MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINNING MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION

HANOI ARCHITCTURAL UNIVERSITY

LE DUY THANH

CONSERVATION OF ARCHITECTONIC
STRUCTURE OF THE FRENCH COLONIAL
BUILDINGS IN HISTORIC INNER CITY OF
HANOI

MAJOR: ARCHITECTURE
CODE: 9580101

SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION

Hanoi - 2023
 This dissertation has been completed at:
Hanoi Architectural University

Academic Supervisor: Associate Prof. Dr. Nguyen Vu Phuong

Reviewer 1: Prof. Dr. Doan Minh Khoi

Reviewer 2: Dr. Le Thi Bich Thuan
Reviewer 3: Associate Prof. Dr. Hoang Manh Nguyen

The dissertation will be defended at University

Dissertation Defense Committee, at Hanoi Architectural University,
at……o’clock, date.........month .........year 2023

The dissertation can be found at the National Library and The

Library of Hanoi Architectural University
 1

INTRODUCTION
1) The necessity of the dissertation topic:
The legal documents outline the preservation requirements for
French colonial-era buildings in Hanoi. To ensure the conservation of
these buildings, it is crucial to identify their characteristics, roles, and
values of their architectonic structure.
However, in reality, French colonial buildings are increasingly
deteriorating due to the lack of a conservation procedure and method for
their architectonic structures. The conservation efforts often focus on
ensuring the external appearance without addressing the core issue,
which is preserving the intrinsic value of each component of the
architectonic structure constituting the French colonial buildings.
Therefore, this dissertation concentrates on studying the
characteristics, value identification, and proposes conservationn
procedures and solutions for the conservation of Architectonic Structure
of the French Colonial Buildings in the Historic Inner Hanoi City.
2) Research purpose
a. Research Aims: Conserving Architectonic Structure (AS) of the
French colonial buildings (FCB) in historic inner city of Hanoi
(HICoH).
b. Research Objectives:
- Identifying and Assessing values of AS of the FCB in HICoH.
- Proposing Procedures of Conservation Survey and Design for AS of
the FCB in HICoH.
- Proposing Conservation Solutions for AS of the FCB in HICoH.
3) Research subject and research scope
a. Objects of the study: Architectonic Structure of the French
Colonial Buildings.
b. Research Scope:
- In terms of space: Historic Inner Hanoi City.
- Regarding time: from 1873 to present.
 2

4) Research
methodology
Collecting
documents;
Historical study;
Surveying and
assessing the
current situation;
Modeling; Social
study; Expert
survey; Analysis
and Assessment.
5) New
Firgure 1 1 Research methodology of dissertation
contributions:
(1) Synthesize and categorize the 4 components in the Architectonic
Structure of French colonial buildings; (2) Clarify the characteristics of
the Architectonic Structure of French colonial buildings in the historic
inner city of Hanoi; (3) Identify the 4 values (4) Create an assessment
criteria set and assess the conservation potentials of the Architectonic
Structure of French colonial buildings in the historic inner city of
Hanoi; (5) Create a 3-step Survey Procedure and a 3-step Conservation
Design Procedure suitable for the context of historic inner city of
Hanoi; (6) Propose 3 perspectives, 4 principles and conservation
solutions for the Architectonic Structure of French colonial buildings in
the historic inner city of Hanoi.
6) Scientific and practical significance:
Theoretical value: Providing scientific data for studies related to
French colonial architecture; Practical value: Serving as reference
material for the preservation of French colonial architecture and
educational instruction.
7) The structure of the dissertation: Besides the introduction and
conclusion, the thesis content includes 3 chapters;
 3

CONTENT
Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AIMS
1.1 Overview of Architectonic structure
1.1.1 Elements of Architectonic structure
The AS comprises four elements: Material;
Component; Space; and Connection. AS
throughout history: Karl Botticher have
emphasized the importance of components,
Gottfried Semper has highlighted the significance
of connections, and Frampton has explored cultural
aspect within material, component, connection. Hình 1. 1 CTKT của
kiến trúc
1.1.2 Characteristic of AS throughout different
historical periods of architecture
The AS has two main characteristics: logicality and cultural
aestheticism, which are manifested through architecure history:
- Worldwide. In Egypt, the components hold paramount importance,
columns symbolizing spiritual; Greece associates the component with
the representation of beauty; Rome utilizes concrete material and
incorporates arches; Roman architecture emphasizes the vitality of
columns and connections; Gothic architecture features pointed vaults,
spaces, and connections; Renaissance architecture expresses aesthetics
through space, components and connections; Modern Architecture era,
Le Corbusier employs simple components to serve the function, while
De Stijl emphasizes artistic.
- Vietnam. Traditional architecture: Materials, authentic components,
and culturally rich connections; During the socialist countries' era,
there is a preference for minimally decorated modular elements, well-
defined connections, and uniformity in the materials.
1.2 Researching the AS of FCB in HICoH
The characteristics of the AS of FCB are typically divided into 3
parts: the Base with rough materials, the Body using various small
materials/ decorations, the Top featuring transitional patterns.
 4

