PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH MARBLE POWDER IN CONCRETE:

EFFECT ON STRENGTH AND SORPTIVITY

BY

ADEYEMO ENIAFE ADEDAMOLA

ENG1804914

A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN

PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR

OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG).

THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,

(STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,

UNIVERSITY OF BENIN

BENIN CITY, NIGERIA

TITLE PAGE

AUGUST, 2024.
 CERTIFICATION

This report, titled "PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH MARBLE POWDER

IN CONCRETE: EFFECT ON STRENGTH AND SORPTIVITY," was written and

assembled by ADEYEMO, Eniafe Adedamola (Matric Number: ENG1804914), a student

from the University of Benin's Civil/Structural Engineering Department at the Ugbowo

Campus in Edo State. This certification serves as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the awarding of the Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) degree in Civil Engineering at the

University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria.

PROJECT COORDINATOR

Name: ENGR. E. ORIA-USIFO

Signature: ……………………………… Date: …………………………………….

PROJECT SUPERVISOR

Name: ENGR. DR. R. O. OGIRIGBO

Signature: ……………………………… Date: …………………………………….

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

Name: ENGR. DR. MRS N. I. IHIMEKPEN

Signature: ……………………………… Date: …………………………………….

i
 DEDICATION

Most significantly, I dedicate this project to Jehovah God for everything He has done for

me, particularly for His protection, direction, and provision during not just this project but

also my time at this esteemed university. Thank you also to Prince (Dr.) and Dr. (Mrs.)

Adeyemo, my parents, for their support of my education.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to God

and all those who have contributed to the successful completion of my final year project.

Their support, guidance, and encouragement have been invaluable throughout this journey.

First and foremost, I am immensely grateful to my supervisor: Engr. Dr. R. O. Ogirigbo, for

his unwavering support, expertise, and continuous guidance as well as the project

coordinator, Engr. Ehi Oria-Usifo, for his hard effort. His valuable insights, constructive

feedback, and patience have been instrumental in shaping this project and enhancing its

quality. I extend my heartfelt appreciation to the faculty members of the University of

Benin, Department of Civil Engineering, for their dedication to imparting knowledge and

fostering an enriching learning environment. Their teachings and mentorship have

significantly contributed to my growth as a civil engineering student.

I am indebted to my family and friends for their unwavering support, understanding, and

encouragement throughout this demanding undertaking. Their constant motivation, love, and

belief in my abilities have been a source of strength and inspiration.

Lastly, I would like to acknowledge the support and encouragement of my fellow classmates

and colleagues. Their camaraderie, intellectual discussions, and shared experiences have

created a conducive environment for learning and personal growth.

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 ABSTRACT

This research project, entitled "Experimental Study on the Effect of the Partial Replacement
of Cement with Marble Powder on the Compressive Strength and Sorptivity of Concrete"
aims to delve into the impact of partially replacing conventional cement with marble powder
(MBP) on concrete's compressive strength and sorptivity. As sustainability becomes a
paramount concern in the construction industry, exploring alternatives and incorporating
waste materials is of increasing importance. The study involves the preparation and testing
of various concrete mixtures with varying percentages of marble powder (MBP)
replacement for cement. The outcomes are expected to shed light on the feasibility and
potential advantages of using marble powder (MBP) as a partial substitute for cement in
concrete.
This study directly addresses this imperative by investigating the practicality of integrating
marble powder (MBP) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Marble powder
(MBP), a byproduct of the stone industry, not only contributes to waste reduction but also
presents economic and environmental benefits. Through a series of experiments involving
different percentages of marble powder (MBP) replacement (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and
10%), we evaluated the compressive strength and sorptivity of the resulting concrete
specimens to understand how marble powder (MBP) content influences these crucial
properties.
According to this research, the results showed that as the percentage of marble powder
concrete increases, the compressive strength decreases alongside its cost and the weight of
concrete. At around 10% partial replacement of coarse aggregate with marble powder in
concrete gives a significant decrease in cost and weight of the concrete without much
affecting the compressive strength of concrete.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page

Certification i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

Table Of Content v

List Of Tables xi

List Of Figures xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background Of Study 1

1.2 Statement Of The Problem 3

1.3 Aim And Objective Of The Study 4

1.4 Scope Of Study 5

1.5 Justification Of Study 6

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 7

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2.1 Concrete 8

2.1.1 Ancient Origins: 8

2.1.2 Evolution Of Techniques: 8

2.1.3 Versatility Of Concrete: 8

2.1.4 Benefits Of Concrete: 8

2.1.5 Issues Associated With Concrete Use: 9

2.2 Composition Of Concrete 9

2.2.1 Cement 9

2.2.2 Aggregate 9

2.2.3 Admixture 10

2.2.4 Water 10

2.3 Alternative Materials For Aggregates 10

2.3.1 Recycled Concrete Aggregate (Rca) 10

2.3.2 Fly Ash 11

2.3.3 Blast Furnace Slag 11

2.3.4 Rubber Aggregates 11

2.3.5 Expanded Glass Beads 11

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2.4 Effect Of Alternative Aggregates On Concrete Properties 12

2.4.1 Effect On Strength 12

2.4.2 Effect On Durability 12

2.5 Review Of Previous Studies 12

2.6 Literature Findings 13

2.7 Key Observations: 18

2.7.1 Compressive Strength Studies 18

2.7.1.1 Early Studies 18

2.7.3 Sorptivity Investigations 19

2.7.3.1 Early Insights 19

2.7.3.2 Advancements In Understanding 19

2.7.4 Multifaceted Approaches 20

2.7.5 Physical And Mechanical Properties Of Marble Powder: 20

2.7.6 Sustainable Benefits Of Marble Powder In Concrete: 22

2.8 How Does Marble Powder (Mbp) As Partial Replacement Of Cement Impact On

Concrete Based On Literature Reviews? 23

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 26

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3.1 Materials 27

3.1.1 Ordinary Portland Cement (Opc) 28

3.1.2 Marble Powder (Mbp) 28

3.1.3 Fine Aggregate 28

3.1.4 Coarse Aggregate 28

3.1.5 Water 28

3.1.6 Oil/Grease 29

3.2 Sample Preparation 29

3.2.1 Machines And Equipment Used During The Tests 29

3.2.2 Experimental Mix Design 30

3.2.2.1 Mix Design For C25 Grade Concrete 31

3.2.3 Mix Proportions 37

3.2.4 Curing 38

3.2.5 Mixing Procedure 38

3.3 Particle Size Distribution 39

3.3.1 Sieve Analysis 39

3.3.1.2 Apparatus 39
viii
3.3.2 Specific Gravity 40

3.3.2.1 Apparatus 40

3.3.2.2 Procedures 40

3.3.3 Aggregate Impact Value (Aiv) Test 41

3.3.3.1 Apparatus 41

3.3.3.2 Procedures 41

3.3.4 Aggregate Crushing Value (Acv) Test 42

3.3.4.1 Apparatus 42

3.3.4.2 Procedures 42

3.3.5 Slump Test 43

3.3.5.1 Apparatus 43

3.3.5.2 Procedures 43

3.3.6 Compressive Strength Test 44

3.3.6.1 Procedure 44

3.3.7 Water Absorption Test 45

3.3.7.1 Apparatus 45

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CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 46

4.1 Laboratory Test Results 46

4.1.1 Sieve Analysis 46

4.2 Aiv And Acv Test 50

4.2.1 Aiv Test Results 50

4.2.2 Acv Test Results 52

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 59

5.1 Recommendations 60

REFERENCES 61

APPENDIX 62

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table3.1: Showing the Ratios of Replacement 27

Table3.2 Approximate compressive strengths (MPa) of concrete mixes w/c ratio of 0.5 32

Table 3.3: Approximate free-water contents to give various workability (El-Reedy, 2020) 34

Table 3.4: Mix Design Showing Different % Replacement of Cement with (MBP) 37

Table 4.1: Sieve analysis of fine aggregate 47

Table 4.2: Sieve analysis of Granite aggregate 48

Table 4.3: Sieve analysis of marble powder 49

Table 4.4: AIV result interpretation 51

Table 4.5: Slump for different types of mixes 54

Table 4.6: compressive strength for 7 and 28 days 56

Table 4.7: Water absorption capacity of control concrete with 0% replacement 57

Table 4.8: Water absorption capacity of the cast concrete at varying replacement % 58

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1: Relationship between standard deviation and characteristic strength 31

Figure 3.2: Relation between compressive strength and free-water/cement ratio 33

Figure 3.3: Relation between wet density of concrete and free-water content 35

Fig 3.4: Proportions of fine aggregate determined from fineness modulus 36

Figure 4.1 Grading curve for fine aggregate 48

Figure 4.2 Grading curve for granite 49

Figure 4.3 Grading curve for marble powder 50

Figure 4.4 slump test results 54

Figure 4.5 Compressive Strength Test Results 57

xii
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The construction industry is currently experiencing a paradigm shift towards sustainable

development, prompting researchers and engineers to explore alternative materials that can

reduce environmental impact while maintaining structural integrity (Ahmed et al., 2021).

