INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTERS
By: Dr. Charisse Diana A. Pasaporte
 Lesson 1:

INTRODUCTION TO ICT:
Uses, Benefits, and
Impacts on Society
 What is ICT?
• ICT stands for Information and
Communication Technology.
• It encompasses all technologies used to
handle telecommunications, broadcast
media, intelligent building management
systems, audiovisual processing and
transmission systems, and network-based
control and monitoring functions.
• Includes computers, the Internet,
television, radio, and mobile phones.
 Importance of ICT
• Facilitates communication and access
to information.
• Enhances learning, productivity, and
innovation.
• Crucial in fields such as education,
business, healthcare, and governance.
• Enables globalization and digital
transformation.
 Components of ICT
• Hardware: Physical components like
computers, servers, routers.
• Software: Programs and applications
that run on hardware.
• Networks: Communication systems
connecting ICT devices.
• Data: Information processed and
transmitted.
• People: Users and IT professionals.
 Difference Between ICT
and IT
✓IT (Information Technology): Focuses on
computer systems, software, and networks
for storing and processing data.
✓ICT: Broader scope that includes IT as well
as telecommunications and media technology.
✓ICT integrates various tools for efficient
communication and information management.
 Uses of ICT: Education
• E-learning platforms and virtual
classrooms
• Access to digital libraries and research
databases
• Interactive teaching tools such as
simulations and apps
 Uses of ICT: Business &
Industry
• Online marketing and e-commerce
• Digital accounting and inventory
systems
• Remote work and virtual meetings
Uses of ICT: Communication
& Government

• Email, instant messaging, and video

conferencing
• Social media for information sharing
• E-government services such as online
tax filing and licensing
Uses of ICT: Healthcare
& Entertainment
• Telemedicine and electronic medical
records
• Health monitoring devices and
applications
• Streaming platforms, gaming, and social
networking
 Benefits of ICT
• Faster and more efficient communication
• Instant access to vast information resources
• Increased productivity through automation
• Cost efficiency through reduced travel and
paper use
• Improved education and training
opportunities
• Global connectivity enabling collaboration
 Positive Impacts of ICT
• Promotes global awareness and cultural
exchange
• Improves efficiency in various sectors
• Enhances access to knowledge
• Strengthens communication and
collaboration
• Drives innovation in science,
engineering, and healthcare
 Negative Impacts of ICT
• Digital divide and unequal access
• Cybersecurity threats such as hacking
and data breaches
• Privacy concerns due to data collection
and misuse
• Job displacement due to automation
• Social issues like isolation and addiction
• Spread of misinformation and fake news
 Lesson 2:
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
 Earliest computing devices
1. Abacus- 1st manual data processing
device developed in China in the 12th
century A.D.
2. Napier’s Bones- invented by John
Napier a Scottish mathematician
3. Oughtred’s Slide Rule- invented by
William Oughtred an English
mathematician on the 17th century.
4. Pascal’s Calculator- invented by
Blaise Pascal a French
mathematician
5. Leibniz’s Calculator-The stepped reckoner, also known as
Leibniz calculator, was a mechanical calculator invented by the
German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and
completed in 1694. The name comes from the translation of the
German term for its operating mechanism, Staffelwalze, meaning
"stepped drum".
 6. Analytical Engine – The Analytical Engine was a
proposed mechanical general-purpose
computer designed by English mathematician and
computer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was first
described in 1837 as the successor to
Babbage's difference engine, which was a design for
a simpler mechanical calculator.
Lady Augusta Ada King,

✓Interpreter and
promoter of Babbage’s
visionary work
✓Wrote a plan for using
the Analytical Engine to
calculate sequences of
Bernoulli numbers
✓Often called the first
lady computer
programmer
7. Hollerith’s Punched-card
Machine- invented by Herman
Hollerith
 Jacquard Loom
• Invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881
• Automatic loom controlled by punched cards
 Arithmometer
• Invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820
• First reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating
machine
• Performed four basic math functions
• First mass-produced calculating machine
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843
• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine
• First printing calculator
 Harvard Mark 1

• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled

Calculator (ASCC)
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• First electro-mechanical computer
 Z1 Computer
• First programmable computer
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany (1936–1938)
• Programmed using punch tape for input and output
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
(ABC)
• First electronic digital computing device
• Invented by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry (1939–
1942)
 ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
• First electronic general-purpose computer
• Completed in 1946
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
 UNIVAC 1
• First commercial computer
• Designed by John Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly
 EDVAC
• Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
(1952)
• First stored program computer
• Designed by Von Neumann
• Stored both program and data in memory
First Portable Computer
• Osborne 1 – released in 1981
• Developed by Osborne Computer
Corporation
First Computer Company
Electronic Controls Company (1949) was
founded by John Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly
 Basic Computing Periods
(Ages)

1. Premechanical Age (3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.)

2. Mechanical Age (1450 – 1840)
3. Electromechanical Age (1840 – 1940)
4. Electronic Age (1940 – Present)
 Generations of Computers

First Generation (1946–1958) – Vacuum Tubes

Second Generation (1959–1964) – Transistors
Third Generation (1965–1970) – Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation (1971–Present) – Microprocessors
Fifth Generation (Present–Future) – AI & ULSI
 Generations of Computers

• First Generation (1946–1958) – Vacuum Tubes

 Generations of Computers
Second Generation (1959–1964) – Transistors
 Generations of Computers

Third Generation (1965–1970) –

Integrated Circuits
 Generations of Computers

Fourth Generation (1971–Present) –

Microprocessors
 Generations of
Computers
• Fifth Generation (Present–Future) – AI &
ULSI
 Lesson 2:
FUNDAMENTALS
CONCEPTS OF COMPUTERS
 WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
-is an electronic device capable of performing
its prescribed operation.
- Allows you to input data, manipulate data
and have an output data.
- What distinguishes it from other machines is
its capability to store programs and retrieve it.

DATA - the collection of raw facts, theories and truth.

INFORMATION - is the outcome of data processing.

DATA PROCESSING - is the manipulation of data into a more useful form.

2 Categories of Data Processing:

1. Mechanical Data Processing
2. Electronic Data Processing

Data Processing Life Cycle:

1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
4. Storage
 FORMS OF DATA HANDLED BY THE COMPUTER:

1. Numeric Data- consists of numbers from 0-9

Example: 123,670, 452

2. Text data- consists of letters forming words, phrases &

punctuation marks.
Example: I am good!

3. Alphanumeric data- combination of letters and numbers.

Example: BSIT 1A, Erp 624, Nokia 6210

4. Graphic Elements- any collection of signs & symbols including

images and visualizations.

5. Physical Data- data absorbed from the environment

 FLOW OF INFORMATION IN COMPUTER
SYSTEMS

Central Processing
Unit

Data Instructions & Data

instructions
Results
Input Devices Memory Output Devices
Data
 3 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM:

1. Hardware- refers to the physical components of the system.

➢ Input Hardware Devices
➢ Output Hardware Devices

2. Software- are the programs that run the computer.

➢ System Software
➢ Application Software

3. People ware- users of the computer system.

➢ Technical Users
➢ End-users

Central Processing Unit- also known as the brain of the

computer.
 FIVE FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF THE
HARDWARE:

C- Control Unit
A- Arithmetic & Logic Unit
S- Storage/Memory Unit
I- Input Unit
O- Output Unit

8/12/2025
 The CPU
The Central Processing Unit of a computer
consist of two functionally distinct parts: the
control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit
(ALU)
The Control Unit directs the actions of the
system by carrying out the instructions and
establishing their sequence according to the
program.
The Arithmetic & Logic Unit contains the
circuitry needed to perform the basic
arithmetic operations as well as the logical ones

8/12/2025
General classification of
computers
•By size/purpose:
✓ personal computers (PCs),
✓ servers,
✓ workstations,
✓ minicomputers,
✓ mainframes,
✓ and supercomputers
 General classification of
computers
• By Type of Data Handled:

✓Analog Computers
✓Digital Computers
✓Hybrid Computers
 Computer Capabilities
1. Ability to perform Certain Logic
Operations
2. Ability to perform New Time
Dimensions
3. Ability to Store and Retrieve
Information
4. Ability to Control Error
5. Ability to Check Itself
 Computer Limitations
1. Dependence on Prepared
Instructions
2. Inability to Derive meanings
from Objects
3. Inability to Generate
Information
4. It cannot Correct wrong
instructions
 Why do computers fail?

1. Input-errors
2. Errors in Instructing a Computer
3. Communication Gap
4. Improper Controls
5. Lack of Standards
6. Lack of Adequate Manufacturer
Support