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Collection Highlights

Information and Communication Technologies in Modern

Agricultural Development: 8th International Conference,
HAICTA 2017, Chania, Crete, Greece, September 21–24, 2017,
Revised Selected Papers Michail Salampasis

Information Literacy in the Workplace: 5th European

Conference, ECIL 2017, Saint Malo, France, September
18-21, 2017, Revised Selected Papers 1st Edition Serap
Kurbano■lu

Information and Communication Technologies in Education,

Research, and Industrial Applications: 13th International
Conference, ICTERI 2017, Kyiv, Ukraine, May 15-18, 2017,
Revised Selected Papers 1st Edition Nick Bassiliades

Critical Information Infrastructures Security: 12th

International Conference, CRITIS 2017, Lucca, Italy,
October 8-13, 2017, Revised Selected Papers Gregorio
D'Agostino
Data Management Technologies and Applications 6th
International Conference DATA 2017 Madrid Spain July 24 26
2017 Revised Selected Papers Joaquim Filipe

Multi Agent Systems and Agreement Technologies 15th

European Conference EUMAS 2017 and 5th International
Conference AT 2017 Evry France December 14 15 2017 Revised
Selected Papers Francesco Belardinelli

Information Security and Cryptology: 13th International

Conference, Inscrypt 2017, Xi'an, China, November 3–5,
2017, Revised Selected Papers 1st Edition Xiaofeng Chen

Image and Graphics 9th International Conference ICIG 2017

Shanghai China September 13 15 2017 Revised Selected
Papers Part III 1st Edition Yao Zhao

Software Technologies Applications and Foundations STAF

2017 Collocated Workshops Marburg Germany July 17 21 2017
Revised Selected Papers 1st Edition Martina Seidl
Michail Salampasis
Thomas Bournaris (Eds.)

Communications in Computer and Information Science 953

Information and
Communication Technologies
in Modern Agricultural
Development
8th International Conference, HAICTA 2017
Chania, Crete, Greece, September 21–24, 2017
Revised Selected Papers

123
Communications
in Computer and Information Science 953
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Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio),
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Ashish Ghosh
Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Igor Kotenko
St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian
Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
Krishna M. Sivalingam
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
Lizhu Zhou
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Michail Salampasis Thomas Bournaris (Eds.)
•

Information and
Communication Technologies
in Modern Agricultural
Development
8th International Conference, HAICTA 2017
Chania, Crete, Greece, September 21–24, 2017
Revised Selected Papers

123
Editors
Michail Salampasis Thomas Bournaris
TEI of Thessaloniki Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki, Greece Thessaloniki, Greece

ISSN 1865-0929 ISSN 1865-0937 (electronic)

Communications in Computer and Information Science
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 Preface

Agriculture is continuously faced with crucial problems along with new challenges and
opportunities. These new challenges stretch over many issues among which is the
globalization of food markets, which intensifies the competition in the agricultural
sector, the productivity and competitiveness of small farms, the rise of both producer
and input prices, climate change etc. In this context, effective interventions in agri-
culture are essential for the fulfillment of its vital role, which is to maintain economic
and social stability and provide the environment for sustainable development. The use
of information and communication technologies (ICTs) can be, among others, one
major intervention that can reduce consumer prices, support farmers to increase their
production, and contribute to “smarter,” more efficient and sustainable agriculture.
But what exactly are ICTs and how can they be applied in agriculture? The defi-
nition of ICT in Wikipedia is: “Information and communications technology or ICT, is
often used as an extended synonym for information technology (IT), but is a more
specific term that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of
telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as nec-
essary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which
enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.” A more com-
prehensive definition of ICT in agriculture is given by an overview published by the
World Bank’s Agriculture and Rural Development division:
“First, an ICT is any device, tool, or application that permits the exchange or
collection of data through interaction or transmission. ICT is an umbrella term that
includes anything ranging from radio to satellite imagery to mobile phones or elec-
tronic money transfers. Second, these ICTs and others have gained traction even in
impoverished regions. The increases in their affordability, accessibility, and adapt-
ability have resulted in their use even within rural homesteads relying on agriculture.
New, small devices (such as multifunctional mobile phones and nanotechnology for
food safety), infrastructure (such as mobile telecommunications networks and cloud
computing facilities), and especially applications (for example, that transfer money or
track an item moving through a global supply chain) have proliferated. Many of the
questions asked by farmers (including questions on how to increase yields, access
markets, and adapt to weather conditions) can now be answered faster, with greater
ease, and increased accuracy. Many of the questions can also be answered with a
dialogue—where farmers, experts, and government can select best solutions based on a
diverse set of expertise and experience.”
This volume contains selected papers from the 8th International Conference on ICTs
in Agriculture, Food, and Environment (HAICTA 2017) that took place in Crete,
Greece, in September 2017, on the premises of the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute
of Chania (CIHEAM). The conference was organized by the Hellenic Association for
Information and Communication Technologies in Agriculture Food and Environment
(HAICTA), CIHEAM, and the University of Macedonia, Greece.
VI Preface

