxious :
This personality disorder is characterised by feelings of worry, anxiety or fear, which have the potential to
affect one’s daily routine.

 Avoidant personality disorder: People with this type of disorder are socially inept, unappealing or inferior,
and constantly fear being embarrassed, criticized or rejected. They avoid meeting others and often
experience feelings of inadequacy, inferiority or unattractiveness..

 Dependent personality disorder: People with such a disorder are characterised by lack of self-confidence.
They need a lot of help in making everyday decisions and surrender important life decisions to the care of
others.

 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: People with such a disorder strongly stick to rules and
regulations. They can be characterised by orderliness, perfectionism and attention to details. They feel
extremely uncomfortable when unable to achieve perfection. They may even neglect personal relationships
to focus on making a project perfect.

Steps to Overcome Personality Disorder :

 Talk to someone. Most often, it helps to share your feelings.

 Look after your physical health. A healthy body can help you maintain a healthy mind.

 Build confidence in your ability to handle difficult situations.

 Engage in hobbies, such as music, dance and painting. These have a therapeutic effect.

 Stay positive by choosing words like ‘challenges’ instead of ‘problems’.

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A spreadsheet stores data in the form of a table comprising of rows and columns. It is used to
store, arrange, and sort data, and perform calculations on numeric data. A Spreadsheet application that
lets you quickly perform calculations on numerical data, represent data with charts, analyze, and print.
There are various spreadsheet applications available that can be used to create and
manipulate a spreadsheet. The most commonly used are – Microsoft Office Excel, Apache OpenOffice
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Calc, LibreOffice Calc, Google Sheets etc. Microsoft Excel is a proprietary software from Microsoft for
Windows. Both OpenOffice and Libre Calc are free and opensource alternatives to Excel. Google sheets
is a web-based spreadsheet application which allows you to store and edit the spreadsheets online and
access them from any computer. In this chapter we’ll study spreadsheets using Apache OpenOffice Calc.

Spreadsheets are used in various fields such as banking, finance, accounting, and education.
Following are some of the popular uses of spreadsheets:
1. Managing financial data such as bank account information, budgets, transactions, billing ETC.
2. Handling inventory, reviews, employee information, surveys, etc., using data entry forms.
3. Tracking student performance by calculating grades and other relevant information such as
attendance, highest score, and lowest score.
4. Creating lists of items which may not be numeric such as student list, grocery list.
5. Managing company information such as profit and sales by creating graphs from the data.
To start OpenOffice Calc, there are various ways in which you can start it:
 A s a Windows application, you can click Start -> Programs ->OpenOffice
 If the OpenOffice icon is on the desktop, double click the icon.

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1. A row is an arrangement of cells in a horizontal (sleeping) manner.
2. A column is an arrangement of cells in a vertical (standing) manner.
3. A cell is a rectangle shaped box, where the row and column meet. You can enter text, numbers, date,
formula, etc., in a cell.
4. The name box shows the location of the selected cell. The location of the cell is a combination of
column and row.
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5. A worksheet is a collection of cells in the form of a grid (a network of lines that intersect each other,
making rectangles).
6. A workbook is a spreadsheet that has one or more worksheets.
 Click on the cell where you want to enter data.
 Type text or number. As you type, you can see the data in the Formula Bar as well. Press Enter
when you complete typing.
 The cursor is set on the next cell,. You can continue entering other data.
 The data in the cell will automatically (by default) be left aligned, If you enter numbers, they are right

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aligned in the cell.
 You can enter a formula in a cell by starting with ‘=’ equal-to symbol.

 Double click on the cell you want to edit. Then, type additional text in the cell or in the Formula
Bar. Then press Enter key.
 Click on the cell you want to edit. Correct the text in the Formula Bar. Press Enter.
 If you want to completely change the text in the cell, then Click on the cell and Type the new
text. Press Enter.

 Click on the cell.

 Press Delete key on the keyboard.

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 Open an existing Calc File :
 Click on the file menu.
 Click on the open option. A dialog box appears. OR Click on the file
icon in the standard tool bar OR press CTRL + O in the keyboard.
 Select the file and click on Open button.
 Press CTRL + N in the keyboard.

 Saving Worksheets :

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 Click on the Save As option from the file menu., A dialog box
appears.
 Type the file name of file in the name box and mention the location
where you want to save the file.
 Click on the save button.