1.2.1 Period 1875-1888

Utilizing local
materials (brick,
stone, wood),
lightweight
assembled
components emerge
(steel trusses). The Hình 1. 2 Khảo cứu CTKT điển hình của KTTĐP
space is a simple, spacious, and well-ventilated single-story military
camp. As of now, most have lost their original integrity, with the level
of expressional generally being moderate.
1.2.2 Period 1888-1920
Designed by the French, the AS bear distinct French characteristics:
large spatial volumes, multiple stories, symmetrical facades, robust
materials, decorative details, reflecting a sense of grandeur and
magnificence. Most served functions specific to the colonial
government, held historical significance, and exhibited a high level of
expression. However, their current accessibility is low due to:
Restricted access; Obstruction by newer architecture.
1.2.3 Period 1920-1954
Prominent in this period is the feature of architectural components
with distinct Indochinese decorative forms. Due to being constructed
with more modern technologies, most of these structures are still in
good condition, with minimal damage. However, their historical
significance is relatively low, and their accessibility is also limited.
1.3 Classification of AS of FCB in HICoH
Based on the four components in the AS of FCB, the dissertation has
classified and conducted a survey and evaluation as follows:
1.3.1 Material
Survey and evaluation Brick/Stone; Mortar; Metal; Wood; Glass;
Reinforced concrete based on three criteria: Good condition; Average
condition; Poor condition or replaced.
 5

1.3.2 Component
Various types: Foundation; Wall; Floor/Ceiling; Roof; Column;
Door. Most are still in good condition but are facing the risk of damage
due to changes from the usage process.
1.3.3 Connection
There are five types: Foundation Connection; Wall – Door
Connection; Wall – Floor/Ceiling Connection; Wall – Roof
Connection; Column – Floor/Ceiling Connection.
1.3.4 Space
- 3 types of urban landscape structure: Structures located at street
corners; Structures aligned along the road axis; Structures serving as
focal points of the road axis.
- Meanwhile, the interior space of the structure is divided into 4 types:
Basement retail space, main functional space, corridor space, and
rooftop space..
1.4 Current situation of Conservation of AS of FCB in HICoH
1.4.1 Management situation
The Cultural Heritage Laws no.10/VBHN-VPQH, the Regulations
on the Management of Old Quarters in Hanoi, Decree No. 92/2002/NĐ-
CP, and Decision No. 1259 do not yet address the value and role of AS
in conservation project.
1.4.2 Procedure of Site survey and Conservaion design
The Institute of Monument Conservation provides a site survey
process with four contents. Decision 05/2003/QĐ-BVHTT lists the
components of conservation projects. These processes lack specific
guidelines, especially regarding AS to ensure the quality of the work
1.4.3 Conservation solution
Due to the focus primarily on historical value, only historical
monuments of FCB receive conservation attention. The common
approach is to ensure the form during the historical event, neglecting
ongoing degradation. The main causes include space expansion,
addition of technical systems (air conditioning, communication systems,
 6