The papers in their initial version were peer reviewed by the members of the sci-
entific committee of the HAICTA 2017 conference in order to be published in the
conference proceedings. From the 55 submissions accepted as full papers, 15 papers
were invited to submit a new, extended and revised, version to be considered for
publication in this volume. The selection of the works appearing in this volume was
based on three criteria: their relevance to the scope of the CCIS conference series, the
evaluation score of the conference papers (each paper was reviewed by at least two
reviewers), and finally the diversity of ICT in agriculture research that the volume
should collectively present. All manuscripts underwent a new round of single-blind
review by at least two additional reviewers before being accepted for publication. The
number of reviewers who participated in this second round review was 29, and we
would like to acknowledge their contribution to this volume. Based on reviewer’s
scores and comments, 14 papers were finally accepted to appear in this volume.
The papers span across various subjects, from ICT innovations and smart farming,
to decision support systems, as well as precision farming, disease diagnosis using
mobile devices, IoT for monitoring and controlling animal production, sensor-based
solutions, GIS-based water management, environmental planning, information systems
for monitoring of fish stocks and fisheries, information management in the agri-food
sector and, forestry planning and management.
HAICTA (Hellenic Association of Information and Communication Technology in
Agriculture, Food and Environment) is the Greek Branch of the European Federation
for Information Technology in Agriculture (EFITA). The series of HAICTA confer-
ences is an international venue for research and development in ICT in agriculture.
The main goal of the conferences is to bring together professional, experts, and
researchers working on ICTs in agriculture. Furthermore, emphasis is put on the
applicability of ICT solutions to real industry cases and the respective issues, problems,
and challenges.
The HAICTA conference in 2017 received 124 paper submissions, out of which 55
(44.4%) were accepted as full papers. Submissions were received from authors coming
from 45 countries. The top five countries in terms of accepted papers (according to
contact author affiliation) were Greece, Poland, Italy, Czech Republic, and Spain. The
top scientific areas covered by the submitted papers (as indicated by the primary
keyword assigned by the authors) were decision support systems, information systems,
environmental impact assessment, precision farming systems, environmental design
and policy. We hope you will find the selected papers presented in this book interesting
and that it will provide you with a valuable starting point to know better the field of
ICT in agriculture.
 Organization

Organizing Committee Co-chairs

Konstantinos Parisis Technological Educational Institute of Western Macedonia,
Greece
Athanasios Ragkos Alexander Technological Educational Institute
of Thessaloniki, Greece

Organizing Committee
Christos Batzios Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Thomas Bournaris Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Evangelos Technical University of Crete, Greece
Grigoroudis
Katerina Karapataki Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Greece
Michail Salampasis Alexander Technological Educational Institute
of Thessaloniki, Greece
Vagis Samathrakis Alexander Technological Educational Institute
of Thessaloniki, Greece
Alexandros Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Theodoridis
Argyro Zervou Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Greece

Secretarial Support
Elias Tsourapas Hellenic Open University, Greece
Maria Botsiou University of Macedonia, Greece
Nikoleta Mazaraki Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Georgia Trikoupi Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Alexandra Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Tsistilianou

Program Committee
Oleksandr Chernyak Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
Pavlos Delias Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology,
Greece
Vania V. Estrela Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
Sebastien Ferre Université de Rennes 1, France
Ioannis Fotidis Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Nuno Garcia Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal
Theofanis Gemtos University of Thessaly, Greece
VIII Organization

Francesco Guerra Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy

Fotis Kitsios University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
Stavriani Koutsou Alexander Technological Educational Institute
of Thessaloniki, Greece
Theodoros Lantzos Technological Educational Institute of Central Macedonia,
Greece
Mihai Lupu Research Studios Austria, Austria
Rytis Maskeliunas Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Vojtech Merunka Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Anastasios Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Michailidis
Cristian Mihaescu University of Craiova, Romania
Rosa Misso University of Naples Parthenope, Italy
Giorgos Papadavid Agricultural Research Institute Cyprus, Cyprus
Nikos Petrellis Technological Educational Institute of Larisa, Greece
Athanasios Ragkos Agriculture Economics Research Institute, Greece
John Tait johntait.net Ltd., UK
Alexandros Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Theodoridis
Stavros Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
Tsiantikoudis
Stergios Tzortzios University of Thessaly, Greece
Laurentiu Vasiliu Peracton Ltd., Ireland
George Vlontzos University of Thessaly, Greece
 Contents

ICT Innovations and Smart Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Claus Aage Grøn Sørensen, Dimitrios Kateris, and Dionysis Bochtis