One promising avenue of investigation involves the integration of waste materials into

concrete production, with a specific focus on marble powder (MBP), a byproduct of the

stone industry, as a partial substitute for cement in concrete.

This study aims to investigate the impact of partially replacing cement with marble powder

(MBP) on the compressive strength and sorptivity of concrete. Concrete, a fundamental

construction material, consists of cement, aggregates, water, and additives. Cement, as the

binding agent, substantially contributes to the environmental footprint of concrete

production, primarily due to the energy-intensive clinker manufacturing process. Therefore,

the identification of alternatives or supplements to cement is crucial for reducing the carbon

footprint of concrete. Marble powder (MBP), characterized by its finely ground nature,

emerges as a promising candidate for replacing or supplementing cement, thereby

influencing both the environmental and structural aspects of concrete.

Marble, a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, is widely used

in construction and architecture. However, the extraction and processing of marble result in

significant waste generation in the form of marble powder (MBP). Traditionally considered

a nuisance, researchers are now actively seeking ways to repurpose this waste product. The

1
inclusion of marble powder (MBP) in concrete provides a dual advantage by addressing

waste management concerns and contributing to sustainable construction practices.

The compressive strength and sorptivity of concrete are pivotal properties that determine its

durability and performance across various environmental conditions. Consequently,

investigating the effects of partially replacing cement with marble powder (MBP) on these

properties is of significant interest. This study aims to contribute to the dynamic field of

sustainable construction materials by providing insights into the performance of concrete

incorporating marble powder. The findings of this research are poised to guide the industry

towards more eco-friendly and resource-efficient construction practices (Ahmed et al.,

2021).

2
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The incorporation of marble powder into concrete introduces a promising avenue for

sustainable construction practices, addressing waste management issues and reducing the

environmental impact associated with conventional cement production. However, the

effective utilization of marble powder (MBP) necessitates a nuanced understanding of its

influence on key properties, particularly compressive strength and sorptivity.

The central predicament lies in the absence of comprehensive studies that systematically

evaluate the impact of marble powder (MBP) at varying replacement percentages. While the

potential benefits are acknowledged, the lack of detailed investigations hinders the industry's

ability to optimize the use of this waste material. Determining the optimal percentage of

marble powder (MBP) replacement is crucial for striking a balance between sustainability

and maintaining structural integrity. Without this knowledge, the industry operates without

specific guidelines, potentially leading to suboptimal mix designs and missed opportunities

for environmental improvement.

The study aims to address these problems by investigating how partially replacing cement

with marble powder (MBP) on the compressive strength and sorptivity of concrete. The

central problem is finding a sustainable solution while assessing full potential of marble

powder (MBP) in contributing to more sustainable and environmentally conscious

construction practices.

3
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this study is to conduct a detailed experimental investigation into the effect

of the partial replacement of cement with marble powder (MBP) on the compressive

strength and sorptivity of concrete.

To achieve this aim, this research is guided by the following specific objectives:

1. To assess how the incorporation of marble powder (MBP) affects the sorptivity of

concrete.

2. To determine how varying percentages of marble powder (MBP) replacement

(ranging from 0% to 10%) influence the compressive strength of concrete.

3. To identify the optimal percentage of marble powder (MBP) replacement that

balances environmental sustainability with acceptable levels of compressive

strength and sorptivity.

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1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of this research centers on the experimental investigation of concrete mixtures

featuring different proportions of marble powder (MBP) as a partial substitute for cement.

The primary focus is on assessing the influence of marble powder (MBP) on crucial

properties such as compressive strength and sorptivity. The study encompasses a diverse

range of replacement percentages (ranging from 0% to 10%) This range is chosen to

understand the influence of marble powder (MBP) content on compressive strength and

sorptivity. These mixtures were subjected to an array of testing procedures to assess the

compressive strength and sorptivity of the concrete mixtures. Compressive strength is a

fundamental indicator of concrete's load-bearing capacity and structural suitability, while

sorptivity provides valuable information about the material's durability and resistance to

environmental conditions both offer a comprehensive understanding of how marble powder

(MBP) affects the performance of concrete.

By undertaking this comprehensive scope, the research aims to contribute valuable

knowledge to the construction industry. It seeks to address the existing gap in understanding

how marble powder (MBP) at various replacement percentages influences critical concrete

properties. The outcomes of this study are anticipated to guide industry professionals and

researchers in formulating concrete mix designs that balance sustainability objectives with

structural performance.

In conclusion, the scope of this research is expansive, offering a detailed exploration of the

effects of marble powder (MBP) on concrete properties. The study's thoroughness is

designed to provide practical insights for industry practitioners and researchers seeking to

enhance the sustainability of concrete while maintaining structural integrity.

5
1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

The justification for this study lies in the imperative to address the construction industry's

increasing focus on sustainability. The exploration of alternative materials, such as marble

powder (MBP), emerges as a crucial endeavor to align with eco-friendly practices and

contribute to sustainable construction. Marble powder (MBP), as a byproduct, not only

offers a potential solution to waste management concerns but also has the prospect of

reducing the environmental impact associated with traditional cement production.

Additionally, this study aims to bridge existing research gaps by providing detailed insights

into how marble powder (MBP) influences concrete properties. By comprehensively

examining its effects on crucial parameters like compressive strength and sorptivity, the

research intends to offer valuable information to engineers and researchers. These insights

will empower them to make informed decisions about the integration of marble powder

(MBP) into concrete mix designs, promoting more sustainable practices in the construction

industry.

In essence, the justification for this study rests on its potential to contribute practical

knowledge and solutions to the challenges posed by traditional construction materials. The

findings are anticipated to have a transformative impact on construction practices by

fostering the adoption of more sustainable alternatives and, in turn, supporting global

sustainability objectives. The study's outcomes may influence the industry's trajectory

towards environmentally responsible and resource-efficient construction practices.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

The increasing demand for sustainable practices in the construction industry has prompted a

shift towards exploring alternative materials, particularly those derived from waste products.

Marble powder, generated as a byproduct during the processing of marble stone, has

emerged as a potential candidate for enhancing the sustainability of concrete production.

This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of

research pertaining to the partial replacement of cement with marble powder in concrete.

The focus is specifically on two crucial properties: compressive strength and sorptivity. By

understanding the implications of incorporating marble powder into concrete mixes, this

review aims to contribute valuable insights into the broader discourse on eco-friendly

construction materials.

The use of waste materials in concrete aligns with the principles of sustainable construction,

aiming to reduce environmental impact while maintaining or enhancing the performance of

construction materials. Marble powder, traditionally considered a byproduct with limited

utility, is being reevaluated for its potential contributions to the improvement of concrete

properties. This literature review synthesizes findings from various studies, shedding light

on the effects of incorporating marble powder on compressive strength and sorptivity, both

of which are pivotal factors in assessing the suitability and durability of concrete structures.

As the construction industry continues to grow, the environmental footprint associated with

traditional concrete production becomes a growing concern. Marble powder, being a

byproduct of another industry, offers a dual benefit by reducing waste and potentially

improving concrete properties. By comprehensively examining existing literature, this

7
review aims to provide a foundation for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals to

make informed decisions about the use of marble powder in concrete mixes. The subsequent

sections will delve into key findings, challenges, and opportunities identified in the current

body of research related to the partial replacement of cement with marble powder.

2.1 CONCRETE

2.1.1 ANCIENT ORIGINS:

The origins of concrete-like materials can be traced back to around 6500 BC in Syria and

Jordan, where a primitive mixture of lime, volcanic ash, and stones was used (Aspris, 2018).

Notably, the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, constructed around 2550 BC, showcases the

early use of limestone and gypsum-based mortar (Gaur, 2009).

2.1.2 EVOLUTION OF TECHNIQUES:

Concrete technology experienced significant advancements in ancient Rome. The Romans,

particularly skilled in concrete use, employed a mix of volcanic ash, lime, and rubble. This

innovation is evident in iconic structures such as the Pantheon and the Colosseum (Landolfo

& Sykora, 2003).

2.1.3 VERSATILITY OF CONCRETE:

Concrete's versatility allowed the creation of intricate architectural designs, including arches

and domes. This adaptability contributed to the construction of complex structures,

showcasing its moldable nature (Banfill, 2012).

2.1.4 BENEFITS OF CONCRETE:

Concrete's durability, strength, and resistance to fire and weathering make it a crucial

construction material (Mindess, Young, & Darwin, 2003). Its moldable properties have

8
enabled the realization of various architectural designs, emphasizing its indispensable role in

construction.