etc.), and the simplest yet most damaging activities, such as

plastering/painting for the sake of 'renewal'.
1.5 Relevant Studies and Issues Addressed in the Dissertation
1.5.1 Studies on AS
Inheriting studies on AS: ”The Tectonic of the Hellenes 1843-1852”
by Karl Botticher; “Four Elements of Architecture” by Gottfried
Semper; “Tectonics in Architecture” by Robert Maulden; “Studies in
Tectonic Culture” by Kenneth Frampton.
1.5.2 Studies on FCB
“Natural and Cultural Indigenous Factors in French Colonial
Architecture in Vietnam' by Nguyen Dinh Toan; 'The Symbiosis
Phenomenon between Tradition and Modernity in Vietnamese
Architecture' by Le Thanh Son; 'Thang Long - Hanoi, a Millennium of
Urbanization' by Nguyen Quoc Thong & Tran Hung; 'Architecture and
Planning in Hanoi during the French Colonial Period' by Tran Quoc
Bao & Nguyen Van Dinh; 'Hanoi through Documents and Archives
1873-1954' by Dao Thi Dien; 'Architecture of Construction Projects in
Hanoi during the French Colonial Period' by the National Archives
Center I
1.5.3 Studies on Conservation of FCB
“Conservation and Enhancement of Architectural Heritage - French
Urban Areas in Hai Phong City" by Nguyen Quoc Tuan; "Identification
of French Colonial Architectural Heritage in Hanoi and Sustainable
Conservation Solutions" by Tran Quoc Bao.
1.5.4 Research Contents of the dissertation
- Comprehensive study of the AS characteristics of FCB.
- Identification of the formative factors and influences on the AS of
FCB in HICoH.
- Value recognition of the AS of FCB in HICoH.
- Development procedures of site survey and conservation design.
- Formulation of conservation solutions.
 7

Chapter 2: SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR CONSERVATION OF

ARCHITECTONIC STRUCTURE OF THE FRENCH COLONIAL
BUILDINGS IN HISTORIC INNER CITY OF HANOI
2.1 Characteristic of AS of FCB in HICoH
2.1.1 Material characterisics
Imported materials were used in the early period such as cement,
reinforced concrete, I-beams, slate tiles, glass floor tiles. Traditional
materials and techniques have also modified: Traditional fired clay
bricks were produced in factories, Perforated bricks have emerged with
several advantages (material-saving, lightweight, easy to work with).
French machine-made tiles, cast iron and ceramics drainpipes.
2.1.2 Component characteristics
Foundation, Wall, Floor, Roof, and Door adhere to the standards of
classical European architecture. However, alongside this, they are
combined with elements of the indigenous East. Each component is
carefully studied and designed with precision in proportion, from the
overall layout to the smallest decorative details, marking the first
appearance of such features in Vietnam at that time.
2.1.3 Connection characteristics
The common feature of connections is simplicity, such as stones or
bricks stacked on top of each other and bonded by mortar. Jerky wall
supports floor with a brick arches resting on I-beams. This design has
the disadvantage of its large weight and low tensile strength.
Mechanically, connection types are: Bearing connections; Fixed joint
connections; Rigid frame connections; Bar connections.
2.1.4 Space characteristics
- Regarding landscape space: there is a close relationship with the
structure of urban landscape space. External landscape structures can be
categorized into 6 types: U-shaped with an expanded angle; I-shaped
parallel to the access road; H-shaped, located at the end of a main axis
road; L-shaped at a street corner; C-shaped along the axis of the road;
C-shaped with access from a garden space in the middle, situated at the
 8

end of the road axis.

- Main utility space: relatively small, with a linear spatial structure
along the traffic corridor. The width of each bay inside is typically 7.5-
10m, and the height of each floor is not more than 5m.
- Basement: It maintains a stable temperature, protected from external
weather changes, and is cool in the summer (20 - 25°C). The humidity is
generally higher than other floors, ranging from 70% to 90% (can reach
100% in spring). Basements are often designed with relatively good
ventilation through small ventilation doors running around the retaining
walls of the structure.
- Corridors: typically wide from 1.5-2.5m. In pre-colonial structures,
corridors often opened directly to the outside, but in later periods, this
space was gradually enclosed by layers of doors, progressing from a
single-layered door to double-layered doors with an outer layer of glass.
- Roof space: formed by the sloping roof system and the flat ceiling of
the lower floor. In some structures, this space is only about 1.8m high
but can reach 2.5 – over 3m in large-scale and renovated structures used
as primary spaces. Due to direct contact with the roof of the building,
this space has the following characteristics: Higher temperatures in the
summer; Lower temperatures in the winter with significant daily
fluctuations; Good ventilation.
2.2 Factors forming Characteristics and Values of AS of FCB in
HICoH
2.2.1 Technical and Material Factors
- Context of scientific and technical progress in France and the world:
France introduced Vietnam to distinctive traditional construction
techniques (15th-16th-century classical architecture) as well as
advanced technology inherited from Europe
- Domestic scientific innovation: Thanks to advanced production
technology imported from France, domestic material and construction
production technology rapidly developed. Cement/steel factories (Dap
Cau), brick, and tile factories (SATIC, Dai La, Hung Ky) were
 9

established, changed the construction technology in Hanoi.