Methods and Tools for Supporting the Integration of Stocks and Fisheries . . . 20
Yannis Tzitzikas, Yannis Marketakis, Nikos Minadakis,
Michalis Mountantonakis, Leonardo Candela, Francesco Mangiacrapa,
Pasquale Pagano, Costantino Perciante, Donatella Castelli,
Marc Taconet, Aureliano Gentile, and Giulia Gorelli

Semiotic-Sociological Textures of Landscape Values. Assessments

in Urban-Coastal Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Salvatore Giuffrida, Maria Rosa Trovato, and Annalaura Giannelli

A Systematic Review on Collective Awareness Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Thomas Kappas, Thomas Bournaris, Evangelia Economou,
and Christina Moulogianni

Using Geostatistics and Multicriteria Spatial Analysis to Map Forest

Species Biogeophysical Suitability: A Study Case for the Centro Region
of Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Luís Quinta-Nova, Natália Roque, Isabel Navalho, Cristina Alegria,
and Teresa Albuquerque

CAP 2020 Regionalization Design: A Decision Support System . . . . . . . . . . 84

Dimitris Kremmydas, Michael Malliapis, Leyteris Nellas,
Apostolos Polymeros, Stelios Rozakis, and Kostas Tsiboukas

Strategic Decision Making and Information Management

in the Agrifood Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Maria Kamariotou, Fotis Kitsios, Michael Madas, Vicky Manthou,
and Maro Vlachopoulou

Water Data Sharing in Italy with SIGRIAN WebGIS Platform . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Raffaella Zucaro, Gianfranco Giannerini, Antonio Gerardo Pepe,
Fabrizio Luigi Tascone, and Marco Martello

Towards the Commercialization of a Lab-on-a-Chip Device for Soil

Nutrient Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Georgios Kokkinis, Guenther Kriechhammer, Daniel Scheidl,
Bianca Wilfling, and Martin Smolka

SheepIT, an IoT-Based Weed Control System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Luís Nóbrega, Paulo Pedreiras, and Pedro Gonçalves
X Contents

Techniques for Plant Disease Diagnosis Evaluated

on a Windows Phone Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Nikos Petrellis

Different Remote Sensing Data in Relative Biomass Determination

and in Precision Fertilization Task Generation for Cereal Crops . . . . . . . . . . 164
Jere Kaivosoja, Roope Näsi, Teemu Hakala, Niko Viljanen,
and Eija Honkavaara

Unmanned Ground Vehicles in Precision Farming Services: An Integrated

Emulation Modelling Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Dimitrios Bechtsis, Vasileios Moisiadis, Naoum Tsolakis,
Dimitrios Vlachos, and Dionysis Bochtis

Precision Poultry Farming: Software Architecture Framework and Online

Zootechnical Diary for Monitoring and Collaborating on Hens’ Health . . . . . 191
Magdalena Stefanova

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

 ICT Innovations and Smart Farming

Claus Aage Grøn Sørensen1(&), Dimitrios Kateris2,

and Dionysis Bochtis2
1
Department of Engineering, Aarhus University,
Finlandsgade 22, 8700 Aarhus N, Denmark
[email protected]
2
Institute for Bio-Economy and Agri-Technology (IBO),
Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH),
6th km Charilaou – Thermi Road, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
{d.kateris,d.bochtis}@certh.gr

Abstract. Agriculture plays a vital role in the global economy with the
majority of the rural population in developing countries depending on it. The
depletion of natural resources makes the improvement of the agricultural pro-
duction more important but also more difficult than ever. This is the reason that
although the demand is constantly growing, Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) offers to producers the adoption of sustainability and
improvement of their daily living conditions. ICT offers timely and updated
relevant information such as weather forecast, market prices, the occurrence of
new diseases and varieties, etc. The new knowledge offers a unique opportunity
to bring the production enhancing technologies to the farmers and empower
themselves with modern agricultural technology and act accordingly for
increasing the agricultural production in a cost effective and profitable manner.
The use of ICT itself or combined with other ICT systems results in productivity
improvement and better resource use and reduces the time needed for farm
management, marketing, logistics and quality assurance.

Keywords: Agriculture
Information and Communication Technology

Robotic
FMIS
Precision Farming Management

1 Introduction

ICT in agriculture is a highly innovative and rapidly advancing field of practice that
aims to promote the development of remunerative agriculture using innovative appli-
cations that provide the farmers with accurate, relevant and timely information and
services.
The ICT contribution to agriculture includes cost reduction, increase of efficiency
and productivity improvement. But first the information requirements should be ana-
lyzed and documented and then adequate information systems (IS) should be devel-
oped taking into account the new challenges arising from the deregulation and the
globalization of agriculture [1].
Having accurate and timely information about the seed, the water, the nutrients and
protection of the plant plays a significant role for the success of the farming.

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

M. Salampasis and T. Bournaris (Eds.): HAICTA 2017, CCIS 953, pp. 1–19, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12998-9_1
2 C. A. G. Sørensen et al.