2.1.5 ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH CONCRETE USE:

While concrete offers numerous advantages, challenges exist, including cracking due to

shrinkage, susceptibility to chemical attacks, and environmental concerns related to cement

production (Scrivener & Crumbie, 2018). Addressing these challenges is crucial for

sustainable concrete use.

2.2 COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE

Concrete is a composite material with a complex composition, consisting of various

components that work together to provide its distinctive properties.

2.2.1 CEMENT

Cement is a fundamental ingredient in concrete, responsible for binding the other

components. The most common type is Portland cement, produced by grinding clinker with

a small amount of gypsum (Kosmatka, Kerkhoff, & Panarese, 2002). The chemical reaction

between cement and water forms a paste, initiating the hardening and setting processes in

concrete.

2.2.2 AGGREGATE

Aggregates, comprising coarse and fine particles, occupy a significant portion of concrete.

Coarse aggregates, such as gravel or crushed stone, provide structural strength, while fine

aggregates, typically sand, contribute to workability (Neville, 2011). The proper distribution

and proportion of aggregates influence the concrete's overall performance.

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2.2.3 ADMIXTURE

Admixtures are additional substances introduced to modify concrete properties during

mixing or placement. These can enhance workability, accelerate or delay setting time, or

improve durability. Common types include water reducers, accelerators, and air-entraining

agents (Malhotra & Mehta, 2006). Admixtures allow concrete to be tailored for specific

applications and conditions.

2.2.4 WATER

Water is a vital component that initiates the chemical reaction with cement, leading to the

hydration process. The quality of water used in concrete significantly impacts its final

properties. Excessive impurities or improper water-cement ratio can affect the strength and

durability of the concrete (Mindess, Young, & Darwin, 2003).

2.3 ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS FOR AGGREGATES

Traditional aggregates like crushed stone and sand are commonly used in concrete, but

advancements in sustainable construction have led to the exploration of alternative

materials. These alternatives offer various benefits, including environmental sustainability,

reduced extraction of natural resources, and improved specific properties in certain

applications.

2.3.1 RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE (RCA)

Recycled Concrete Aggregate involves crushing and reusing concrete from demolished

structures. This approach minimizes the environmental impact of concrete waste and

conserves natural aggregates (Sagoe-Crentsil et al., 2001). RCA has been successfully

employed as a substitute for natural aggregates in various concrete applications, including

road construction and structural elements (Tavakoli & Soroushian, 1996).

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2.3.2 FLY ASH

Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, can be used as a partial replacement for cement in

concrete. Its incorporation enhances workability, reduces heat generation during hydration,

and contributes to long-term strength development (Mindess, Young, & Darwin, 2003).

Several studies have demonstrated the positive effects of fly ash in improving the durability

and sustainability of concrete (Malhotra & Mehta, 2006).

2.3.3 BLAST FURNACE SLAG

Blast furnace slag, a byproduct of iron production, can be ground and used as a

supplementary cementitious material. It enhances the durability of concrete by reducing

permeability and improving resistance to aggressive environments (Neville, 2011). The use

of blast furnace slag as a replacement for traditional aggregates has been effective in various

construction applications.

2.3.4 RUBBER AGGREGATES

Recycled rubber from tires can be processed into aggregates for specific applications.

Rubber aggregates are lightweight and offer benefits such as energy absorption, making

them suitable for use in sports surfaces and certain types of concrete (Buck, 1977). The

incorporation of rubber aggregates provides a sustainable solution for waste tire disposal.

2.3.5 EXPANDED GLASS BEADS

Expanded glass beads are lightweight aggregates with insulating properties. When

incorporated into concrete, they reduce density while maintaining compressive strength

(Oikonomou, 2005). This makes them suitable for applications where weight reduction is

crucial, such as in precast concrete panels.

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2.4 EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVE AGGREGATES ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES

2.4.1 EFFECT ON STRENGTH

The use of alternative aggregates in concrete can significantly impact its compressive,

tensile, and flexural strengths. Previous studies have shown variations in strength based on

the type and proportion of alternative aggregates used (Fathifazl et al., 2009). For instance,

incorporating recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) may lead to a reduction in compressive

strength compared to traditional concrete, but this effect depends on factors like the source

and processing of the recycled material (Limbachiya et al., 2000). On the other hand,

supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash and blast furnace slag can enhance long-

term strength and durability (Malhotra & Mehta, 2006).

2.4.2 EFFECT ON DURABILITY

Durability is a critical aspect of concrete performance, especially in challenging

environments. Alternative aggregates can influence concrete durability positively or

negatively. For instance, recycled rubber aggregates have been found to enhance the

elasticity and energy absorption properties of concrete, making it more resistant to certain

impacts (B. Govinda Rajulu et al., 2017). On the contrary, the porosity of some alternative

aggregates, such as recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), might affect durability due to

increased water absorption (Katrina Mc Nei and Thomas H.K. Kang, 2013).

2.5 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES

Numerous research studies have investigated the use of alternative aggregates in concrete

and their impact on various properties. Limbachiya et al. (2000) demonstrated that concrete

with up to 30% RCA exhibited comparable compressive strength for certain water-cement

ratios. Other studies, such as those by Exteberria et al. (2007) and Yang et al. (2008),

12
observed that the percentage of replacement and water-cement ratio play crucial roles in

determining the compressive strength of concrete containing alternative aggregates.

2.6 LITERATURE FINDINGS

The exploration of the partial replacement of cement with marble powder in concrete has

garnered significant attention in recent years. Numerous studies have investigated the effects

on compressive strength and sorptivity, providing valuable insights into the potential

benefits and challenges associated with this innovative approach to sustainable concrete

production they include:

Notable among these studies is the work by (Kumar, R., and Bhatty, J., 2018) through their

investigation, explored varying percentages of marble powder substitution in cement. The

study revealed a notable improvement in compressive strength at lower replacement levels

(up to 10%). However, higher replacement percentages showed diminishing returns,

indicating an optimal range for enhancing compressive strength.

Similarly, (Yuan, Q et al., 2020) conducted an extensive examination of the sorptivity

behavior in marble powder-modified concrete exposed to various environmental conditions.

Their results emphasized the durability benefits, showcasing a reduced sorptivity that

contributes to the material's potential for long-term resilience against moisture-induced

deterioration.

Additionally, (Morsy, M. S. et al., 2020) Explored the synergistic effects of incorporating

nano silica and marble powder on the properties of concrete. Their study delved into the

combined impact of these materials on compressive strength, workability, and durability.

Their findings shed light on potential advancements in concrete technology by integrating

multiple supplementary cementitious materials.

13
Researchers such as (Rashid, Z. A., and Razak, H. A., 2018) examined the effects of

incorporating marble powder on the water absorption characteristics of concrete. Their study

revealed a decrease in water absorption, suggesting that the addition of marble powder

positively impacted the resistance of concrete to water penetration, a crucial factor in

enhancing durability.

Also, (Shetty, A. and Partheeban, P., 2018) investigated the influence of marble powder on

the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Their study explored the optimum

percentage replacement of cement with marble powder to achieve enhanced compressive

strength and durability. Their findings contribute to the ongoing efforts to establish

guidelines for effective use of marble powder in concrete production.

Furthermore, researchers like (Rathod, V. T and Deshmukh, N. A., 2019) focused on the

sustainability aspects of using marble powder in concrete. Their research assessed not only

the mechanical properties but also the environmental benefits of incorporating marble

powder. This aligns with the broader industry trend towards sustainable concrete practices

and eco-friendly construction materials.

Researchers such as (Zegardło, B. and Moczko, E., 2019) explored the rheological

properties of concrete mixtures incorporating marble powder. They investigated the flow

characteristics and workability of fresh concrete, providing valuable information for

concrete mix design. This aspect is essential for ensuring that the addition of marble powder

does not compromise the workability of concrete during construction.

Similarly, (Akbulut, H. and Gürer, C., 2018) also examined the performance of concrete

containing marble powder in aggressive sulfate-rich environments. The study provided

insights into the durability aspects, especially sulfate resistance, which is crucial for

14
structures exposed to harsh environmental conditions. Understanding the behavior of marble

powder in such conditions contributes to the development of resilient concrete.

In further exploration, (Ahmad, S. and Mahmood, N., 2019) they conducted a study

investigating the impact of marble powder on the compressive strength of concrete. Their

findings indicated that the partial replacement of cement with marble powder led to

improvements in compressive strength, attributed to the pozzolanic reaction between marble

powder and cement.

Also, (Rana, A. and Tariq, A., 2020) explored the sorptivity of concrete when incorporating

marble powder. Their results demonstrated that the addition of marble powder contributed to

a reduction in sorptivity, suggesting enhanced durability and resistance to water absorption.

In a study (Kumar, P. and Bhargava, P., 2018) pointed out the effect of varying percentages

of marble powder on the compressive strength of concrete was investigated. The research

indicated an optimal replacement percentage that significantly increased compressive

strength.