 Closing Worksheet :
 Click on the Close option on the file Manu. A dialog box appears.
 Click on the save button to save the file or click on the discard button
to don’t save the file or click on cancel button to don’t close the file.

Printing Worksheet :
 To print a spreadsheet, you can click File, and then, select Print
from the drop-down or press Ctrl+P on the keyboard.
 A Print dialog box appears. Select the printer, range of pages and
number of copies to be printed, and click OK
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 Moving data within a worksheet : For moving data from one cell to another we have t
he cut-copy-paste functions.
 Select the cell whose contents you want to cut or copy.
 Go to the Edit menu on the menu bar and click on Cut/Copy. OR Click on the Cut / Copy icon in the
Standard bar. OR Press CTRL + X for CUT and CTRL + C for COPY. OR Right click on the selected
cell and select Cut / Copy Option.
 Select the cell where you want to paste the contents of cell
 Go to the Edit menu and click on Paste. OR Click on the Paste icon in the Standard bar. OR Press

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CTRL + V for PASTE.OR Right on the cell and select Paste option from the menu.

Formatting a document means adding elements of style and presentation to

documents to improve the readability and make them more attractive. Following are the various
formatting options available on the Formatting Bar

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 Font Name : Select the text, Click on the font name in the
standard formatting tool bar. Then select the desired type of
font name you want.
 Font Size : Select the text, click on the font size option in the
formatting tool bar/ select the desired font size value from the
drop down list.
 Font Style : Click on the Bold / Italic / Underline button to
change the font style of the selected text.
 Horizontal Alignment : Alignment of data in cell with respect to the border of the cells
can be done by using the Alignment options:
 Left Align : The left edge of the text is along the left cell border.
 Center Align : Both the left and right edges are equally distant from the left and right cell
borders respectively.
 Right Align : The right edge of the text is along the right cell border.
 Justify : Aligns the text to the left and the right cell borders.

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 Changing Color :
 Steps to change the background color of cells: Select the cells. Click on the Background
color icon . Select the color from the palette
 Steps to change the text or font color of cells: Select the cell. Click on the Text color icon.
Select the color from the palette

 Click on the cell after which you want to insert a row or column.
 Click on the insert menu select the row or column option.
 Right click on the cell which corresponding row or column you want to
delete.
 Click on the delete row or delete column option. By : Manas Ranjan

Functions are predefined formulas that have some predefined

task to be done on the values given by the user. These values are also
known as arguments.
A function has a name followed by round parenthesis. Inside the
parenthesis, the user gives the arguments. The function name always starts
with equal sign.
Syntax : =function name (argument1: argument2 ; ………)
Ex - =SUM( 2,5,89)
=SUM( A1, D4, F3 )
=SUM( D1 : D8 )
Sorting means to arrange the data in ascending or descending order.

Steps to sort data in ascending order using the Standard Toolbar:

 Step 1: Select the cells you want to sort.
 Step 2: Click on the Sort Ascending icon on the Standard Toolbar.
 Data will be sorted according to the first column of the selected cells.

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Steps to sort data in ascending order using the Sort command:
 Step 1: Select the cells you want to sort.
 Step 2: Click on the Sort option in the Data menu which opens a dialog box.
 Step 3: You can change the select the column based on which you want to sort the data. Also, you
can select the Ascending or Descending option.
 Step 4: Click on OK.

Steps to sort data using multiple column :

 Step 1: Select the cells you want to sort including the headings
 Step 2: Since the data you have selected contains headers which you don‟t want to be included in
sorting then open the Options tab in the same dialog box and check the option Range contains
column headers.

 Step 3: Click on the Sort option in the Data menu which opens a dialog box.
 Step 4: In the Sort by section select the Price per Item column and ascending Radio button.
 Step 5: In the Then by section select the Number of Items column and Descending radio button.
 Step 6: Lastly in the next Then by section select the Item Code and ascending Radio button.
 Click on Ok.
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Filter means displaying data based on some conditions or filters.
There are three type of filters. These are Auto Filter, Standard Filter & Advance Filter

Auto Filter : This filter is added on the topmost row of the selected data in the form of a drop down
list from which you can select data to be displayed or in other words apply filters.
 Step 1: Select the data.

