Introduction to Computing

(CS 1109/1110)
http://jatinga.iitg.ac.in/~asahu/cs1109/

C Statement and Expression

Evaluation

A. Sahu

Dept of Comp. Sc. & Engg.

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 1
 Outline
• C Statements
• Expression Evaluation
• Bedmas Rule
• Relational Expression and Evaluation

2
 C Statements

• Statements are terminated with a

semicolon and that is ';'
• e.g:
char acharacter;
int i, j = 18, k = -20;
printf("Initially, given
j = 18 and k = -20\n");
 C Programming : Sum of A and B
#include <stdio.h>

int main(){
int A,B, S; Statement 1
printf(“Enter two
numbers ”); Statement 2
scanf(“%d %d”,&A,&B);
Statement 3
S=A+B;
Statement 4
printf(“Res=%d”, S);
Statement 5
return 0;
} Statement 6 4
 C: Block of Statements
Group of statements (compound
statement) are enclosed by curly braces: {
and }.
Mark the start and the end of code block.
 C Programming : Sum of A and B
#include <stdio.h>
Start of the BLOCK
int main(){
int A,B, S; Statement 1
printf(“Enter two
numbers ”); Statement 2
scanf(“%d %d”,&A,&B);
Statement 3
S=A+B;
Statement 4
printf(“Res=%d”, S);
Statement 5
return 0;
} Statement 6
End of the BLOCK 6
 Comments in C
Single line of comment: // comment here

More than single line of comment or

expanded: /* comment(s) here */
#include <stdio.h> // for printf()
/* main() function, where program
execution starts */
int main(){
/* declares variable and
initializes it*/
int i = 8;
printf(“value of i=%d\n”,i);
return 0;
}
 Declaring Variables
• Before using a variable, you must give the
compiler some information about the
variable; i.e., you must declare it.
• The declaration statement includes the data
type of the variable.
• Examples of variable declarations:
int length ;
float area ;
 Declaring Variables
• When we declare a variable
– Space is set aside in memory to hold a value of the
specified data type
– That space is associated with the variable name
– That space is associated with a unique address
• Visualization of the declaration
int length ; length

Garbage value

FE07
 Using Variables: Initialization
• Variables may be be given initial values, or
initialized, when declared. Examples:
length
int length=7; 7
diameter
float diameter=5.9; 5.9
initial
char initial =‘A’; ‘A’
 Using Variables: Initialization
• Do not “hide” the initialization
– Put initialized variables on a separate line
– A comment is always a good idea
– Example:
int height; /* rectangle height */
int width=6; /* rectangle width */
int area; /* rectangle area */
NOT int height, width = 6, area ;
 Using Variables: Assignment
• Variables may have values assigned to them through the use
of an assignment statement.
– Uses the assignment operator =
• This operator (=) does not denote equality.
• It assigns the value of the righthand side of the statement (the
expression) to the variable on the lefthand side.
• Only single variables may appear on the lefthand side of the
assignment operator.
• Examples:
diameter = 5.9 ;
area = length * width ;
 Using Variables: Assignment
• variable= <const|Expression>
• <Expresion> can be simple or complex expression

area = length * width ;

 Arithmetic Operators in C
Name Operator Example

Addition + num1 + num2

Subtraction - initial - spent
Multiplication * fathoms * 6
Division / sum / count
Modulus % m%n
 Division
• Integer division
– If both operands of a division expression are
integers,
– you will get an integer answer.
• The fractional portion is thrown away.
• Examples : 17 / 5 = 3
4 / 3 = 1
35 / 9 = 3
 Division : float
• Division where at least one operand is a floating
point number will produce a floating point
answer.
• Examples: 17.0 / 5 = 3.4
4 / 3.2 = 1.25
35.2 / 9.1 = 3.86813
• What happens? The integer operand is
temporarily converted to a floating point, then
the division is performed. == > FP domain
 Division By Zero
• Division by zero is mathematically undefined.
• If you allow division by zero in a program, it
will cause a fatal error.
• Your program will terminate execution and
give an error message.
• Non-fatal errors do not cause program
termination, just produce incorrect results.
 Modulus
• The expression m % n yields the integer
remainder after m is divided by n.
• Modulus is an integer operation -- both
operands MUST be integers.
• Examples : 17 % 5 = 2
6%3 = 0
9%2 = 1
5%8 = 5
 Uses for Modulus
• Used to determine if an integer value is even
or odd
5 % 2 = 1 odd 4 % 2 = 0 even
If you take the modulus by 2 of an integer, a
result of 1 means the number is odd and a
result of 0 means the number is even
Expression Evaluation