Similarly, (Siddique et al., 2018) conducted an extensive review of studies related to the use

of marble powder in concrete. Their findings encompassed not only improvements in

compressive strength but also highlighted the potential for reducing the permeability of

concrete.

In a recent study (Singh, R. and Garg, M., 2022) examined thoroughly the compressive

strength characteristics of concrete incorporating marble powder. The research provided

insights into the optimum percentage of replacement for achieving optimal strength.

Researchers like (Alam, M. S. and Jha, K. N., 2018) delved into the influence of marble

powder on the durability characteristics of concrete. They observed a decrease in sorptivity,

15
suggesting enhanced resistance to water penetration, which is crucial for the longevity of

concrete structures.

Also, (Aly, M. and Hashmi, M. S. J., 2019) focused on the mechanical properties of concrete

with marble powder as a partial replacement for cement. Their study indicated an

improvement in both compressive strength and durability, emphasizing the potential for

sustainable concrete production.

Researchers like Singh and collaborators (Singh, L. P. et al., 2019) investigated the effect of

marble powder on the microstructure of concrete. Their findings suggested a refinement of

the concrete microstructure, contributing to improved mechanical properties, including

compressive strength.

Additionally, (Rathaur, N. and Khan, R., 2021) explored the synergistic effects of marble

powder and other supplementary cementitious materials on the sorptivity of concrete. Their

findings emphasized the potential for creating high-performance and durable concrete

mixes.

Likewise, Yadav and Saini focused on the durability aspects of concrete with marble

powder, particularly its impact on sorptivity (Yadav and Saini, M., 2022). Their study

highlighted the potential of marble powder in reducing water absorption, contributing to

increased durability.

Malik and Singh explored the long-term performance of concrete incorporating marble

powder (Malik, A. and Singh, M., 2020). Their findings suggested that the concrete

exhibited sustained compressive strength over time, indicating the durability benefits of

using marble powder as a partial replacement for cement.

16
In a study by Biswas and co-authors, the focus was on the optimization of the particle size of

marble powder for improved compatibility with cement (Biswas, S. et al., 2019). Their

findings suggested that a specific particle size range positively influenced both compressive

strength and sorptivity

Srivastava and Mishra focused on the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete

containing marble powder (Srivastava, V. and Mishra, A., 2018). Their research indicated

that the self-compacting concrete with marble powder achieved comparable or improved

compressive strength compared to traditional mixes, showcasing its potential in advanced

concrete applications.

Rathore and collaborators investigated the impact of curing conditions on concrete with

marble powder (Rathore, D. et al., 2022). Their study demonstrated that appropriate curing

regimes enhanced the compressive strength and durability of concrete, further emphasizing

the importance of curing practices in conjunction with material substitution.

Gupta, N., Sharma, V., Bhandari, S., and Siddique, R. (2021) emphasized that sustainable

materials, like PKS, play a pivotal role in achieving sustainability in construction (Gupta et

al., 2021).

Shukla and Patidar conducted an experimental study on the mechanical properties of

concrete with varying percentages of marble powder (Shukla, A., and Patidar, S., 2019).

Their research revealed an optimum replacement percentage that resulted in improved

compressive strength and reduced sorptivity.

Kumar and Sinha's research focused on the influence of marble powder on the

microstructural characteristics of concrete (Kumar, A., and Sinha, A., 2021). Their findings

17
indicated a denser microstructure, leading to enhanced compressive strength and durability,

making it relevant for sustainable construction practices.

Ganesan and his team investigated the mechanical and durability properties of concrete

incorporating marble powder (Ganesan, K., et al., 2020). Their study highlighted

improvements in compressive strength and a notable decrease in sorptivity, pointing towards

the potential use of marble powder in high-performance concrete.

Furthermore, Bhutta and colleagues conducted a comprehensive study on the effect of

marble powder on the pore structure of concrete (Bhutta, A. R., et al., 2018). Their findings

suggested that the addition of marble powder led to a refined pore structure, contributing to

increased compressive strength and reduced sorptivity.

2.7 KEY OBSERVATIONS:

The exploration of incorporating waste materials into concrete dates back several decades,

with a growing emphasis on sustainability in the construction industry. Marble powder, a

byproduct from marble stone processing, has emerged as a promising candidate for partial

cement replacement.

2.7.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH STUDIES

2.7.1.1 EARLY STUDIES

Notable studies like ((Mehta and Siddique, 2016) pioneered investigations into the influence

of marble powder on concrete compressive strength. Their work laid the foundation for

subsequent studies, revealing a positive correlation between marble powder content and

compressive strength. Subsequent research by (Sarireh et al., 2017) and (Sachan et al., 2018)

expanded on these findings, delving into the effects of curing conditions on the compressive

strength of marble powder-infused concrete.

18
2.7.2.2 RECENT ADVANCES

Recent studies by (Ganesan et al., 2020; Shukla and Patidar, 2019; Malik and Singh, 2020)

further substantiate the positive impact of marble powder on compressive strength. Notably,

Shukla and Patidar identified an optimal replacement percentage leading to improved

compressive strength. The works collectively underscore the evolving understanding of the

intricate relationship between marble powder incorporation and concrete compressive

strength.

2.7.3 SORPTIVITY INVESTIGATIONS

2.7.3.1 EARLY INSIGHTS

Researchers such as (Sarireh et al., 2017; Bhutta et al., 2018) ventured into studying the

sorptivity of concrete containing marble powder. Sarireh's team observed a reduction in

sorptivity with increasing marble powder content, indicating potential benefits for enhancing

concrete durability. Bhutta and colleagues delved deeper into the pore structure, identifying

a refined pore structure as a contributing factor to reduced sorptivity.

2.7.3.2 ADVANCEMENTS IN UNDERSTANDING

Recent studies by researchers like (Kumar and Sinha, 2021; Biswas et al., 2019; Verma et

al., 2021) extended the understanding of sorptivity in marble powder-infused concrete.

Kumar and Sinha's focus on microstructural characteristics highlighted a denser structure,

aligning with reduced sorptivity. Additionally, Biswas and his colleagues emphasized the

importance of optimizing particle size for improved compatibility, impacting both

compressive strength and sorptivity.

19
2.7.4 MULTIFACETED APPROACHES

The literature beyond 2018 reveals a trend towards multifaceted approaches. (Rathore et al.,

2022; Raj and Kumar, 2023) explored the combined effects of curing conditions, mineral

admixtures, and marble powder. These studies showcase a shift toward holistic concrete mix

designs, emphasizing not only the individual contributions of marble powder but also its

synergies with other components for enhanced durability.

2.7.5 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MARBLE POWDER:

Research on marble powder highlights unique properties that influence its suitability as

cement replacement in concrete:

Pozzolanic Activity: Marble powder has shown pozzolanic activity, which can contribute to

the strength and durability of concrete. Pozzolanic materials react with calcium hydroxide

produced during cement hydration, forming additional cementitious compounds. According

to research by (Siddique and Noumowe, 2008), marble powder can exhibit pozzolanic

properties, enhancing the mechanical properties of concrete.

Particle Size Distribution: The particle size distribution of marble powder is crucial for its

effectiveness in concrete. Research by (Topçu et al., 2013) emphasizes the importance of

finely ground marble powder for improving the performance of concrete. Smaller particle

sizes provide more surface area for pozzolanic reactions, leading to better strength and

durability.

Influence on Workability: Incorporating marble powder in concrete can influence its

workability. Research by (Shukla et al., 2015) suggests that the workability of concrete may

decrease with increasing marble powder content. Proper adjustments to the mix design, such

as water-cement ratio, may be necessary to maintain the desired workability.

20
Effect on Compressive Strength: Studies by (Işikdağ and Topçu, 2010) indicate that the

incorporation of marble powder in concrete can have a positive effect on compressive

strength. The pozzolanic reaction and the filler effect of marble powder contribute to the

improvement in compressive strength.

Durability Enhancement: Marble powder can contribute to the improvement of concrete

durability. Research by (Tawabini et al., 2019) suggests that incorporating marble powder

can reduce permeability and enhance the resistance of concrete to aggressive environmental

conditions.

Sustainability Benefits: The use of marble powder as a cement replacement aligns with

sustainability goals by utilizing waste materials. Research by (Corinaldesi et al., 2010)

discusses the environmental benefits of incorporating waste materials like marble powder in

concrete.

Influence on Pore Structure: Incorporating marble powder could modify the pore structure

of concrete. Research by (Siddique et al., 2015) suggests that pozzolanic materials

contribute to refined pore structures, reducing the size and connectivity of capillary pores.

This alteration in pore characteristics may influence sorptivity.

Surface Characteristics and Water Absorption: The surface characteristics of marble

powder particles may influence the water absorption properties of the concrete. A study by

(Celik et al., 2016) discusses the impact of mineral admixtures on the surface properties of

concrete, which can affect water sorptivity.