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 Step 2: Select Data menu and click on Filter->AutoFilter.
 Step 3: On the topmost cell of each column you will observe drop-down boxes.
 Step 4: Click on the drop down in the column according which you want to filter.
 Step 5: Select the value the available list by which you want to filter.

Standard Filter : Standard filter is used to provide more options for filtering such as combining multiple
filters by using AND and OR operator. AND operator implies that all the filters must be satisfied for
displaying the data. OR operator implies that at least one filter should be satisfied for displaying the data.
 AND Operator Example - Suppose in Table 3, you have to select the male students having more than
75 marks. Following are the steps to filter data based on this criterion:
 Step 1: Select the data
 Step 2: Select Data menu and click on Filter->Standard Filter. A dialog box will open.
By : Manas Ranjan

 Step 3: Add the criteria for Gender = “Male” AND Marks > 75
 Click on Ok.

 OR Operator Example - Suppose in Table 3, you have to select the female students or students having
more than 75 marks.
 Step 1: Select the data
 Step 2: Select Data menu and click on Filter->Standard Filter. A dialog box will open.
 Step 3: Add the criteria for Gender = “Feale” OR Marks > 75
 Click on Ok.
 AND - OR Operator Example - Suppose in Table 3, you have to select the female students whose
name begins with the letter “S” or male students whose name begins with letter “G”.

By : Manas Ranjan
 Step 1: Select the data
 Step 2: Select Data menu and click on Filter->Standard Filter. A dialog box will open.
 Step 3: Add the criteria for Gender = Female AND Name of the Students Begins with “S” OR
Gender = Male AND Name of the Students Begins with “G”
 Step 4 : Click on Ok.

Advance Filter : In advanced filter, we can write the condition for filtering in separate
cells and the filter accordingly.
 Write the condition in separate cells.
 Select the column which you want to filter.
 Select data menu and choose filter option.
 Click Advance filter sub-option. A dialog box appears.
 Select the cells where the condition is written.
By : Manas Ranjan

 Click OK.

Removing Auto Filter :

 Select the cells as selected while adding the filter.
 From the Data menu, select Filter->Remove Filter
 Click on Tools and select Protect Spreadsheet.
 A Protect Document dialog boxappears.
 Type in a password.
 Type the same password in the Confirm textbox.
 Click on OK.
 Now, when you close the file and open it again, it will ask for
the password.

By : Manas Ranjan
 Click on File, and then, Save As.
 A Save As dialog box will appear.
 Type the file name and click Save with password.
 Click on Save. A Set Password dialog box appears.
 Type a password in the first textbox, and then, type the same
password in the Confirm textbox. Click on OK.
 Now, when you try to open the file, it will ask for a password.
 Type the password and click on OK.

Presentation software is required for the creation of the presentations for a larger
audience. The presentation software has tools that allow the user to create presentations with
sound, text, movies, pictures, and tables. OpenOffice Impress is a popular open source software for
presentation. The extension name of OpenOffice Impress file is .odp.
By : Manas Ranjan

 Go to the Start Menu.

 Go to the application window and select OpenOffice > OpenOffice Impress.
 Impress window is opened.
 Click on File.
 Select Save As or Save from the drop-down. This displays a Save As dialog box.
 You can select a folder where you want to save the file.
 By default, the File name is ‘Untitled#’ (# is a number). You can change it to the name of your choice.
 The default Save As type is .ods. You can select other file types from the Save As type drop-down.
You can save the file as MS Excel or HTML or text file.

By : Manas Ranjan
 Click on Save.

 Click on File.
 Select Close from the drop-down.
 If you have not saved the changes before closing the file, it will prompt you with a „Save
Document?‟ dialog box. You can decide whether you want to save or not or cancel.

 Click on File.
 Then, select Open from the drop-down. This will display the Open dialog box
 Browse and select the folder where your file is saved. 6. Then, select the file.
 Click on Open.

 Click on File.
 Select Print from the drop-down or you can press Ctrl+p on the keyboard. A Print dialog box is
displayed.
 A printer attached to the computer is displayed in the dialog box.
 Select the number of copies you want to print.
 Select All, if you want to print all slides.
By : Manas Ranjan

 Select Slides, if you want to print few of them and provide the slide numbers.
 Click on OK.