2.2.2 Natural and Cultural Factors
- Climate characteristics: The climate in Hanoi is harsh, with many
sudden changes throughout the year, reflected in the actual climate
values that often do not match the averages. Therefore, people in Hanoi
pay significant attention to climate issues in architecture.
- General awareness of colonial culture: The French brought advanced
philosophy and ideas, helping to enrich and expand the scope of
Vietnamese culture in many aspects, including writing, and cultural arts
(literature, painting, performing arts)
- Society's perception of military construction projects: After many
historical events, they have been accepted and become an integral part
of Vietnamese culture, manifested through various aspects such as art,
cinema, media, and construction management.
2.2.3 Economic and Social Factors
- Economic: a significant transformation from the colonial period to
the era of opening up to a market economy. New consumer trends with
imported goods have become symbols of luxury/extravagance.
- Societal transformation in Vietnam: The period of opening up easily
reveals strong development, with increased demand for material and
spiritual products. Establishing an individual style has become
necessary for self-expression, as people today seek expressions of
personal identity.
2.2.4 Political and Epochal Factors
- The structure of the colonial government, with ambitious Governors-
General, influenced society through architectural and urban planning
imprints.
- Relations between the two government: In the eyes of the
Vietnamese people, the image of France has transformed from an
invading nation to a reliable partner/friend.
2.3 Factors causing the deterioration of AS of FCB in HICoH
2.3.1 Internal factors
 10

The internal factors within the AS of HICoH are manifested through

stress originating from three main causes: Self-weight; Loads; and
Deformation due to the elasticity of materials. Stress is not evenly
distributed in the structure; Some points/ areas experience higher stress,
and this place is where damage is most likely to occur.
2.3.2 Natural environment
factors
Weak geological
conditions, temperature,
humidity, pollution, and
biological organisms.
2.3.3 Social environment
factors
Factors such as regulation
changes, ownership,
overloading (human and
equipment), and the AS
Hình 2. 1 Tác động của môi trường tự nhiên và môi
modifications. trường xã hội
2.4 Theoretical Basis for
the Conservation of AS
2.4.1 International Documents on Conservation
The Athens Charter (1931), Venice Charter (1964), Burra Charter
(1979), Washington Charter (1987), Hoi An Charter (2003) and Nara
Document are the basis for conservation procedure and solutions.
2.4.2 Theoretical Basis for Determining the Value of AS
- Likert scales to identify the value of AS of FCB through social study
and expert survey
- The method of assessing the value and conservation potential by
Nahoum Cohen indicates criteria and an evaluation scale for the urban
architectural heritage in general.
 11

- The relationship between

spirit and expression:
'Cultural Field' of AS; the
relationship between human
beings and cultural arts;
Vietnamese philosophy in
Hình 2. 2 Trường Văn
architecture Hình 2. 3 Bánh xe cảm
hóa của CTKT của
xúc của Pluchik
2.5 Practical Basis for the KTTĐP

Conservation of AS
- 3 steps of The CIB architectural heritage assessment procedures:
Approach Request, Survey and Preliminary Evaluation, Diagnosis
- The CIB conservation design procedure: Output requirement:
reports, construction drawings
2.5.1 Methods and Techniques for conservation of AS
- ISCARSAH Conservation Guidelines by ICOSMOS
- TPS USA Conservation Guidelines
- Conservation Handbook by J. Kirk Irwin
2.5.2 French and Global Experiences
- Europe: Professor Paulo Lourenco in the field of conservation, he
advocates for advanced structural analyses.
- Asia: Professor Abu Sayeed, with extensive projects in conservation
utilizing lime-based materials.
- Lessons on Authenticity in the Conservation of Chu Quyen
communication house and My Son Santuary.
2.5.3 Conservation Experience of FCB in Vietnam
- Site assessment method in the conservation project of Vo Van Tan
Villa, Ho Chi Minh City
- Conservation solutions and integration of interior spaces with urban
activities in the conservation project of the People's Court building in
Ho Chi Minh City.
 12