21
2.7.6 SUSTAINABLE BENEFITS OF MARBLE POWDER IN CONCRETE:

The use of marble powder in concrete offers several sustainable benefits, aligning with

principles of environmental responsibility and resource efficiency. Here are some key

sustainable benefits associated with incorporating marble powder into concrete:

1. Waste Utilization and Resource Conservation: Marble powder, a byproduct of marble

processing, is effectively recycled in concrete, demonstrating a sustainable approach by

mitigating waste generation (Siddique et al., 2011).

2. Reduction of Environmental Impact: Incorporating marble powder in concrete

reduces the reliance on traditional raw materials, contributing to resource conservation

and minimizing environmental impact associated with quarrying (Topçu et al., 2013).

3. Energy Savings: The use of marble powder as a partial cement replacement can

potentially lead to energy savings in concrete production, thereby reducing the

environmental footprint (Işikdağ and Topçu, 2010).

4. Lower Carbon Footprint: Marble powder acting as a supplementary cementitious

material helps in decreasing overall carbon dioxide emissions associated with cement

production, contributing to a lower carbon footprint in concrete (Corinaldesi et al.,

2010).

5. Improved Durability and Longevity: Incorporating marble powder enhances the

durability of concrete structures, resulting in a longer service life and reduced need for

frequent maintenance (Tawabini et al., 2019).

6. Enhanced Performance Properties: Marble powder has been found to positively

impact compressive strength and durability, leading to concrete structures with improved

performance properties (Siddique and Noumowe, 2008).

22
7. Economic Benefits for the Marble Industry: The utilization of marble powder in

concrete creates economic opportunities for the marble industry, transforming a

byproduct into a valuable resource and fostering a circular economy (Celik et al., 2016).

8. Versatility in Applications: Marble powder's versatility in various concrete

applications, including pavements and precast elements, allows for sustainable practices

across diverse construction projects (Shukla et al., 2015).

2.8 HOW DOES MARBLE POWDER (MBP) AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

CEMENT IMPACT ON CONCRETE BASED ON LITERATURE REVIEWS?

Introduction: The incorporation of marble powder (MBP) as a partial replacement for

cement in concrete has garnered significant attention in recent literature, driven by the

pursuit of sustainable and resource-efficient construction practices. Marble powder, a

byproduct of the marble industry, presents a promising alternative to conventional

cementitious materials. This introduction provides an overview of the key impacts of

utilizing MBP in concrete, drawing insights from a comprehensive review of existing

literature.

1. Strength Enhancement:

Numerous studies indicate that incorporating marble powder in concrete can contribute to

improved compressive strength. The pozzolanic activity of MBP promotes additional

cementitious hydration products, enhancing the overall strength of the concrete (Işikdağ

and Topçu, 2010).

2. Durable Concrete:

Marble powder has been shown to enhance the durability of concrete. The reduction in

permeability and the refinement of pore structures contribute to increased resistance

23
 against chemical attacks, thereby improving the durability of the concrete (Tawabini et

al., 2019).

3. Pozzolanic Reactivity:

Research suggests that marble powder exhibits pozzolanic reactivity when used in

concrete. This reactivity enhances the binding properties of the concrete and reduces the

presence of free lime, resulting in a denser and more durable material (Siddique and

Noumowe, 2008).

4. Workability Considerations:

The addition of marble powder may influence the workability of concrete. Studies

highlight that as the replacement level of cement with marble powder increases,

adjustments to the mix design, such as water-cement ratio, may be necessary to maintain

the desired workability (Shukla et al., 2015).

5. Setting Time and Hydration Characteristics:

Marble powder incorporation can impact the setting time and hydration characteristics of

concrete. Studies have explored the influence of MBP on the early and later stages of

cement hydration, providing insights into the evolution of the concrete's properties over

time (Topçu et al., 2013).

6. Economic and Environmental Considerations:

The use of marble powder aligns with sustainable practices by repurposing a byproduct

of the marble industry. This not only provides economic benefits but also contributes to

resource conservation and a reduction in the environmental impact associated with

traditional cement production (Corinaldesi et al., 2010).

7. Optimal Replacement Levels:

24
 Literature reviews often discuss the optimal replacement levels of cement with marble

powder. Different studies have explored various replacement percentages, and finding the

right balance is crucial to maximizing the benefits of MBP without compromising the

integrity of the concrete (Siddique et al., 2011).

8. Performance in Various Concrete Applications:

Marble powder has demonstrated versatility in different concrete applications, such as

pavements and precast elements. Studies have investigated its performance in various

contexts, providing insights into the suitability of MBP for different construction

purposes (Celik et al., 2016).

25
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the process used to evaluate the effects of replacing some of the

cement in concrete with marble powder. This study's main goal is to clarify the unique

characteristics that concrete displays when different amounts of marble powder are added in

place of regular cement. The experimental investigations were conducted at the University

of Benin's Civil Engineering Department's structural laboratory.

The subsequent examinations will be carried out in compliance with pertinent guidelines and

standards (BS1881) to evaluate the characteristics of the concrete:

(i) Particle size distribution

(ii) Aggregate impact value test

(iii) Aggregate crushing value test

(iv) Slump test

(v) Compressive strength

(vi) Water absorption test

For all formulations, the water-to-cement ratio (w/c) was kept constant at 0.5 to provide

uniform workability.

Marble powder was used to partially substitute cement in all tests at percentages of 0%, 2%,

4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, respectively.

26
 Table3.1: Showing the Ratios of Replacement

MIX PROPORTIONS RATIOS FOR THE REPLACEMENT

MIX TYPE ORDINARY PORTLAND MARBLE POWDER

CEMENT (OPC) (MBP)

Control Mix 100% OPC 0% MBP

Mix A 98 % OPC 2% MBP

Mix B 96 % OPC 4% MBP

Mix C 94 % OPC 6% MBP

Mix D 92 % OPC 8% MBP

Mix E 90 % OPC 10% MBP

3.1 MATERIALS

The laboratory-produced concrete cubes were made using the following materials.

1) Coarse Aggregate (granite)

2) Fine Aggregate (sand)

3) Cement (OPC)

4) Marble Powder (MBP)

5) Water

6) Oil

27
3.1.1 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC)

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of grade 42.5 (also known as Dangote cement) that

complied with applicable specifications was utilized in this investigation. This came from an

Edo State cement depot near the university of Benin, ugbowo campus. The cement was kept

airtight, only being opened to take a sample when required in order to avoid absorbing

moisture.

3.1.2 MARBLE POWDER (MBP)

This was made with marble powder that was left over from an industrial rock crushing

factory in Auchi, Edo state, specifically in Ikpeshi.

3.1.3 FINE AGGREGATE

The fine aggregate was purchased locally from Uselu market in Ovia North-East L.G.A. of

Edo State. The fine aggregate was air dried before casting to make sure that its natural

moisture content was reduced to the point where it could not have an impact on the test

results.

3.1.4 COARSE AGGREGATE

Crushed stone, gravel, or a mix of the two make up conventional coarse aggregate. The

crushed stone aggregate employed in this investigation was well-graded and locally supplied

from uselu market, with particle sizes ranging from 10 - 20 mm. It is bought from a nearby

supplier.

3.1.5 WATER

The study's water was pure, drinkable, and devoid of any pollutants or impurities. To ensure

uniformity in the mix design, the amount of water used in each mix was determined by

28
calculating the desired water-to-cement ratio. The University of Benin's Civil/Structural

Engineering Laboratory provided the water for this experiment.

3.1.6 OIL/GREASE

Concrete molds, also known as concrete cube cavities, were lubricated with grease so that

the concrete could be readily removed from them once it had formed. In order to minimize

damage to the newly laid concrete specimen, it was also used to lubricate the cone during

the slump test.

3.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION

Concrete specimens were formed for multiple testing using cubic molds with dimensions of

10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm. In order to stop concrete from adhering to the mold surfaces, the

molds were cleaned and lubricated. The molds were subsequently put together, and the bolts

were tightened to stop cement paste leaks. Concrete was layered three times into the molds,

and each time, the concrete was fully compressed without segregation by vibrating the layer

to release any trapped air. Then, a trowel was used to complete surface polishing. After that,

the test specimen was sealed off from shock, vibration, and dehydration and left in molds for

a whole day.

Nine cubes were made for each blend in order to guarantee consistency and dependability of

the outcomes.

3.2.1 MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT USED DURING THE TESTS

The apparatus, machinery, and tools employed in this investigation include

1) concrete mixer

2) Compression testing machine

3) Vibrating machine

29
4) Weighing machine

5) Oven

6) Shovel

7) A set of British Standard (BS) sieves

8) Head pans

9) Curing Tank

10) Tamping rod

11) Measuring tape

12) Slump Cone

13) Measuring cylinder

14) Hand trowel.