 Click on Slide.
 Select New Slide from the drop-down. You can also press Ctrl+M on the keyboard.
 This will add a blank New Slide to the presentation.

 Select the slide that you want to delete.

 Click on Slide. Select Delete Slide from the drop-down.
 The selected slide will be deleted.
 You can press „Del‟ key on the keyboard to delete the selected slide.
 Click on Insert.
 Select Shape which display a list of different category of shapes..
 Select the desired category of shape which again display a list of
shapes.
 Select the desired shape..
 Click on the slide and drag on it to add the shape on the slide.

By : Manas Ranjan
 A properties pane will appears on the right side on the window, which
helps to customize the shape.

 Click on Insert from the menu.

 Select Image. An Insert Image dialog box appears.
 Browse through folders and select the image you want to
use.
 Click on Open.
By : Manas Ranjan

 Click Slide Menu.

 Select Layout option, A dropdown list will appears
 Select the desired slide layout.
 Then the layout of your slide will changes
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

UNIT – IV
ENTREPRENEUR SKILL
INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship development refers to the process of enhancing entrepreneurial skills and
knowledge through structured training and institution building program. An entrepreneurship
development program must be designed in a way so as to help aspiring entrepreneurs recognize and
design unique and innovative business opportunities based on an analysis of local conditions and their own
skills.

Training in entrepreneurship development needs to include support for —

(a) Entrepreneurship orientation and awareness,

(b) Development of competencies (knowledge, skills and attitudes) necessary to recognise a market
opportunity and organise resources to meet it,

(c) Improvement of business performance for growth and competitiveness.

(d) Motivation, besides increasing need for achievement of potential entrepreneurs, also helps them
develop coping ability, tolerance to ambiguity and influencing capability.

The National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development is a premier
organisation of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Government of India, engaged in
training of trainers, management development programmes, entrepreneurship-cum-skill development
programmes, entrepreneurship development programmes.

The word ‘entrepreneur’ is derived from the French word entreprendre, which means ‘to
undertake’. Cole defines entrepreneurship as, “A purposeful activity to initiate, maintain and make a
profit-oriented business.”

Stevenson and Jarillo define entrepreneurship as: “The process by which individuals pursue
opportunities without regard to the resources they currently control.”

Entrepreneurship can, thus, be defined, as “an economic process, where an idea is generated or
an opportunity is created, refined, developed and implemented, while being exposed to uncertainty to
realise a profit by effective utilisation of resources”.

Economists define an entrepreneur as someone, who brings in resources, labour, material and
other assets into profit making combinations.

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Psychologists define an entrepreneur as a person, who is, typically, driven by a psychological force,
which creates a desire to obtain something.

Sociologists define an entrepreneur as a person, whose actions would determine social status and
contribute to societal development.

Management gurus define an entrepreneur as a person, who has a vision and generates an action
plan to achieve it.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP – ART & SCIENCE:

Entrepreneurship is considered to be both an art and a science. For a subject to be considered as
science, it needs to have a stepwise progression substantiated by valid proof like chemistry or physics.
There are steps that need to be followed to attain a specific result. On the other hand, some subjects are
categorized as art, where no specific way to attain a result is required and the skill of using the subject
matter is of prime importance.

Qualities of an Successful Entrepreneur :

 Initiative : An entrepreneur must be able to initiate action and take advantage of an opportunity.

 Willingness to take risks : An entrepreneur always volunteers to take risks to run a business and be
successful.

 Ability to learn from experience : An entrepreneur may make mistakes. However, once an error is
committed, it must be tried that it is not repeated as it may lead to heavy losses.

 Motivation : Once you get motivated to do something, you will not rest until you complete it.

 Self-confidence : Self-confidence is reflected in courage, enthusiasm and ability to lead.

 Hard work : Hard work is the secret of success for an entrepreneur.

 Decision Making Ability : If an entrepreneur does not have the ability to make suitable and timely
decisions, the person may miss out on an opportunity and incur losses.

TYPE OF ENTREPRENEUR:
1. Service Entrepreneur:

A service entrepreneur is one who provide services to the customers. These entrepreneurs either
create a new market for their services or provide a service in an existing market. They spot an idea and
convert it into a service, which is unprecedented or not available in the market.