Chapter 3: CONSERVATION SOLUTION FOR

ARCHITECTONIC STRUCTURE OF THE FRENCH COLONIAL
BUILDINGS IN HISTORICAL INNER CITY OF HANOI
3.1 Research perspective and principle
3.1.1 Research perspective
1. Conservation aims for the authenticity of 4 characteristics of AS:
Material Characteristics, Components Characteristics,
Connection Characteristics, and Spatial Characteristics.
2. Conservation work needs to adhere to a rigorous procedure.
3. Conservation integrates AS with the activities of HICoH
3.1.2 Research principle
The 4 conservation principles are: Principles of Strengthening;
Adaptive conservation to the historical context of HICoH;
Replication/recreation in relation to the environment of the HICoH;
Replacement/integration
3.2 Conservation Values and Potential of AS of FCB in HICoH
3.2.1 The
Evaluation Criteria
The dissertation
proposes 4 values
with 8 evaluation
criteria as follows:
- (1.) Scientific and
Technical Value with
2 criteria: (1.1)
Hình 3. 1 Phương pháp luận để xây dựng bộ tiêu chí đánh giá giá
Uniqueness of trị và tiềm năng bảo tồn CTKT của KTTĐP trong NĐLS HN
construction material
techniques; (1.2) Adaptation to the natural conditions of HICoH.
- (2.) Aesthetic Expression Value with 2 criteria: (2.1) Alignment with
societal aesthetic trends; (2.2)“Government representative”.
- (3.) Identity Establishment Value of the HICoH with 2 criteria: (3.1)
Harmonious connection, enhancing the beauty of HICoH; (3.2)
 13

Historical significance.
- (4.)Utilization and Promotion Value with 2 criteria: (4.1)
Uniqueness techniques with high applicability; (4.2)Heritage tourism
3.2.2 Criteria and evaluation scale for conservation values
The criteria based on principles of Scientific, Feasibility, Rigor,
Transparency, and Directionality. 20 criteria and 5 points score /each.
The maximum score for each value is 25 points, with a total maximum
score of 100 for each AS. The evaluation scale: > 80 is considered to
have high value and high conservation potential; 50 to 80 is considered
to have value and conservation potential; < 50 is considered to have
low value.
3.2.3 Technical scientific value
- The criteria for the uniqueness of the construction technique are
determined through 3 indicators: environmentally sustainable natural
materials; Material adjustments to suit the construction technical
characteristics of the locality; Unique construction techniques
- The criteria for adapting to the natural conditions of HICoH are
determined through 2 indicators: insulation/humidity buffer space;
Materials/components enhancing adaptability to the environment
3.2.4 Expression of Aesthetic Value
- “Alignment with societal aesthetic
trends” criteria is evaluated through 3
indicators: evoking safety/protection
emotions; evoking wealth/prosperity
emotions; evoking permanence emotions.
- “Government representative” criteria is
evaluated through two indicators: having
significance within the colonial Hình 3. 2 Cơ chế hình thành thẩm
mỹ biểu hiện của CTKT của công
governmen; having significance within the trình KTTĐP trong NĐLS HN
contemporary Vietnam government.
3.2.5 Identity Establishment Value of the HICoH
- “Harmonious connection with HICoH” criteria is evaluated through
 14

2 indicators: authentic and close-to-nature colors/materials; decorative

patterns that align with Vietnamese culture.
- “Historical significance” criteria is demonstrated through 3
indicators: the proportion of impressive spatial volumes; strategically
important locations - urban focal points; serving as the recognizable
image of the HICoH.
3.2.6 Utilization and Promotion value
- “Uniqueness techniques with high applicability “ criteria is
expressed through 2 indicators: resource-efficient construction
techniques, spaces adaptable to the climate; aesthetically construction
techniques suitable for contemporary architecture.
- The criteria for “Heritage tourism” criteria is determined by 3
indicators: roofed/basement spaces adaptable to technical functions
enhancing function; roofed/basement adaptable to public functions
providing new experiences; adaptive suitability for community.
3.3 Conservation procedure of AS of FCB in HICoH
3.3.1 Conservation survey and assessment procedure
Proposal for a 3-
step survey and
assessment
procedure:
- Step 1 -
Preparation:Legal
procedures; Consent
from all parties
involved; Allocation
of resources; Clearly
define the objectives
of the survey
Hình 3. 3 Quy trình điều tra khảo sát
process:
emphasizing the need to clarify the 4 characteristics and evaluate the 4
values of the AS of FCB.
 15