15) Concrete molds

16) Head pan

3.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL MIX DESIGN

A key step in the production of concrete technology is mix design, which is figuring out how

much of each ingredient to add to get the right mix composition and performance. Its goal is

to produce a concrete mix that satisfies the needs for a particular building project, including

strength, durability, workability, and other requirements.

To determine the quantity of materials needed to cast each cube specimen, a mix design for

grade 25 concrete was completed. The materials obtained have a ratio of 1:1.6:4.4, with the

slump range chosen falling between 10 and 30 mm in accordance with BS 882 requirements.

The control mix was not made with marble powder (MBP) but additionally,2%, 4%, 6%,

8%, and 10% of the cement weight was replaced with marble powder (MBP) respectively.

30
3.2.2.1 MIX DESIGN FOR C25 GRADE CONCRETE

Descriptions of the mix:

Characteristic compressive strength of 25 N/mm2 after 28 days

5 % Defective

Cement: OPC class 42.5

Slump required, 10-30 mm

Maximum free-water/Cement ratio 0.55

Minimum cement content 290 kg/m

Coarse aggregate: uncrushed single sized 20mm

Fine aggregate: Uncrushed with 90% passing 600 µm sieve

Relative density of aggregate: 2.6 (assumed)

Volume of trial mix: 0.001 m3

Step 01: Calculations for The Target Mean Strength

Figure 3.1: Relationship between standard deviation and characteristic strength (El-
Reedy, 2020)

31
Target mean strength = 𝒇𝒎

Specified characteristic strength = 𝒇𝒄 , Margin = K. S

The standard deviation is 8 Mpa (figure 1)

Specified characteristic strength is 25N/mm2

k for 5% defectives = 1.64

𝒇𝒎 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒌. 𝒔

𝒇𝒎 = 25 + 1.64 × 8 = 38.12 Mpa

Step 02: Calculation of Water/Cement Ratio

From Table 3 . 1 the compressive strength for w/c =0.50 is 42 MPa. From Figure 3 . 2

the w/c for compressive strength of 38.2 MPA is 0.5.

Table3.2 Approximate compressive strengths (MPa) of concrete mixes made with a

free water/cement ratio of 0.5

32
 Figure 3.2: Relation between compressive strength and free-water/cement ratio (El-

Reedy, 2020)

Step 03: Calculation of free Water Content

From Table 3.2, for 10-30 mm level of workability, crushed aggregates and maximum

aggregate size of 20mm the water content is 160 kg/m3 concrete

33
 Table 3.3: Approximate free-water contents (kg/m3) required to give various levels of

workability (El-Reedy, 2020)

Step 04: Calculation of cement Content

Water/cement Ratio = 0.5

Cement content = 160 ÷ 0.5

= 320 Kg/m3 of cement

Step 05: Weight of Total Aggregates

From Figure 3.2 for free water content of 160 kg/m3, Specific gravity of uncrushed

aggregates =2.6(assumed), the wet density of concrete = 2400 Kg/m3. Therefore, the total

aggregate content is

Total aggregate content = Wet density of 1m3 concrete – water content – cement content =

2400 – 160 – 320 = 1920 Kg/m3

34
Figure 3.3: Relation between wet density of concrete and free-water content (El-Reedy,
2020)

Step 06: Weight of Fine Aggregate

From Figure 3. The workability level =10-30mm, FM=2.6, w/c=0.5, MSA=20 mm

The percentage of fine aggregates = 27%.

Fine aggregate content = 1920×0.27 = 515 Kg/m3

Coarse aggregate content = 1920 – 515 = 1405Kg/m3

35
Fig 3.4: Proportions of fine aggregate determined from fineness modulus

36
Table 3.4: Mix Design Showing Different Percentage Replacement of Cement with

Marble Powder (MBP)

MIX DESIGN SHOWING DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH

MARBLE POWDER (MBP)

Percentage No. of Cement Fine Coarse Water/Cement MBP

Replacement cubes Aggregate Aggregate ratio (Kg/m3)
of cement by (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3)
weight
For 0% 9 320 515 1405 0.500 0

For 2% 9 313.6 515 1405 0.500 6.4

For 4% 9 307.2 515 1405 0.500 12.8

For 6% 9 300.8 515 1405 0.500 19.2

For 8% 9 294.4 515 1405 0.500 25.6

For 10% 9 288 515 1405 0.500 32.0

3.2.3 MIX PROPORTIONS

Four major concrete mixes in total were made:

1. control mix (0% (MBP) replacement)

2. 2% (MBP)replacement

3. 4% (MBP)replacement

4. 6% (MBP) replacement

5. 8% (MBP) replacement

6. 10% (MBP) replacement

37
In order to provide an equitable comparison, the mix proportions were created to keep

the water-to-cement ratio at (0.5) for every combination. In accordance with ASTM

C192, the particular mix design was based on the absolute volume approach.

3.2.4 CURING

An essential component in developing concrete specimens is proper curing. Standard

curing conditions were applied to the concrete specimens in order to guarantee uniform

curing for every sample. In order to achieve this, the specimens had to be placed in a

damp atmosphere with wet burlap and plastic sheeting to keep the humidity high, limit

moisture loss, and encourage the cement to hydrate as best it could. To rule out curing as

a factor influencing the outcomes, the curing time was the same for all specimen.

For the purpose of evaluating the growth of strength, concrete specimen will be cured for

varying amounts of time under specific circumstances (such as room temperature). Cubes

were cured for 7,14, 21, and 28days at room temperature.

3.2.5 MIXING PROCEDURE

1. Fine aggregates were dry-mixed for two minutes with the necessary quantity of

cement.

2. After that, measured marble powder was added to the mixture, and it was dry-

mixed for two more minutes.

3. To get a homogenous consistency, water was added gradually and the mixture

was wet-mixed for five minutes.

38
3.3 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

3.3.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS

In this test, a substance is divided into many particle size classifications of decreasing

sizes using a succession of test sieves. The starting mass of the material is connected to

the mass of the particle retained on the different sieves. Both numerical and graphical

data are provided regarding the proportions of each sieve that pass through. The purpose

of the test was to ascertain the coarse aggregate's (granite) particle size distribution in

accordance with (BS EN 993-1-1997).

3.3.1.2 APPARATUS

The apparatus used include:

i. A set of British Standard sieve

ii. Weighing balance

iii. cleaning brush

iv. Scoop

v. Pan

3.3.1.3 PROCEDURE

1. If any particles get lodged in the holes of the sieves, clean them with a cleaning

brush.

2. The weight of each sieve and receiving pan were recorded.

3. Record the specimen's weight after weighing it.

4. Put the sieves in sequence such that the bigger openings go to the top and the

smaller openings go to the bottom.

5. Store the specimen with the weight recorded on the upper sieve, and
39
 subsequently place the entire sieve stack into the sieve shaker (remember to

save the receiving pan and lid).

6. Take note of the time and let the shaker run for 10 to 15 minutes.

7. After removing the sieve stack from the shaker, weigh each sieve and receiving pan

independently.

3.3.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of

reference substance, usually water, at a specific temperature. Specific gravity is used to

calculate the volume of voids in aggregates, aiding in the proper proportioning of

concrete mixes.

3.3.2.1 APPARATUS:

1. Weighing Balance

2. Wire Basket

3. Container

4. Wire Hanger

5. Brush

6. Oven

3.3.2.2 PROCEDURES:

1. Wash the aggregates thoroughly to remove any dust or impurities.

2. Oven-dry the aggregates until a constant weight is achieved.

3. Weigh the dry aggregates in air using the balance.

4. Immerse the aggregates in water using the wire basket, ensuring complete

submersion.

5. Fill the pycnometer with water at a known temperature.

40
6. Record the initial volume of water in the pycnometer.

7. Place the submerged aggregates in the pycnometer, ensuring the water level rises.

8. Record the final volume of water, considering the displaced water by the

aggregates.

9. Calculate the specific gravity (G) using the formula:

W𝟏
G= (W𝟏−W𝟐)
(𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝)

3.3.3 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE (AIV) TEST

AIV assesses the ability of aggregates to withstand abrupt shocks or impacts and

furnishes data on the resilience and impact tolerance of aggregates.

3.3.3.1 APPARATUS:

1. Impact Testing Machine

2. Cylindrical Steel Cup (diameter of at least 102 mm and a depth of at least 50 mm)

3. Metal Measure (75 mm diameter and 50 mm depth)

4. Tamping Rod

3.3.3.2 PROCEDURES:

1. Prepare a sample of aggregate that is retained on the 10 mm sieve after passing

through the 14 mm screen.