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

2. Business Entrepreneur:

Business entrepreneurs are those who conceive an idea for a new product or service and then create a
business to convert their ideas into reality. They concentrate both on production and marketing activities.

3. Industrial Entrepreneur:

An industrial entrepreneur is, essentially, a manufacturer, who identifies the needs of customers and
creates products or services to serve them.

4. Agricultural Entrepreneur:

An agricultural entrepreneur is one who concentrate on agricultural activities. Agriculturists have now
introduced new and innovative technology to maximise the yield, giving birth to agriculture
entrepreneurship.

5. Technical Entrepreneur:

Technical entrepreneurs, who use their technical expertise to create and offer machines, tools and
methods. They constantly innovate to make industrial processes seamless and efficient.

6. Non - Technical Entrepreneur:

These entrepreneurs use their expertise in providing services to create a market for technical
entrepreneurs. Their expertise is in non-technical aspects of a product or service.

7. Professional Entrepreneur:

These entrepreneur starts a business, nurtures it and makes it reach a point of self-sustenance. Once
the project reaches that point, the entrepreneur sells the business and starts a new one, and then, follows
the same cycle.

8. IT Entrepreneur:

People who take up entrepreneurship in the field of Information Technology (IT) are called IT
entrepreneurs.

The difference between IT entrepreneurs and technical entrepreneurs is that the later work in the field
of electronics, mechanical devices or even civil works, while IT entrepreneurs are confined to innovation in
the field of Information Technology.

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

9. Women Entrepreneur:

When women take up entrepreneurship, they are called women entrepreneurs. A number of women
entrepreneurs are taking initiatives in starting entrepreneurial activities and many of them have even made
it to the top.

10. Social Entrepreneur:

Individuals, who focus on developing solutions that benefit the society, are called social entrepreneurs.
They develop, fund and implement solutions that are directed towards society, culture and environment.

11. Family Entrepreneur:

When a family or an individual runs a business successfully and passes it on to the next generation,
then such an entrepreneur is, generally, termed as family business entrepreneur.

12. First Generation Entrepreneur:

First generation entrepreneurs are those who do not have any entrepreneurship background. An
individual, who starts at the age of 50 years without any entrepreneurship background, is also a first
generation entrepreneur and someone else, who starts at the age of 17 years, is also a first generation
entrepreneur.

ROLE & FUNCTIONS OF ENTREPRENEUR :

 Identifying entrepreneurial opportunity: There are many opportunities in the world of business.
These are based on human needs like food, fashion, education, etc., which are constantly changing.
These opportunities are not realised by the general public. But an entrepreneur senses the
opportunities faster than others.

 Turning ideas into action: Entrepreneurs must be capable of turning ideas into reality.

 Feasibility study: Entrepreneurs conduct studies to assess the market feasibility of a proposed
product or service. They anticipate problems and assess quantity, quality, cost and sources of inputs
required to run the enterprise. Such a blueprint of all activities is termed as a ‘business plan’ or
‘project report’.

 Resourcing: An entrepreneur needs various resources in terms of money, machine, raw material
and workforce to run an enterprise successfully.

 Setting up an enterprise: For setting up an enterprise, the entrepreneur may need to fulfill some
legal formalities. The person must also try to find a suitable location, design the premises, install
machinery and do many other works.

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

 Managing the enterprise: The entrepreneur has to manage the workforce, material, finance and
organise the production of goods and services. The person has to market each product and service,
after ensuring appropriate returns (profits) of the investment.

 Growth and development: Once the enterprise achieves the desired results, the entrepreneur has
to explore another higher goal for its growth and development.

What Motivate An Entrepreneur :

 Standard of excellence : An entrepreneur constantly sets high standards and strives to attain the
standard of excellence by working hard and showing innovativeness.

 Uniqueness : For an entrepreneur, one of the most important qualities is to remain unique in
everything the person does and the way it is done.

 Focus on long-term goals : Long-term goals are those that are distant in terms of time period. An
entrepreneur focuses more on what is to be achieved in distant future rather than in near future.
The person will plan and work patiently to achieve the long-term goals.

 Need to influence The entrepreneur perceives one’s ideas as revolutionary and expects them to
influence the world in a substantial way.