Information-intensive and precise techniques of farming based on knowledge will be

the leading factors of sustainable agricultural production. Thus, referring to the agri-
cultural production management it is crucial that the benefits from the information
providers such as the internet and other information and communication technologies
(ICT) are made clear to farmers. Nevertheless, the use of ICT in the agricultural sector
is not widespread and its economic potential is not utilized to the fullest. For instance,
ICT could offer great support to managers but also policy makers when making a
decision related to precision farming and livestock management [2].
An area of application for ICT lies in the improvement, through a better manage-
ment, of the efficiency and sustainability in using inputs—land, soil nutrients, feed and
fodder, water, energy, pesticides, labour and most importantly information—in agri-
culture. ICT also contribute to the reduction of the negative effects of pests and disease
and to the aversion and mitigation of risks coming for example from inclement weather,
droughts, floods and long-term change of climate. For the small farmers, these appli-
cations of ICT have not become yet mainstream. The economic returns from agriculture
and access to affordable technology, useful in small farm operations, are the main
constraints to a more widespread use of ICT in small holder agricultural production.
Information means empowerment through resources control and decision-making
processes. An effective and efficient delivery system of basic information and tech-
nology services facilitates the end users critical role in decision-making towards
improved agricultural production and processing trading. In the agricultural sector, with
appearance of sustainable agricultural systems, information becomes a major input for
agricultural production because sustainable agriculture is more information-intensive
rather than technology-intensive.
However, the use of ICT in agriculture does have some weaknesses; among the
most common problems is the fact that farmers do not know how to use such tech-
nology applications to their full potential, not to mention the non-availability of
information sources in different languages, the considerable cost of the technology,
plus the denial of the farmers to adopt a positive approach towards the use of ICT. Last
but not least comes the human factor which transmits the Information Knowledge to
farmers and their groups, having the ICT in the end to depend heavily on this
unpredictable factor and its changes. Thus, it is crucial to find out to which extent ICT
meets the farmers needs, in order to promote the ICT usage by satisfying most of their
needs.

2 ICT Use in Agricultural

The use of ICT itself or combined with other ICT systems results in productivity
improvement and better resource use and reduces the time needed for farm manage-
ment, marketing, logistics and quality assurance. As time goes by, ICT improves the
access of the farmers to information, knowledge, skills and technology, improves the
productivity of the farm and its ability to take part in the markets, not to mention its
contribution to increased sustainability and to the resilience of the farming systems
while changing them to face the new challenges. Next figure shows the impact of ICT
on agriculture section (Fig. 1).
 ICT Innovations and Smart Farming 3

Fig. 1. ICT impact in agriculture section.

2.1 Role of ICT in Agriculture

In agricultural sector, ICT can be used in two ways: (a) Directly, where ICT is used as a
tool that contributes directly to productivity of agricultural production, and (b) Indi-
rectly, where ICT is used as a tool that provides information to farmers for making
quality decisions in efficient management of their enterprises [3–5].
(a) Direct contribution of ICT to agricultural production
In direct contribution of ICT to agricultural production, the intensive use of ICT
characterizes precision farming and subsequently smart farming. In order to increase
the agricultural production, remote sensors techniques with support of geographic
information systems (GIS), satellite technology, soil science and agronomics are used.
ICT gives to the farmers the ability to track and react to weather condition changes on a
daily basis. Meteorological stations on a field can be connected to farmers’ computers
in order to send information about current air temperature, relative air humidity,
rainfall, soil moisture, wind speed and solar radiation. All these technologies of crop
monitoring require substantial capital investments. Thus, mostly larger farms will make
use of such technologies and also can afford to pay for them. Smaller farm enterprises
cannot usually cope with such technologies.
(b) Indirect contribution of ICT to agricultural production
Most indirect benefits of ICT have to do with the facilitation and supporting of the
decision-making. Farmers need timely and reliable information sources. Currently,
4 C. A. G. Sørensen et al.

most farmers depend on conventional sources of information that are unreliable and do
not give timely information. The changes of the agricultural environment that the
farmers face make information not only useful but necessary for them in order to stay
competitive and survive on a globalized market. However, the efforts to provide such
information will be revoked if farmers do not have some basic computing knowledge
and skills in order to use not only the ICT but also the Web though which they can
search for useful information, product prices, etc. and can communicate with col-
leagues from all over the world sharing ideas and of course making questions. Key is
also the advice from researchers and agronomists on cultivation of crops and animals to
be communicated efficiently to farmers. ICT helps researchers/adviser and farmers to
communicate better promoting the agricultural development but also human relation-
ships in the society, not to mention its contribution to the national economy.
In order to identify the ways in which ICT can help agriculture, it is useful to view
the farming life cycle as a three-stage process (Fig. 2) [6]:

Fig. 2. ICT contribution in farming life cycle.

