WORKING OF HUMAN EYE
• When we look towards an object, light from the object enters
the pupil of the eye and falls on the eye lens.
• The eye lens (i.e. convex lens) forms a real and inverted
image on the retina of the eye. The
• The retina of the eye contains special cells in the shape of rods
and cones.
• These cells convert light energy into electrical signals.
• These electrical signals are carried to the brain through optic
nerves.
• The brain finally interprets the signal and hence we see the
object.
ACCOMMODATION OF AN EYE
DEFINITION- The ability of the eye lens to see far and near objects
by adjusting its focal length is called accommodation of eye.
The ciliary muscles can modify the curvature of the lens.
• Relaxation of ciliary muscles—lens becomes thin—increase in
focal length. Ability to see distant objects.
• Contraction of ciliary muscles– lens become thick– focal length
decreases-ability to see near objects.
Near point-The closest distance at which the eye can focus clearly is called
the near point or least distance of distinct vision. For adults with normal
vision,D=25cm.
Far Point- The farthest distance at which an object can be seen clearly is
called far point. It is infinity for a normal eye.
Range of vision – The distance between the near point and the far point is
called the range of vision. For a normal eye ,the range of vision is from 25cm
to infinity.
DEFECTS OF VISION & THEIR
CORRECTION
1. Myopia or Short sightedness or far sightedness:
• A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly but
cannot see distant objects distinctly.
• A person with this defect has the far point nearer than infinity.
Such a person may see clearly upto a distance of a few metres.
• In a myopic eye, the image of a distant object is formed in
front of the retina [Fig. 10.2 (b)] and not at the retina itself
Causes of myopia
This defect may arise due to
(i) excessive curvature of the eye lens, or
(ii) elongation of the eyeball.
CORRECTION OF MYOPIA
Myopia can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable
power.
2. HYPERMETROPIA OR LONG
SIGHTEDNESS OF FAR SIGHTEDNESS
• A person with hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly but
cannot see nearby objects distinctly.
• The near point, for the person, is farther away from the normal
near point (25 cm).
• Such a person has to keep a reading material much beyond 25
cm from the eye for comfortable reading. This is because the
light rays from a close by object are focused at a point behind
the retina
Causes of Hypermetropia
This defect arises either because
(i) the focal length of the eye lens is too long,
(ii) (ii) the eyeball has become too small
CORRECTION OF HYPERMETROPIA
• Hypermetropia can be corrected by using a convex lens of
appropriate power.
PRESBYOPIA
• A human eye which cannot see the near objects and distant
objects clearly is said to suffer from a defect known as
Presbyopia. Eye suffering from this defect cannot read and write
comfortably.
Causes of presbyopia
It arises due to the gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles and
diminishing flexibility of the eye lens.
Correction of Presbyopia
This defect can be corrected by using a bi-focal lens.
A common type of bi-focal lenses consists of both concave and
convex lenses. The upper portion consists of a concave lens. It
facilitates distant vision. The lower part is a convex lens. It
facilitates near vision
CATARACT
• When the crystalline lens of people at old age becomes
milky and cloudy. This condition is called cataract. This
causes partial or complete loss of vision. It is possible to
restore vision through a cataract surgery.
REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A
PRISM
• A triangular glass prism has two triangular bases and three rectangular
lateral surfaces.
• A prism is a transparent refracting medium bounded by two plane surfaces
inclined at some angle.
• The plane surface through which light passes is called refracting surface
and the angle between two refracting surface is the angle of prism.
• Angle of deviation of a ray of light is defined as the angle between the
direction of incident ray and the emergent ray of light.
DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT BY A
GLASS PRISM
• In the year 1665, Newton discovered by his experiment with
glass prism that white light (like sunlight) consists of a mixture of
seven colours.
• The process of splitting of white light into its component
colours is called dispersion.
• The band of coloured components of a light beam is called
its spectrum.
• In case of sunlight, the solar spectrum obtained can be
remembered as VIBGYOR.
• Different colours of light bend through different
angles with respect to the incident ray, as they pass
through a prism.
• The red light bends the least while the violet the most.