Difference between Wage Employment & Entrepreneurship :

Wage Employment Entrepreneurship

Work for other Own Boss

Follow instruction job. Make own plan for creating activities

Earning is fixed Can be negative sometime

Does not creating wealth Creates wealth Contributing to GDP

Can choose from Public an Private Can be choose from Industry, Trade, Service
sector. enterprise.

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

Identifying Opportunity & Risk Taking :

 Community concerns: Look for issues that concern your community. Sometimes, starting locally can
reap huge benefits. Identify the inefficiencies, analyse how an idea can help and evaluate the risks
involved.

 Personal experiences: If you aspire to become an entrepreneur, you must listen to the personal
stories of successful entrepreneurs and draw inspiration. Their experiences may teach you powerful
lessons in entrepreneurship.

 Research with others: Many a time, discussion with others opens various doors of opportunities. It
also helps to learn the nuances of business.

STARTUPs :
A startup is a company that is in the first stage of its operations. A startup is often
financed by the founders until the business gets off the ground, and it gets outside finance or
investments.

Let us understand more about startups.

 Startups can be started with minimum investment.

 Startups seek financial investment differently than most small businesses. They rely on capital
that comes via angel investors or venture capital firms.

 Startups come up with an innovative idea. At the same time, they like to get guidance and
mentoring from an expert.

 ‘Startup India’, a flagship initiative of the Government of India, is intended to build an

ecosystem for the growth of startup business. Under this scheme, new startups in India can
avail regulatory and tax benefits, capital gain exemption, as well as, access to government
funding, if they fulfil the criteria.

BARRIERS TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP :
1. Environmental Barrier :
 Lack of adequate resources or raw material

 Non-availability of skilled labour

 Lack of requisite machinery and other infrastructure

 Unavailability of monetary resources on time

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The Indian Government has come up with various schemes to help small-scale entrepreneurs. Some
of these are:

 Government Mudra Yojana — https:// mudralsans.in/

 Credit Guarantee Scheme — https://www.cgtmse.in/

Stand-Up India Scheme — https://www. standupmitra.in/

2. Faulty Business Plan :

Every entrepreneur wants a successful business. But if a person does not make an action plan, it may
lead to a chaotic situation.

3. Personal Barrier :
How long will the business last? How much profit will it make? Will my customers like my product? Will
I have enough money to support my family? These are the questions that might go through an
entrepreneur’s mind before the person actually starts a business venture. Establishing any new venture is
a risk because there is always a fear of what may go wrong. Secondly, finding a suitable team is also a
tedious job. A team of careless and non-suitable workers may cause damage to a business.

4. Self Doubt :
It is easy to get discouraged when something goes wrong in a business. Self-doubt comes when we do
not have confidence in ourselves and our abilities.

One of the best ways to deal with self-doubt is to work towards one’s goals. When we lack motivation,
just looking at our goals and knowing that the tasks we are doing today are contributing to our long-term
goals help us feel better.

5. Forming a Team & Team Work :

As an entrepreneur, one must find people, who think and feel like the rest of the team. When new
people fit into the culture of the team, work can happen better and faster.

AN ENTREPRENEURAL ATTITUDE:
An attitude is a way of thinking or feeling about something. It can be positive or negative, good or
bad. We shall learn about positive attitudes of entrepreneurs.

The attitude an entrepreneur has is different from that of a wage employed person. The person not
only thinks about one’s work but also about the work of one’s employees and the work required for the
growth of the company.

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

AN ENTREPRENEURAL COMPETENCIES :
Competency is composed of knowledge, skills, abilities, traits and other characteristics for
successful job performance. Entrepreneurial competency plays a key role in the success of an entrepreneur
and in his achievements of entrepreneurial goals.

Some Common Entrepreneurial Competencies :

 Decisiveness : Decisiveness becomes the most important attribute while setting up a business
venture. It is about identifying an opportunity and acting on it.

 Initiative : Initiative is the ability to take charge and act in a situation before others.

 Interpersonal skills : Interpersonal means dealing with relationships. Interpersonal skills, thus,
mean the competencies required to work with other people.

Entrepreneurs work with people from different walks of life. They might work with them
because of their talent and hard work.

 Perseverance : Perseverance is the ability to continue to do something, even when it is difficult.