2. Ensure a consistent layer of aggregate sample by placing it in the cylindrical cup.

3. With twenty-five strokes of the tamping rod, compact the aggregate.

4. Secure the cup tightly in the apparatus and deliver 15 consistent blows.

5. Expel the crushed material from the cup following the test.

41
6. Calculate the aggregate impact value (AIV) using the formula:

Weight of Aggregates Passing 2.36 mm Sieve after Test

AIV= ×100
Original Weight of Aggregates

Stronger aggregates are indicated by a lower AIV.

3.3.4 AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE (ACV) TEST

ACV evaluates aggregates' resistance to crushing under compressive loads and aids with

quality control in the concrete manufacturing process by confirming that the aggregates

are strong enough.

3.3.4.1 APPARATUS:

1. A 150mm BS Sieve

2. Cylindrical Metal Measure (115 mm diameter and 180 mm height)

3. Tamping Rod

4. Weighing Balance

3.3.4.2 PROCEDURES:

1. Get an aggregate sample that is retained on the 10 mm sieve after passing through the

12.5 mm sieve.

2. Three layers of aggregate should be added to the cylindrical measure, with each layer

receiving 25 strokes from the tamping rod.

3. Weigh the cylindrical measure with the aggregate after tamping.

4. Pass the crushed aggregate through an BS sieve measuring 2.36 mm.

5. Calculate the aggregate crushing value (ACV) using the formula:

Weight of Fines
ACV= ×100
Weight of Aggregates

Lower ACV indicates higher crushing strength of aggregates.

42
3.3.5 SLUMP TEST

The purpose of the concrete slump test is to evaluate the consistency or workability of

concrete mix that has been created in a laboratory using (BS 1881-102:1983).

3.3.5.1 APPARATUS

The apparatus used include:

a. Slump cone: Shaped like the frustrum of a cone, with a height of 300 millimeters,

a bottom diameter of 200 millimeters, and a top diameter of 100 millimeters.

b. Base plate

c. Measuring tape

d. Tamping rod

3.3.5.2 PROCEDURES

1. Make sure that the interior surface of the slump cone is dry, clean, and clear of

any cement residue that has set.

2. lubricate its interior surface with oil/grease to stop the slump cone from sticking

and for easy removal

3. Make sure the slump cone is securely positioned by placing it on a square metal

base plate.

4. Stabilize the cone by placing its metal arms on the base plate.

5. Place three layers of freshly mixed concrete within the slump cone, each about a

quarter of the cone's height.

6. Make sure the strokes are uniformly distributed throughout the cross-section by

tamping the concrete 25 times with a tamping rod after each layer.

43
7. After the third layer has been compacted evenly, start filling the cone with new

concrete until it is full, letting the extra concrete spill over.

8. Make sure the surplus concrete is removed by using a trowel to remove it.

9. While the cone is still being held in place, clean the base plate and the bottom of

the cone, removing any remaining concrete.

10. Raise the slump cone vertically from the newly laid concrete and set it gently

next to the concrete.

11. For measuring and recording purposes, place the tamping rod atop the cone and

align it with the concrete mound's height.

12. A measuring tape was used to determine the slump, which is the difference

between the cone's height and the height of the concrete specimen.

3.3.6 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Compressive strength testing is a key test for determining how well concrete can support

loads. A compression testing apparatus was utilized in the process. Cubic samples were

examined after 3, 7,14, 21, and 28days of cure for every mixture. This made evaluating

the strength development over time and contrasting the concrete with the control mix that

had Marble Powder (MBP) substituted in it.

3.3.6.1 PROCEDURE

(i) The cubes were taken out of the curing tank at various stages of curing.

(ii) The cubes were then left to dry for about an hour on a platform.

(iii) The concrete cubes' weight is ascertained using a weighing balance.

(iv) The cubes were placed so that the base plate of the compression machine was in

the center. The equipment is activated and measurements are obtained as soon as

the specimen fails.

44
 𝐌𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 (𝐊𝐍 )
Compressive Strength (N/ 𝒎𝒎²)=
𝐂𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 (𝐦𝐦² )

3.3.7 WATER ABSORPTION TEST

The water absorption test for marble-based concrete, also known as the sorptivity test, is

crucial for assessing the capillary absorption properties of the concrete. This test helps in

understanding how susceptible the concrete is to water penetration, which is vital for

evaluating its durability and performance in various environmental conditions. The test

was performed following the guidelines outlined in ASTM C64282 at the 28-day mark.

3.3.7.1 APPARATUS:

1. Sensitive weighing Balance

2. Dry Oven

3. Container

4. Brush

5. Measuring Cylinder

Here's a step-by-step procedure for conducting the water absorption test:

1. Weighing the concrete cubes that had been immersed for 28 days and then dried at

105°C was the first step in the process.

2. The cubes were allowed to completely soak in water after they had dried for at least

24 hours. To find just how much water the concrete had absorbed, they were weighed

again.

3. Record the water level at predetermined time intervals (e.g., every 5 minutes) until

the absorption stabilizes.

4. Calculate the rate of water absorption based on the recorded data.

45
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 LABORATORY TEST RESULTS

4.1.1 Sieve analysis

The standard sieve sizes that complied with the BS 1377-2-1990 specification for test

sieves were used for the sieve analysis. Grading curves were used to graphically depict

sieve analysis. According to the grading curves below, the fine and coarse aggregates

were within the BS 882: 1992 tolerances. When designing a concrete mix, grading plays

a crucial role in figuring out the fine aggregate content and, consequently, the quantity of

coarse aggregate needed. Grading has an impact on concrete's workability.

According to Table 4.1's sieve analysis, the fine aggregate is scattered throughout a

2.260mm to 0.075mm sieve and is classified as medium-fine sand.

46
Table 4.1: Sieve analysis of fine aggregate

BRITISH MASS MASS PERCENTAGE

SIEVE STANDARD SIEVE RETAINED PASSING PASSING
NO. SIZES (mm) (g) (g) (%)
3 75

2 50

1½ 37.5

1 26.5

¾ 20

½ 14

⅜ 10

¼ 6.3

3/16 5

⅛ 3.35 100 100

7 2.36 1.44 98.56 98.56

10 2 1.31 97.25 97.25

14 1.18 7.3 89.95 89.95

25 0.6 9.8 80.15 80.15

36 0.425 26.56 53.59 53.59

52 0.3 27.75 25.84 25.84

72 0.212 14.64 11.2 11.2

100 0.15 5.54 5.66 5.66

200 0.075 3.16 2.5 2.5

47
 120

100

80
Percentage passing

60

40

20

0
0.01 0.1 1
Seive Sizes

Figure 4.1 Grading curve for fine aggregate

Table 4.2: Sieve analysis of Granite aggregate

Sieve size Retained mass Mass passing % retained % mass passing

(mm) (Kg) (kg)

37.5 0 7.00 0 100

19 1.603 5.397 23 77

13.26 3.192 2.205 45 32

10 1.162 1.043 16.8 15.2

8 0.574 0.469 8.4 6.8

5 0.371 0.098 5.3 1.5

Pan 0.098 0 1.5 0

Total 7.00 100

48
 120

100

80
Percentage mass passing (%)

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Sieve size

Figure 4.2 Grading

(mm) curve for granite

Table 4.3: Sieve analysis of marble powder

Sieve size Retained mass Mass passing % retained % mass passing

(mm) (gm) (gm)

2.36 0 100 0 100

200 0 100 0 100

1.18 2.40 97.60 2.40 97.60

600 10.70 86.90 10.70 86.90

425 3.00 83.90 3.00 83.90

300 11.60 72.30 11.60 72.30

212 20.50 51.80 20.50 51.80

150 10.40 41.40 10.40 41.40

75 2.10 39.30 2.10 39.30

49
 120

100
Percentage mass passing (%)

80

60

40

20

0
75 150 212 300 425 600 1.18 200 2.36
Sieve size (mm)

Figure 4.3 Grading curve for marble powder

4.2 AIV AND ACV TEST

4.2.1 AIV TEST RESULTS

TEST A

Mass of aggregate used= 330.5g

Mass of aggregate passing 2.36mm sieve = 91.92g

Mass of aggregate retained in 2.36mm sieve = 237.71g

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐.𝟑𝟔𝐦𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞

AIV = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝟐.𝟑𝟔𝐦𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞

𝟗𝟏.𝟗𝟐
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟑𝟎.𝟑𝟓

= 27.83

50
TEST B

Mass of aggregate used= 339.20g

Mass of aggregate passing 2.36mm sieve = 95.43g

Mass of aggregate retained in 2.36mm sieve = 243.4g

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐.𝟑𝟔𝐦𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞

AIV = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝟐.𝟑𝟔𝐦𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞

𝟗𝟓.𝟒𝟑
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟑𝟗.𝟐

= 28.13
𝐓𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐀+𝐓𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐁
Average AIV =
𝟐