- Step 2 – Site drawing survey: Conduct at all locations to document

the existing conditions and damages. Carry out partial or complete
demolition of elements without value to reveal the characteristics of the
AS of FCB.
- Step 3 - Evaluation and Reports: 3 types of reports: Reports on the 4
characteristics of AS and risks of deterioration; Current situation
drawings (2D and AS modeling); Reports (written and visual)
evaluating the 4 values and conservation potential.
3.3.2 Procedure of conservation design
The dissertation proposes a design and construction procedure for
the conservation project of
the AS of FCB consisting
of three steps:
- Step 1 - Design
Proposal: Research the
results of the survey and
assessment procedure and
the project brief
- Step 2 - Evaluate
proposal: base on two main
criteria “Safety” and
“Values impacts”, overseen
by the project's expert
council. Impacts on
interconnections/materials
need to be verified through Hình 1. 3 Quy trình thiết kế - bảo tồn
laboratory models/on AS. Impacts on components need to be verified
through 3D model. Impacts on space should balance original integrity
with new functional use. If not achieved, return to Step 1.
- Step 3 - Construction: Conservation construction must adhere to
safety requirements. A monitoring expert team will report on the
construction process and project outcomes. During construction, new
 16

factors may arise requiring assessment of their impact on the project. If

necessary, return to Step 1 for design adjustments/ enhancements.
3.4 Conservation solutions of AS of FCB in HICoH
Overall, it is necessary to model
the stresses within the AS of FCB to
identify the root causes of damage.
3.4.1 Conservation Solutions for
Materials
- Bricks used for conservation have
characteristics similar to the original
(¬5*10.5*21cm, compressive
strength ¬50N/mm2)
- Mortar: use a mortar mix (lime,
sand, water) to prevent the formation
of a salt corrosion layer inside and
allow the masonry to breathe.
- Metal: Must be coated with anti- Hình 3. 4 Mô hình hóa ứng suất nội tại
trong một số công trình KTTĐP ở HN

Hình 3. 5 Đặc điểm và các phương pháp bảo tồn vật liệu Kim loại
corrosion paint. Regularly inspect the condition of metal connections.
Preserve decorative steel or cast iron details with high aesthetic value.
- Wood: Choose the right type of wood/connection similar to the
original. When replacement/reinforcement using metal materials, use
stainless steel.
Reinforce
joints/add
additional cross
braces when
Hình 3. 6 Đặc điểm và các phương pháp bảo tồn với vật liệu Gỗ
 17

needed. Utilize chemicals for surface coating to provide protection at

contact points
- with the masonry, such as the ends of wood beams embedded in
walls. However, it is advisable not to completely seal the surface, and
avoid using oil-based paints.
- Reinforced
Concrete: clean
using water jet,
use chemicals
to clean rusted Hình 3. 7 Đặc điểm và các phương pháp bảo tồn với vật liệu BTCT
steel, insert new
steel for reinforcement, and repair using grout concrete.
3.4.2 Conservation solution for components
In addition to conservation methods for the materials constituting the
component, other methods need to be applied to ensure functionality
and aesthetic appeal.

Hình 3. 8 Gia cố cấu kiện Móng Hình 3. 9 bảo tồn cấu kiện Tường
- Foundation: Reinforce the existing foundation with a supplementary
foundation system connected around it.
- Walls: For minor cracks, apply grout mortar. In the case of walls
with a risk of collapsing due to significant cracks, metal straps with
screw fastening can be used. Small voids inside the walls can be filled
with a mortar mix combined with broken bricks.
- Arch: For small cracks in the middle of the arch, supplement with
 18

connecting rods between two points (start and end of the arch). Connect
these rods by drilling and using steel epoxy. If the arch begins to break
when two cracks appear on either side of the symmetry axis, consider
additional support beams using wood/steel, paying attention to aesthetic
considerations.

Hình 3. 10 bảo tồn cấu kiện Vòm cuốn

- Floor: Prioritize the maintenance of I-beams with rust-resistant paint
and ensuring protective mortar layer. With significant cracks, need
adjusting columns to distribute the load. Additional steel beams should
be added to support the vault when large cracks appear..
- Roof: dismantle the roof if necessary, preserving all original
materials. Repair each element using conservation methods for
materials. Clean and treat cracks on the water gutter. Supplement the
top wall with a beam to increase the rigidity of the connection between
the wall and the roof truss. Reinstall the roof system with a suitable
slope, replacing corroded metal components.
- Door: Replace the decayed wooden parts that cannot be restored
with equivalent materials/techniques. Apply protective paint, using
traditional types of paint (vecni) to facilitate good moisture permeability
for wood. Wooden components with structural roles that are damaged
may need reinforcement with iron straps
3.4.3 Conservation Solutions for Connections
 19

Modeling the connections

within AS to identify vulnerable
details. Require to describe as
materials, and connection points
without protective layers.
- Outer wall and floor
connections: Reinforcement using
steel cables in case of wall
collapse,
- Internal wall and floor
connections: At the corner of the
wall and floor, steel brackets can
be used to reinforce the three
sides.
- Wall and roof connections:
Reinforce with a top wall tie
connection.
Hình 3. 11 Một số mô hình hóa chi tiết liên
- Foundation and ground kết của CTKT của các công trình KTTĐP
connections: trong NĐLS HN