 Organisational skills : Organizational skills refer to the ability of making optimal use of one’s time,
energy and resources to achieve one’s goals. Organizational skill includes,

 Time management : Time management is the process of planning and following a conscious control
of time spent on specific activities. It is the ability to use one’s time well. Time management
includes the following.

1. Planning well

2. Setting goals

3. Setting deadlines

4. Giving imp. work responsibilities to other people in a team

5. Conducting the most important tasks firs

 Goal setting : A goal is somewhere we want to reach. It is the aim or result that we want from an
activity. Goal makes us work harder, motivates us to complete what we start and achieve the
target.

 Efficiency : Efficiency is the ability to do things well, successfully, without wasting time.

 Managing quality : Managing quality in a business means setting and maintaining a standard of
excellence for products or services being provided to customers.

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

UNIT – V
GREEN SKILL
INTRODUCTION
A green job is defined as one that helps bring about and maintain transition to environmentally sustainable
forms of production and consumption. It cuts across all sectors — energy, material, water conservation, waste
management and pollution control.

According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), green jobs are works in agricultural,
administrative, research, development, manufacturing and service activities that contribute substantially to
preserving or restoring environmental quality.

A green collar worker is one who is employed in the environmental sectors, such as green building
architects, environmental consultants, waste management or recycling managers, environmental or
biological systems engineers, landscape architects, solar and wind energy engineers and installers, green
vehicle engineers, organic farmers, environmental lawyers and business personnel dealing with green
services or products.

Green workers include electricians who install solar panels, plumbers who install solar water
heaters, construction workers who build energy-efficient green buildings, technicians and workers involved
in establishing wind power farms, etc.

At the enterprise level, green jobs can produce goods or provide services that benefit the
environment, for example, green buildings or clean transportation, reduce water consumption or improve
recycling systems.

India has adopted several measures for ensuring sustainability, renewable energy and energy
efficiency in various sectors, for example, efforts are being made to reduce Carbon dioxide emission rates
from vehicles in automotive sector, promoting use of nonfossil fuel (solar, hydro and wind) as energy
sources for power generation in the power sector and enabling energy efficient technologies through the
concept of green buildings in the construction sector.

The government, in association with private players, is also raising energy awareness, changing
consumer behaviour, setting energy codes, and evolving energy efficiency design and technologies. To
address the skilled workforce issues associated with sustainable development, the Ministry of Skill
Development and Entrepreneurship has set up the ‘Skill Council for Green Jobs’. It is working towards
developing competencies of people in the domain of renewable energy, sustainable development and
waste management.

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

BENEFITS OF GREEN JOB:

 increase the efficiency of energy and raw material.

 reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

 control waste and pollution.

 protect and restore ecosystems.

 support adaptation to the effects of climate change.

Green Job in Agriculture :

Organic gardening and farming is the process by which we can grow plants and crops in an
environment friendly way. It prevents no synthetic pesticides are used. It prevents water pollution and soil
contamination as no chemical is added to the soil.

Some green jobs in the agriculture sector are in organic farming, integrated pest management, farm
mechanisation and agriculture tourism. The Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) set up by the government, can be
utilised to provide support activities like technology dissemination, training awareness to the local youth
and farmers for collection, storage and reuse of agro-waste.

Green Job in Transportation :

 Use of energy-efficient vehicles and alternate fuels like Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) can help
minimise greenhouse gas emissions.

 The new biofuel Policy announced by the Government of India on 10 August 2018 focusses on
initiatives for enhanced use of biomass so as to improve the availability of ethanol through starch
and sugar-based feedstock, develop ethanol technologies and increase the production of biodiesel
for blending.

 The Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), under the Ministry of Power, has launched an ‘
electric vehicle programme’, which aims towards offering a comprehensive solution to facilitate
the adoption of disruptive technology in India.

 Some electric vehicle technologies are hybridised with fossil fuel engines (for example, plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles, or PHEVs), while others use only electric power via a battery (battery
electric vehicles). .

Green Job in Water Conservation :

 Rooftop rainwater harvesting refers to the process where rainwater is collected in tanks to be used
later.
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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

 Cycle-run water pumps are being used instead of electricity-run pumps. These do not consume
electricity and provide a way for people to exercise.

 Using bamboo channels for drip irrigation is an eco-friendly way to irrigate the land. It uses water
efficiently without any wastage.