 ICT Innovations and Smart Farming 5

3 ICT and Automation

During 1990–2010 extensively changes in automated technology, plant varieties and

livestock with improved genetic potentials lead to an evolution of the agriculture and
other bio-production types increasing the scale and degree of specialization of farm
operations. Consequently, agricultural production is mainly done by large, specialised
units, which management is complex enough and therefore an important issue to deal
with, especially when it comes to work operations. What is more, the technology used,
including the machinery, is of high cost which tends to raise faster than returns to the
point that an increase in efficiency results merely in the maintenance of the productivity
and not in its improvement. In conclusion, the profit of the enterprise coming from
development is solely contained within the marginal earnings of the production. In
order this profit to be secured a rise in production and in operations management will
be required based on an unprecedented level of flexibility and precision.
Concurrently farming operations need to comply with several regulations and
standards in order for example to ensure food security, labour conditions, reduce
environmental impact etc. This means that concerning the farming systems there should
be considerations referring to efficiency, economy, environment and society. Thus,
sustainability has become a key factor for bio-production meaning that the very nature of
farm planning has changed in the last years. In the past farmers worked the traditional
way of planning what crops to grow and which machines to use whereas nowadays there
are implementation and scheduling issues to be solved using different production
strategies and organizations of the farming system [7–9], giving more emphasis to the
ability of the decision maker (or automation system) to do the right thing at the right
time. The goal has become first to present the activities or operations needed to achieve a
predefined goal, and next to set a timetable for execution as well as the resources to the
operations in question. At the same time, it is necessary to comply with a number of
temporal resource constraints. In the next years more, automation in bio-production
operations is expected, which will certainly raise the demand for advanced management
tools, like fleet management and logistics tools, for mobile units’ scheduling, monitoring
and on-line coordination etc. Also, system analyses and integration will be on the focus
raising the need for operational data. The processing of stochastic planning system as a
basis when making a decision requires a much more comprehensive description and
quantification of labour and machinery data than in the past.
Due to the development of agriculture the scope of operations management has
changed significantly from manual work operations to automated work operations,
where the operator merely monitors the process. Sørensen [10], lists some of the most
important developments of operations management in agriculture (Fig. 3).
The development mentioned above is clearly reflected in the topics of the last 2
decades. The topics have moved from the more classical work science developments to
more comprehensive management systems using the methods of work science and
ergonomics combined with advanced information technology system for automatic
data acquisition and data processing. What is more the last years there is a strong focus
on how technology and management can ensure sustainability of the bio-production
development.
6 C. A. G. Sørensen et al.

Fig. 3. The evolution of operations and system management in agriculture.

Apart from the hardware implementation also the software, this is to say the
automation technologies for field operations, requires that new management techniques
is implemented (e.g. site specific management systems, including precision spraying
systems, precision irrigation systems, and monitoring on site of the processes auto-
steering systems).
The management of the activities relates to:
– Open environment (arable farming and forestry domain),
– Semi-structured environments (controlled traffic farming systems, open air horti-
culture, vineyards, orchards etc.),
– Controlled environments (greenhouses, urban farming, animal production units,
processing plants for agro-food, wineries, which are also in need of a task and
operation management).
Last but not least, a form of internet application including some of the tools
mentioned above could share the knowledge over specific sectors with the end users.
Such an application could provide a real cost estimation as well as an environmental
impact estimation of the agricultural operations. It could also be used planning activ-
ities, running and stopping the equipment, or simulating the activity of field robots. In
general terms, the usage of the internet has the following pros [11]:
– The results obtained among different users could be standardizes using the same
calculation method and with the same coefficients,
– Studies carried out in different conditions and locations could be compared because
of the same coefficients,
– Standard data for non-expert users could be available for free,
– Installation and distribution costs for the software and the updates would not exist
since the application would reside only in one server,
 ICT Innovations and Smart Farming 7

– Variant techniques referring to the environmental impact and the enterprise net
return could be compared via several scenarios,
– A great range of scenarios would be available, due to the great number of users on
the web,
– Worldwide farms and crop scenarios could be compared anonymously.

4 ICT and Agricultural Production

In order to improve the agricultural production, the farmers should be aware of the
following information (Fig. 4) [3]:

Fig. 4. Type of information in order to improve agricultural production.

Information on the crops: Field information can be collected and transferred via
the Web or other types of telematics and be analyzed into reviews and statistics to
which farmers may get electronical access to planning adapted to their own production.
Such information may be over seeded crop categories, area of land with specific crops,
time of dropping seed, time of harvest, yields etc.
Information on the production techniques: Production techniques developed by
experimental institutes of agriculture and stations for agricultural improvement are also
available to farmers via the internet.
8 C. A. G. Sørensen et al.