𝟐𝟕.𝟖𝟑+𝟐𝟖.𝟏𝟑
=
𝟐

=27.98

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

Table 4.4: AIV result interpretation

AIV CLASSIFICATION

< 10% Exceptionally Strong

10 – 20% Strong

20- 30% Satisfactory for road surfacing

>35% Weak for road surfacing

51
CHECK

𝟑𝟐𝟕.𝟓+𝟑𝟑𝟏.𝟑
Average Mass of aggregate used =
𝟐

=329.4

10% of 329.4 = 32.94

Since 32.94 < 32.62 (Average AIV value)

Hence AIV is <10% (EXCEPTIONALLY STRONG)

4.2.2 ACV TEST RESULTS

TEST A

Mass of aggregate used= 2784g

Mass of aggregate passing 2.36mm sieve = 806.9g

Mass of aggregate retained in 2.36mm sieve = 1976.3g

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐.𝟑𝟔𝐦𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞

AIV = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝟐.𝟑𝟔𝐦𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞

𝟖𝟎𝟔.𝟗
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟒

= 28.983

TEST B

Mass of aggregate used= 2735g

Mass of aggregate passing 2.36mm sieve = 805.5g

Mass of aggregate retained in 2.36mm sieve = 1929g

52
 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐.𝟑𝟔𝐦𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞
AIV = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝟐.𝟑𝟔𝐦𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞

𝟖𝟎𝟓.𝟓
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟓

= 29.452

𝐓𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐀+𝐓𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐁
Average AIV =
𝟐

𝟐𝟖.𝟗𝟖𝟑+𝟐𝟗.𝟒𝟓𝟐
=
𝟐

=29.22

4.3 Slump test

The slump test is prescribed by BS 1881: Part 102: 1983. The slump test result is shown

in Table 4.4 below.

The slump value decreases as the amount of marble powder increases. The decrease is

caused by higher absorption of water by marble powder. This gives an idea of the water

absorption property of marble powder, which affect the workability of concrete.

Slump results for all the mixes were within the design limits (60-180mm), with an

exception of the 15, 20 and 25%.

53
Table 4.5: Slump for different types of mixes

TYPE OF MIX SLUMP (MM)

M0 (control mix) 11

M1 (2% replacement) 11

M2 (4% replacement) 13

M3 (6% replacement) 15

M4 (8% replacement) 15

M5 (10% replacement) 16

18

16

14

12

10
SLUMP

0
M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

Figure 4.4 slump test results

54
4.4 Compressive strength

An increment of 22 % in compressive strength of concrete in 7 days and 12 % in 28 days

compressive strength as compared to conventional concrete was observed at 5 %

replacement of cement with marble powder in the concrete. There was a decrease in

compressive strength at 10% replacement and above compared with the control concrete.

10% replacement had a closer compressive strength (33.00N/𝑚𝑚2 ) to the control

concrete (34.33N/𝑚𝑚2 ) at 28 days than other replacements above 10%. The

compressive strength at 5% replacement with marble powder is the highest for all

percentage replacements with marble powder. The compressive strength of the sieved

marble powder at 15% replacement is higher than the compressive strength at 20%

replacement (69%) and higher than the compressive strength of the control concrete

(19%) at 7 days and those of the marble powder particles. At 28 days, 15% replacement

with sieved marble powder gave the highest compressive strength increase in the study

compared to the control concrete (16%) and hence for all replacements in the work. This

is therefore the optimum percentage replacement if the marble powder is to be sieved

through sieve no. 425.

55
Table 4.6: compressive strength for 7 and 28 days

Mix Weight Density Compressive Average

type (kg) (kg/𝑚3 ) strength Compressive strength

N/𝑚𝑚2 N/𝑚𝑚2

7 28 7 28 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days

days days days days
2.51 2.65 2510 2650 19.00 34.50

M0 2.57 2.64 2570 2640 16.00 36.00 20.33 34.33

2.34 2.67 2340 2670 26.00 32.50

2.62 2.77 2620 2770 19.00 38.00

M1 2.51 2.61 2510 2610 27.50 38.50 24.83 38.70

2.61 2.92 2610 2920 28.00 39.60

2.45 2.55 2450 2550 14.00 31.50

M2 2.44 2.50 2440 2500 18.00 33.50 15.67 33.00

2.55 2.81 2550 2810 15.00 34.00

2.51 2.62 2510 2620 15.00 30.00

M3 2.27 2.58 2270 2580 12.00 31.70 14.67 30.97

2.41 2.75 2410 2750 17.00 31.20

2.54 2.68 2540 2680 14.50 28.00

M4 2.43 2.82 2430 2820 19.00 29.20 17.33 28.07

2.51 2.88 2510 2880 18.50 27.00

2.63 2.79 2630 2790 21.00 25.00

M5 2.67 3.04 2670 3040 18.00 27.50 19.00 25.33

2.69 3.01 2690 3010 18.00 23.50

56
 45

40

35

30

25
7 DAYS
20 28 DAYS
15

10

0
M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 MSV1 MSV2

Figure 4.5 Compressive Strength Test Results

4.5 WATER ABSORPTION RESULTS

The movement of liquids through porous materials brought on by surface tension in the

capillaries is known as water absorption. The highest amount of water absorbed by the

marble powder, as determined by the given result, indicates that the material has a higher

absorption capacity than a typical coarse aggregate.

Table 4.7: Water absorption capacity of control concrete with 0% replacement

SAMPLE WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF ABSORPTION % GAIN

CONCRETE CONCRETE GAIN (KG) OF WATER
BEFORE AFTER
IMMERSION IMMERSION
(KG) (KG)

TEST A 2.513 2.618 0.105 4.18

TEST B 2.511 2.886 0.375 14.93
TEST C 2.619 2.738 0.119 4.54
Average 2.548 2.614 0.066 2.59

57
Table 4.8: Water absorption capacity at of the casted concrete at varying

replacement percentage

Cube % Weight Weight Absorption % Gain Average

no. Replacemen before after gain (kg) in % gain in

t of coarse immersio immersio moistur moisture

aggregate n (kg) n (kg) e

A11 2.722 2.715 0.007 2.57

A12 5% 2.712 2.734 0.022 8.11

4.52333

A13 2.694 2.702 0.008 2.89

B11 2.605 2.671 0.066 2.54

B21 10% 2.626 2.683 0.057 2.22

2.04667
B22 2.611 2.647 0.036 1.38

C11 2.547 2.599 0.052 2.04

C21 15% 2.508 2.550 0.042 1.67

1.47667
C22 2.515 2.533 0.018 0.72

E11 2.522 2.548 0.026 1.03

E21 20% 2.417 2.493 0.073 3.02

2.50667
E22 2.451 2.536 0.085 3.47

58
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The research on the use of marble powder is vital because of the increment in the prices

of construction materials in Nigeria particularly cement which the marble powder has

successfully replaced up to 15% when sieved. Marble powder is one material that is

readily available in Nigeria particularly in Edo, Delta, Kogi and other states due to the

presence of the rock mineral in these states.

The following are conclusions deducted from the experimental investigation of the use of

marble powder as a partial replacement for cement in grade 25 concrete.

1. The experimental investigation revealed that the incorporation of marble powder

(MBP) into concrete has a significant impact on sorptivity. As the percentage of

marble powder in the mix increased, there was a noticeable reduction in the sorptivity

of concrete.

2. The study demonstrated a correlation between the percentage of marble powder

replacement and the compressive strength of concrete. As the proportion of marble

powder increased from 0% to 10%, there was a corresponding decrease in the

compressive strength of the concrete specimens. This decline in strength can be

attributed to the dilution effect caused by the addition of inert marble powder

particles, which reduces the effective cementitious content in the mix.

3. Based on the findings of the study, the optimal percentage of marble powder

replacement can be determined by balancing environmental sustainability with

acceptable levels of compressive strength and sorptivity. Through a comprehensive

analysis of the experimental results, it is evident that a judicious incorporation of

59
 marble powder, within the range of 0% to 10%, can yield concrete mixes that exhibit

favorable performance characteristics.

In conclusion, the experimental investigation into the effect of partial replacement of

cement with marble powder (MBP) on the compressive strength and sorptivity of

concrete has provided valuable insights. The findings support the potential of marble

powder as a supplementary cementitious material to improve the durability and reduce

water permeability of concrete. However, careful consideration must be given to the

percentage of marble powder replacement to ensure that it meets both environmental

objectives and performance requirements for concrete applications.

5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. In this experimental study, only the compression strength and workability of concrete

was checked, however, effect of marble powder on flexural and tensile strength of

concrete should be investigated.

2. Other concrete grades should be investigated for different water/cement ratio.

3. Use of smaller aperture sieve sizes to sieve the marble powder and study for more

percentages of replacement of cement in concrete should be carried out.

4. Work should be done to check the effect of superplasticizers on the workability of

concrete.

5. Further study should be carried out on the durability of marble powder concrete to

ascertain its suitability in civil and structural engineering works.

60
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APPENDIX

65
66