Green Job in Solar & Wind Energy :

 Solar and wind power plants provide clean energy.

 A Solar Photovoltaic Installer installs and maintains solar panels in homes, businesses or land.

 Some common jobs in this sector are roofer, solar panel installation technician and field technician.

Green Job in Eco - Tourism :

 Eco-tourism is intended to provide an experience to visitors to understand the importance of
conserving resources, reducing waste, enhancing the natural environment and reducing pollution.

Green Job in Building & Construction :

Houses and buildings are becoming environment friendly. They use sustainable building material,
and follow ecofriendly construction processes and green operations. Green building design provides an
integrated approach to utilisation of renewable and non-renewable resources.

It is important that future green building programmes and projects are established with strategies
to address skill issues, including appropriate training. Skill development has a strategic role to play in
promoting the development of green buildings.

Green Job in Solid Waste Management :

Solid waste is defined as any discarded solid fraction, generated from domestic units, trade centres,
commercial establishments, industries, agriculture, institutions, public services and mining activities.

The Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, has classified solid waste in 14
categories based on the source of origin and type of waste, i.e., domestic, municipal, commercial,
industrial, institutional, garbage, ash, street sweepings, dead animals, construction and demolition waste,
bulky, hazardous and sewage waste.

Solid waste management system includes collection, segregation, transportation, processing and
disposal of waste. Green jobs related to waste management are in areas like e-waste recycling, solid waste
management, waste reduction, waste auditing, waste control, etc.

Green Job in Appropriate Technology :

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CLASS – XII

Appropriate technology is small-scale technology that is environment friendly and suited to local
needs. Examples of appropriate technology are bike-powered or hand-powered water pumps, solar lamps
in streetlights, solar buildings, etc.

The green jobs in appropriate technology may include areas, such as biogas production, water
treatment filtration, farm mechanisation, rainwater harvesting, sanitation, lighting, food production,
refrigeration, etc.

IMPORTANCE OF GREEN JOB:

Limiting the greenhouse gas emission:
1. Some of the greenhouse gases are Carbon dioxide, methane, Nitrous oxide, ozone and
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

2. These are emitted due to burning of fossil fuels, using vehicles and refrigerants, and carrying out
agricultural activities, etc.

3. These gases can trap heat from the earth and prevent it from escaping into outer space. This causes
‘global warming’.

4. To reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, people are working towards reducing the use of fossil
fuels by finding less polluting energy sources, such as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).

Minimizing the waste & pollution:

In manufacturing plants and factories, managers try to find various ways to reduce the amount of
waste produced at every step of the process. Here are some of the ways.

 Reusing scrap material : For example, in paper mills, damaged rolls are sent back to the beginning
of the production line.

 Ensuring quality control: If the quality of products is maintained, there will be a decrease in
rejected products, thus, reducing waste.

 Waste exchange : This is where the waste product of one process becomes the raw material for
another. It represents the way of reducing waste disposal through re-use

 Managing e-waste : e-waste like old mobile phones, laptops and television sets. It is important to
have sustainable development and plan judiciously for recycling e-waste.

 Use of eco-friendly material : Scientists have discovered various material, which are eco-friendly,
for example, banana leaf and paper plates that are easily disposable, etc.

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Protecting & Restoring Eco System:

People are working now to help conserve the existing ecosystems and restore the degraded ones, using
natural solutions. Forests and vegetation help stabilise slopes, and therefore, reduce the risk of landslides.
Wetlands can help control floods. Avoiding cutting of forests, planting more trees, investing in soil health
and restoration can control the emission of greenhouse gases.

Adapting to the effect of climate change:

People are trying to control the emission of greenhouse gases, global warming will be there due to
the damage already done in terms of felling of trees and using land for agriculture, etc. So, we have to
adapt to those changes. This means, we must find ways to survive in the new climatic conditions.

The Government of India launched the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in June
2008 to deal with climate change and related issues. The NAPCC comprises eight missions in specific areas
of solar energy, enhanced energy efficiency, habitat, water, sustaining Himalayan ecosystems, forestry,
agriculture and strategic knowledge for climate change, which address issues relating to mitigation of
greenhouse gases and adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change on environment, forests,
habitat, water resources and agriculture.

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