20
 Algebra: BEDMAS/PEDMAS Rule
• B-E-DM-AS or P-E-DM-AS or B-O-DM-AS
• B/P : Bracket or Parenthesis ( )
– In C, only ( ) used for expression
– Curly braces {}, and square bracket [] used for
some other purpose.
– Again [] may involves in expression as in the form
of array access
• E : Exponentiation or Order (O)
• DM: Division and Multiplication
• AS : Addition and Subtraction
21
 BEDMAS Example
• Evaluate 8+3*4/2
– DM have higher priority as compared to AS
– All DM get evaluated left to right
8+3*4/2 = 8+ 12/2 = 8+6 = 14
• Evaluate 15-(6+1)+30/(3*2)
15-(6+1)+30/(3*2)= 15-(7)+30/(6)
15-7+5=8+5=13
• Evaluate (95/19)2+3
– (95/19)2+3 = (5)2+3 = 25+3 =28
22
 BEDMAS equivalent in C
Arithmetic Operators Precedence Rule
Operator(s) Precedence & Associativity
() Evaluated first. If nested
(embedded), innermost first.
* / % Evaluated second. If there are
several, evaluated left to right.
+ - Evaluated third. If there are
several, evaluated left to right.
= Evaluated last, right to left.
 Using Parentheses
• Use parentheses to change the order in which
an expression is evaluated.
a + b * c Would multiply b * c first,
then add a to the result.
If you really want the sum of a and b to be
multiplied by c, use parentheses to force the
evaluation to be done in the order you want.
(a + b) * c
• Also use parentheses to clarify a complex
expression.
Practice With Evaluating Expressions
Given integer variables a, b, c, d, and e,
where a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4,
evaluate the following expressions:
a + b - c + d
a * b / c
1 + a * b % c
a + d % b - c
e = b = d + c / b - a
Practice With Evaluating Expressions
Given integer variables a, b, c, d, and e,
where a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4,
evaluate the following expressions:
a + b - c + d =3-3+4=0+4=4
a * b / c = 2/3+4=0+4=4
1 + a * b % c =1+2%3=1+2=3
a + d % b - c =1+0-3=1-3=-2
e = b = d + c / b – a
Increment and Decrement Operators
• The increment operator ++
• The decrement operator --
• Precedence: lower than (), but higher than *
/ and %
• Associativity: right to left
• Increment and decrement operators can only
be applied to variables, not to constants or
expressions
 Increment Operator
• If we want to add one to a variable, we can say:
count = count + 1 ;
• Programs often contain statements that
increment variables, so to save on typing, C
provides these shortcuts:
count++ ; OR ++count ;
Both do the same thing. They change the value
of count by adding one to it.
 Postincrement Operator
• The position of the ++ determines when the value is
incremented. If the ++ is after the variable, then the
incrementing is done last (a postincrement).
int amount, count ;
count = 3 ;
amount = 2 * count++ ;
• amount gets the value of 2 * 3, which is 6, and then 1
gets added to count.
• So, after executing the last line, amount is 6 and count
is 4.
 Preincrement Operator
• If the ++ is before the variable, then the incrementing
is done first (a preincrement).
int amount, count ;
count = 3 ;
amount = 2 * ++count ;

• 1 gets added to count first, then amount gets the value

of 2 * 4, which is 8.
• So, after executing the last line, amount is 8 and count
is 4.
 A Hand Trace Example
int ans, val= 4 ;
Code Val Ans
4 garbage
val = val + 1 ;
val++ ;
++val ;
ans = 2 * val++ ;
ans = ++val / 2 ;
val-- ;
--val ;
ans = --val * 2 ;
ans = val-- / 3 ;
 A Hand Trace Example
int ans, val= 4 ;
Code Val Ans
4 garbage
val = val + 1 ; 5
val++ ; 6
++val ; 7
ans = 2 * val++ ; 8 14
ans = ++val / 2 ; 9 4
val-- ; 8
--val ; 7
ans = --val * 2 ; 6 12
ans = val-- / 3 ; 5 2
 C Code : Previous Example
int main(){
int ans, val=4;
val = val + 1 ;
printf(“ans=%d val=%d\n”,ans,val);
val++ ; ++val ;
printf(“ans=%d val=%d\n”,ans,val);
ans = 2 * val++ ;
printf(“ans=%d val=%d\n”,ans,val);
ans=++val/2; val--;--val;
printf(“ans=%d val=%d\n”,ans,val);
ans=--val*2;
printf(“ans=%d val=%d\n”,ans,val);
ans = val-- / 3 ;
printf(“ans=%d val=%d\n”,ans,val);
return 0;
}
 Practice
Given
int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 ;

What is the value of this expression?

++a * b - c--

What are the new values of a, b, and c?

 Practice
Given
int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 ;

What is the value of this expression?

++a * b - c--
=1
What are the new values of a, b, and c?
a =2 c=2
 More Practice
Given
int a =1, b =2, c =3, d =4 ;

What is the value of this expression?

++b / c + a * d++

What are the new values of a, b, c, and d?

 More Practice
Given
int a =1, b =2, c =3, d =4 ;

What is the value of this expression?

++b / c + a * d++
= 1+4 =5
What are the new values of a, b, c, and d?
a=1, b=3,c=3,d=5
 Assignment Operators
= += -= *= /= %=
Statement Equivalent Statement
a = a+2 ; a += 2 ;
a = a-3 ; a -= 3 ;
a = a*2 ; a *= 2 ;
a = a/4 ; a /= 4 ;
a = a%2 ; a %= 2 ;
b = b+(c+2); b += c + 2 ;
d =d*(e-5); d *= e - 5 ;
Practice with Assignment Operators
int i = 1, j = 2, k = 3, m = 4 ;

Expression Value
i += j + k

j *= k = m + 5

k -= m /= j * 2
Practice with Assignment Operators
int i = 1, j = 2, k = 3, m = 4 ;

Expression Value
i += j + k i=6

j *= k = m + 5 k=9, j=18

k -= m /= j * 2 m=1, k=2