Information on production equipment and agricultural inputs: Such informa-

tion is provided by companies selling agricultural equipment. And may be accessible to
the farmers via the Web as well.
Information on the market: Such information makes the farmers aware of the
worldwide food market including product prices helping them to be more competitive
and -why not- to address to markets where the products are valued higher. Furthermore,
Information Technology may forecast the product demand and prices in the future
helping the farmer (and trader) to plan not only the next season’s crops, but also the
selling price and the time of selling (now or later in an expecting high season).
Other information: Such information refers to weather forecast, availability of
credit, expert advice over the crops, etc.

5 ICT Application in Agriculture

An area of application for ICT is in improving, through better management, the efficiency
and sustainability in using inputs—land, soil nutrients, feed and fodder, water, energy,
pesticides, labor, and most importantly, information and knowledge—in agriculture.
The ICT also help reduce the negative effects of pests and disease and enable aversion and
mitigation of risks such as from inclement weather, droughts, floods, and long-term
change in climate. Through innovation, ICT continue to contribute to improving
throughput of farming systems, increasing the quantity, quality, and marketability of
outputs (e.g., food, energy, and biomaterials), supporting their marketing and enabling
their effective and efficient consumption by households and communities and their
ultimate recycling. The ICT helped pave the way for consumers to decide which products
they can “responsibly” purchase, which seem to have higher food miles, and those whose
production and safety can be traced all the way back to the fishpond. For the small,
resource-poor farmer and producers in economically developing countries, these appli-
cations of ICT have not yet become mainstream. The economic returns from agriculture
and access to affordable technology useful in small-farms operations are the main con-
straints in more widespread use of ICT in smallholder agricultural production. Figure 5
present the current application of ICT in agriculture [12].
Data Collection. Collection of agricultural and environmental data from biological
and environmental sources, with or without human interaction. These data, after
analysed and manipulated will feed auxiliary applications.
Number Crunching. Process of large datasets, modelling and simulation, image
processing and visualization that helps plant and animal breeding, plant and animal
epidemiology, management and market chain analysis agricultural meteorology,
bioinformatics, farming systems research, etc.
Robotics and DSS. Data and information combined with the human factor are
organized in order to help especially in semantical searching, diagnosis and farm and
agricultural process automation.
 ICT Innovations and Smart Farming 9

Fig. 5. Application of ICT in agriculture.

Embedded ICT in farm equipment and processes. Farm equipment and agri-
cultural processes are more efficient as well as the transportation and marketing of the
agricultural products, for example the use of RFIDs, Cellular Telephony and Wireless
Internet in labelling, traceability and identity preservation.
Geo-spatial applications. Data and information related to geography and space to
be managed contributes to planning of the land and water usage, to the utilization of the
natural resources, the agricultural input supply and the commodity marketing, to the
elimination of poverty etc.
Connecting communities and enabling learning. ICT helps researchers and
farmers but also the communities of researchers to interact and communicate better
promoting the agricultural development and the scientific research and publication.
Furthermore, ICT promotes the cooperation between farmers and producers with the
exchange of knowledge and technology which is very useful especially when problems
arise.

5.1 Robotics
Robotics in agriculture is known from the past; it’s been over 20 years that it is used in
controlled environments. However, as computational power rises and costs are reduced
robotics is spreading. Recently autonomous machines are developed in agriculture by
researchers gaining serious interest. As a matter of fact a case scenario was to use many
small efficient autonomous machines replacing tractors of large size [13–15]. Such
vehicles are on duty 24 h a day, 7 days a week, whatever the usual weather conditions.
Plus, they work normally (sensibly) in a natural/semi-natural environment for long
periods, unattended, while carrying out a useful task.
10 C. A. G. Sørensen et al.

The main benefits of development of intelligent and autonomous agricultural robots

are to improve efficiency, reliability, repeatable precision and minimization of soil
compaction. The robots have potential for multitasking, sensory acuity, operational
consistency as well as suitability to different operating environment, interaction,
physical format and function (Table 1).

Table 1. Robot categories. In grey the robotic types used in agricultural production.
Robot categories Operating environment Air
Ground
Underwater
Space
Living organism
Interaction Pre-programmed
Tele-operated
Supervised
Collaborative
Autonomous
Physical format Arm
Platform
Exo-skeletal
Humanoid
Micro-Nano
Metamorphic
Function Assembly
Area process
Interaction
Exploration
Transporting
Inspection
Manipulation

In agriculture, researchers focus on the design of specialized autonomous agri-

cultural vehicles using various farming operational parameters since conventional farm
machinery is crop and topological dependent.
A lot of field operations can be executed by specialized autonomous agricultural
robots, offering more benefits than conventional machines. These platforms would be
used for cultivation and seeding, irrigation, weeding, fertilizing, scouting and
harvesting.
When it comes to harvesting, researchers develop rational and adaptable robotics
for picking Cucumber [16], Tomato [17], Pepper [18, 19], Strawberry [20, 21], Egg-
plant [22], Melon and Watermelon [23], Other vegetables (Asparagus, Cabbage,
Radish) [24], Rice and paddy fields [25] and Mushrooms [26], Cherry [27], Apples
[28] and Citrus [29].
 ICT Innovations and Smart Farming 11

When it comes to robotic weed control a difficult task for the robots is to diversify
between weed and crops. Researchers are developing autonomous robotic platforms for
weed destruction [30, 31].
Last but not least when it comes to transplanting and seeding production, robotics
apply to some of the operations (seeding, thinning, grafting, cutting sticking, trans-
planting etc.) [32].