Depending on the
variability of the
ground, implement
measures to stabilize
groundwater levels or
improve the stiffness
of weak soil (using
sand piles M75).
- Wall and door Hình 3. 12 Các phương pháp bảo tồn liên kết Sàn- Tường nội thất;
Ngoại thất; Móng-Nền; Tường-Cửa (Từ trái qua phải, từ trên xuống)
connections:
intergrating concrete beam above the arch to enhance load-bearing
capacity
- Column and floor connections: Remove oxidized layers and apply
 20

anti-corrosion paint. If a steel column loses its load-bearing capacity

due to damage, a new support column can be used for reinforcement,
with clear differentiation with the original.
3.4.4 Space Conservation Solutions
Solution for landscape conservation involves establishing protected
areas for AS and eliminating intrusive factors. Factors to consider
include natural landscapes (trees, water surfaces, etc.), streets,
viewpoints, signage, and the form of surrounding structures.
- New constructions within the protected areas should
enhance/intergrate to the overall aesthetics of the urban area with a
focus on the central theme of the AS of FCB.
- For large open
landscape areas
(gardens, squares,
and boulevards), it is
necessary to add
complementary
elements (walkways, Hình 3. 13 Công trình 49 Trần Hưng Đạo hiện trạng và phương án
signage, access Bảo tồn không gian cảnh quan

paths, etc.) to provide a clearer interpretation of the significance of the

AS of FCB in HICoH.
- In cases where the landscape of AS has already been affected, a plan
for relocating intrusive elements is required to restore AS value and role
in the urban environment.
Adaptive conservation solutions for interior functional spaces should
be open in nature to allow not only those inside but also the local
community and visitors to perceive the space from the outside. Design
principles include creating similarity, continuity between old and new,
and incorporating contrasting elements.
- Basement/underground: Prioritize functions such as moisture control
and natural ventilation. When sufficient height is available, consider
transforming into open public exhibition areas.
 21

- Main use spaces: The ground floor is suitable for small volume
functions (individual/group rooms, small display areas along routes).
Upper floors can have interconnected pathways to create larger spaces
like exhibition halls, seminar rooms, and meeting rooms. Pay attention
to the placement of technical elements (outdoor unit, elevator shafts) on
the attic/basement levels
- Rooftop spaces: Small and low spaces can be utilized for air
conditioning units, elevator machine rooms. Or serve as multi-
functional gathering spaces, including cafe/restaurant services if the
space is large enough. Prioritize the use of transparent materials such
as glass or acrylic to emphasize the rhythm of the roof structure.
3.5 Discussion of dissertation contributions
3.5.1 Consistency and Feasibility in Conservation of AS of FCB
- Incorporate the terminology of AS of FCB into regulatory texts and
architectural conservation and preservation training programs.
- Incorporate the tregulations of procedure of survey/accessment and
conservation design of AS of FCB.
- Each AS Conservation project requires the involvement of a
multidisciplinary research team comprising various experts.
- Adaptive conservation is essential, but community involvement and
feedback are crucial.
3.5.2 The Influence of French Colonial Architecture on Contemporary
Architecture from an AS Perspective
- Awareness for
Builders: Architects,
engineers, and
construction workers
used to associate the
luxurious and
authoritative image of
FCB in every corner Hình 3. 14 Tổng hợp đặc điểm của mẫu khảo sát về sự yêu
of urban areas, from thích KTTĐP
 22

interiors to exteriors.
- Investors: by replicating the images of FCB, they aim to express
their individuality. Up to 40% of those surveyed choose the FCB style.
(Among them, more men than women, older individuals more than
younger ones. However, those with higher education levels tend to
choose the FCB style less frequently.
3.5.3 Promoting the values of AS of FCB in HICoH
- In scientific research: Establishing a database storing the
characteristics of AS of FCB would contribute to urban development
planning and the training of architects and construction engineers.
- In high culturally urban design: Creating a distinctive HICoH with
focal points of culture through FCB that leverage their AS features.
3.5.4 Applicability of research distributions to other urban areas
Re-examinations of the following points is necessary: The factors
formated characteristics and values; Factors influencing degradation;
The context of architectural characteristics of FCB; The fundamental
value assessment methods may be applicable but criteria require careful
review and adjustment.