5.2 Precision Farming Management

Agriculture bio-production systems in the future are expected to be of an unprece-
dented high precision during their operation. Thus, a high degree of embedded
machinery intelligence is required combined with advanced operations management
systems connected with mobile units, automated systems, advanced updated decision
support systems, automatic data acquisition as an integral part of the machine opera-
tions at a total for traceability/documentation, production process with economic and
environmental concerns. The above are included in precision agriculture (PA) and more
recently Smart Farming, which shows the future of agricultural development and other
types of bio-production.
In general terms precision agriculture (PA) shows what is the right thing to be done,
the right place, the right time, and the right way; so the implementation of PA is based
on technologies that define the term “right” [33]. In scientific terms, precision agri-
culture is an agricultural production management system that uses information and
communication technologies (ICT) in order to take into account the spatial and tem-
poral variability in fields and crops [34].
Precision agriculture as a management system is a closed-loop operation system,
including data collection, interpretation, decision making, the performance of the
designated actions, and last but not least the evaluation of the outcome, coming from
the decisions application, and the reconsideration of the decisions that have been taken.
During every cropping cycle the above data are recorded and stored in databases
(libraries) as historical data for further use in the future (Fig. 6).
Precision farming is considered to contribute to the efficiency and the sustainability
of the farming system in the future. The reduction of the environmental impact of the
production – due to the input material reduction–, and the generation of valuable
information for product traceability are the main two recognizable side benefits
deriving from the implementation of PA. Precision farming promotes the development
of a new integrated concept including advanced planning and control system and
automated smart and robust machinery applicable for biosystems [7]. This will include
production units that comply with a number of sustainability indicators such as min-
imized resource input, product quality and environmental impact. Consequently, pre-
cision farming focuses on the development of techniques and technologies which
improve production efficiency, and on the environmental impacts measurement,
modelling, and of course minimization. In detail, this includes integration of site-
specific application of pesticides, fertilizers, and water and operations management
(e.g. decision support systems, farm management information systems, web-based
approaches and so on).
12 C. A. G. Sørensen et al.

Fig. 6. The concept of precision agriculture as a management system.

PA originates from the first years of organized agricultural production. However,

this concept was implemented to small-sized farms, all over which the farmer was able
to walk on foot and observe any changes to crop growth or emergency, taking instant
actions such as to place locally more seeds or fertilizers. The decision leading to the
actions was based on direct observation and included limited “stored” knowledge from
previous observations. During the mechanization phase of agricultural production, it
was more difficult to store and organize this knowledge especially as the size of the
field area increased. To the above phase the economies of scale lead to a homogenous
treatment of the large field areas, although there could be significant variations of yield
and soil properties in large fields. Last but not least, the technology of that time could
not support any type of PA application.
The global positioning system (GPS) was the first technology applied in agricul-
tural operations. Next the yield mapping technologies followed initially in arable
farming and in a stepwise manner in open air horticulture and in orchards.
Studies have demonstrated that usefulness and ease of use are crucial for tech-
nology adoption, provided that these aspects do not cause a significant increase in the
production cost [35, 36]. Other adoption drivers include total income, familiarity with
computers, land tenure, farm size, farmers’ education, costs reduction or higher rev-
enues to acquire a positive benefit/cost ratio, location and access to information (via
extension services, service provider, technology sellers). Also, another key for the
adoption of PA is the quantified cost-benefits derived from the use of technologies,
such as auto-section control, remote sensing, areas of machine control, guidance,
nutrient management, and variable seed rate.
 ICT Innovations and Smart Farming 13

Although during the recent decades there has been a fast development of tech-
nologies applied to PA, the adoption by the farmers, if any, was rather slow [37].
In order for a new technology to be implemented one or more of the following
points need to be met:
• There is a proven economic benefit,
• There are significant advantages compared to the existing technology to be
replaced,
• The new technology is less complicated that the old one,
• The new technology is reliable and robust,
• The new technology is supported by servicing and repair satisfactory enough.
Among the reasons of this low rated adoption lies the initial establishment cost of
this new technology. This led to a new generation of third parties that provide site-
specific technologies (yield mapping and variable rate applications) [38].
Roughly speaking, the cost of PA technologies depends on the followings 3 points:
• Equipment Depreciation
• Training Cost
• Variable annual data analysis Cost.

5.3 Satellite Navigation

The main navigation satellite navigation systems are:
• The NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation System with Time and Ranging–Global Posi-
tioning System). This system was created by the U.S. Department of Defence and
the US Department of Transportation. It is composed of a network of 24 satellites
placed into orbit. This system can be accessed anywhere. Near the earth can be
accessed where there is an unobstructed line of more than four GPS satellites.
• The GLONASS (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System). This system was devel-
oped by the Soviet Union and is operated by the Russian Aerospace Defence
Forces. It is also composed of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit. GPS and
GLONASS are both available worldwide both for private and commercial use.
• The GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System). This is a civilian satellite navi-
gation system (Europe).
Nowadays, there is a huge development in the applications of GPS in various
domains. Selected applications include:
a. Vehicle navigation systems. This application improves the in-vehicle experience
[39], increases safety [40] and helps the driver to orientate in unfamiliar environ-
ments. Based on a satellite navigation system the location of the vehicle is identified
in relation to the destination provided by the driver. Both visual and auditory
directions are offered in almost real-time.
14 C. A. G. Sørensen et al.

b. Fleet management. This section regards the use of GPS to reach and store locations of
origins, location of destinations, trip length and duration, various time stamps during
travelling, travel modes and activities. All the traditional methods of activity diaries
can be potentially replaced completely by this system. Also, this system can provide
the data that can be used for further analysis of the transport systems [41–45].
c. Offshore drilling research.
d. Bridge deformation monitoring.
e. Aircraft approach and landing.
f. Agricultural machinery navigation.

5.4 FMIS (Farm Management Information Systems)

During the last decades, there is an incremental change of the agricultural productivity
development from scaling of assets to optimization of assets; for example, there is a
strong focus to the maximisation of profit and not to production. Agricultural machines
as well as the farm units get bigger and more expensive over the years to the point that
a higher degree of input/output management is necessary. However, any efforts towards
this direction focus more or less to a single operations management rather than having
an overall systems approach.
Recent advances in agricultural RTD (ICT, robotics, processing and operations
management tools) and their application has raised dramatically the efficiency in
production and the sustainability using integrated processing, planning and control
systems. Managers or automated decision-making systems (FMIS) control or give
instructions to machine systems or production units based on internet meteorological
data, history data of the management system or other information sources. The gen-
eration and the execution of a plan gets into a system, having this way the effects of
actions, unexpected incidents and new information that attributes to a plan validation,
refinement, or reconsideration monitored.
Information has many sources including sites, raising the expectations from the
information systems. McCown stated that when an information system, the focus
should be on learning the farmers behaviour [46]. Software developers should interact
with farmers in a user-centric approach.
The enhancement of FMIS is apparently influenced more by business factors rather
than specific farming activities [47]. Plans should be conditional using data from
observations, databases, sensors and tests. Management information systems (MIS) are
an integral part of a management system and supports several tools such as for example
enterprise resource planning (ERP), information systems (IS) etc. ERP, which is an
industry concept, involves management activities that support business processes
within the production system. The management systems support multiple levels
planning processes and identify any key performance indicators (KPI’s) [48]. Typi-
cally, ERP is connected directly to information systems using databases and including
applications for the finance and human resources of an enterprise.
MIS analyses other systems that deal with the operational activities in the pro-
duction system. Thus, MIS becomes a part of the total planning and control activities
covering the management of human resources, technologies, and procedures of the
 ICT Innovations and Smart Farming 15

enterprise. As part of scientific management, MIS relates to the automation or support

of human decision making [49].
Sørensen et al. refers to the structure of the various management systems in an
enterprise or a production system [50] (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. Concept of management information systems.

Thus, a Farm Management Information System (FMIS) is considered as a system

for the data collection, processing, storing and disseminating in order the operations
functions of the farm to be executed.
Machinery have increased greatly agricultural productivity in the last decades. This
development integrates with advanced automation and extensive use of embedded
Information and Communication Technology systems. Such technologies allow the
collection of site-specific information in detail during operation of field machinery,
conventional, e.g. tractor with implement, or non-conventional autonomous vehicles,
e.g. robots. Through targeted decision support systems or directly bearing an online
control the resource input is reduced and the production is of high quality and, what is
more, environmentally friendly. Task planning and formulation involves a time
schedule referring to the predicted crop development, weather forecasts, etc. The task
settings are transferred to the tractor/implement for control or implements’ adjustment.
In case of a difference between the executed work and the formulated plans, there will
be corrections. The final result is recorded, documented and the data are stored for
future projects or learning.
The task management function helps the farmer to schedule and control the field
operations. When the operation and task plan are formulated, they are transferred to the
machinery. The task plan give the guidelines for the machine field movements and
control the agronomic operations. In case of no knowledge attained within the esti-
mated time of a task plan, it should be reformulated in order for an optimal operation to
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