CONCLUSION - RECOMMENDATION

1. CONCLUSTION
The importance of FCB in the HICoH has been acknowledged;
however, it is not extensively addressed in legal documents.
Approaching conservation through traditional methods, such as stylistic
preservation, has yielded somewhat modest results, as the value of these
projects extends beyond their external appearance. It encompasses the
tangible (materials, structures) and intangible (construction technique as
connections, spatial arrangements). A profound understanding of AS
contributes to identifying authentic values and formulating appropriate
conservation strategies. The dissertation has achieved four research
outcomes:
 23

1. Identify and clarify the 4 values in the AS of FCB in HICoH,

including:
- Technical Scientific Value: demonstrated through the integration of
Western materials/construction techniques with the local context to
serve functional purposes and adapt harmoniously to the climate
- Aesthetic Value Expression: Determines the mechanisms forming
the value. This value is manifested through conformity to the
development trends of societal aesthetics while being a typical
representation of the societal regime (government representative).
- Value in Establishing Identity for HICoH: In urban planning, they
play as key nodes linking urban components, creating harmony for the
urban landscape of Hanoi. In the subconscious of residents, they carry
the historical significance of the transformation process from feudal
urbanization to European-style urbanization
- Utilization and Promotion Value: Construction techniques with cost-
effective advantages and expressive qualities can be used in the
contemporary architecture suitable with the native architecture and
sustainable architecture trends. In addition, with numbers of FCB in
Hanoi, heritage tourism will bring economic benefits and promote the
image of HICoH.
2. Proposing a set of 8 criteria along with 20 indicators to assess the
value and conservation potential of the transportation infrastructure
project in the Hanoi metropolitan area. The evaluation results also
provide guidance for suggesting improvement/enhancement options
3. Establishing conservation procedures of AS of FCB in HICoH
- 3-step survey and assessment Procedure of AS of FCB in HICoH.
The focus is on elucidating the characteristics and values of AS of FCB
in HICoH, so the output products of the process is very clear in terms of
each element and value. Special attention is given to the demolition
survey method to clarify the original value characteristics.
- 3- step design-conservation procedure for AS of FCB in HICoH. The
conservation design process is the subsequent stage following the
 24

survey and investigation process. The design of conservation plans and

construction measures must be assessed based on the impact on the 4
elements and 4 values of AS of FCB by an interdisciplinary expert
group through specialized methods.
4. The dissertation has proposed specific conservation solutions
for AS of FCB in HICoH.
- Proposed material conservation solutions based on the
characteristics of materials and the contextual conditions of HICoH
bricks, mortar, metals, wood, and reinforced concrete.
- Suggested component conservation solutions based on the principle
of minimizing impact to preserve its external appearance. The focus is
primarily on reinforcement to extend the lifespan of component such as
foundation, wall, arch, floor, roof, and door.
- Recommended conservation of connections solutions are grounded in
original techniques to ensure consistency and, most importantly, the
authenticity of AS of FCB
- Proposed conservation of space: Adaptation of both external and
internal landscape spaces to new functional uses, aiming to integrate
with the HICoH while preserving the distinct features of AS of FCB and
promoting their inherent values.

2. RECOMENDATION
1. Recommendations for future Research: A more in-depth study
on the impact of AS of FCB on the aesthetic aspects of Vietnamese
architecture
2. Suggest to incorporate the procedures of survey/assessment and
design-conservation into the legal framework
3. Recommend incorporating the content of AS of FCB into the
curriculum of the conservation program in Vietnam.
4. Suggest applying the proposed conservation solutions outlined
in the dissertation in a concrete project.
 List of published scientific works of the author
related to the dissertation

 Scientific papers
1. Le Duy Thanh (2021), Identifying Architectonic Structure of the
French Colonial Architecture and their Values contributing to the
Historic Inner Hanoi city, Architecture Journal - Vietnam Architects
Association Journal (ISSN 0866-8617), Issue October 2023.
2. Le Duy Thanh (2023), Preserving and promoting the aesthetic
values expressed in the architectural heritage of French colonial
structures in Hanoi, Construction and Urban Journal - AMC (ISSN
1859-3119), Issue 90, August 2023.

 Scientific paper in scientific conference

3. Le Duy Thanh (2021), The story of the approaching and
evaluation process of the French Villa in Hanoi, Polish-Vietnamese
experience in preservation and conservation of achitecural heritage,
Science and Technology Publisher, (ISBN 978-604-67-2106-2) ,
2021, p. 251-255.