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and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross-referenced for ease of
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ing excellent access points for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more.
Additionally, maps, photographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high
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 HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF EUROPE

Jon Woronoff, Series Editor

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Romania, by Kurt W. Treptow and Marcel Popa. 1996.
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Contemporary Germany, by Derek Lewis with Ulrike Zitzlsperger. 2007.
Netherlands, 2nd edition, by Joop W. Koopmans and Arend H. Huussen Jr. 2007.
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Historical Dictionary of Iceland

Third Edition

Sverrir Jakobsson and Guðmundur Hálfdanarson

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD

Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK
Published by Rowman & Littlefield
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
http://www.rowman.com

Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB

Copyright © 2016 by Sverrir Jakobsson and Guðmundur Hálfdanarson

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Sverrir Jakobsson, 1970- author. | Guðmundur Hálfdanarson, 1956- author.

Title: Historical dictionary of Iceland / Sverrir Jakobsson and Guðmundur Hálfdanarson.
Description: 3rd edition. | Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, [2016] | Series: Historical dictionaries of
Europe | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015039252| ISBN 9781442262904 (hardcover : alkaline paper) | ISBN
9781442262911 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Iceland—History—Dictionaries.
Classification: LCC DL338 .G82 2016 | DDC 949.12003—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015039252

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America

 Contents

Editor’s Foreword ix

Preface xi

Reader’s Note xiii

Acronyms and Abbreviations xv

Chronology xix

Map xxxiii

Introduction 1

THE DICTIONARY 11

Bibliography 259

About the Authors 307

vii
 Editor’s Foreword

Iceland bears only limited resemblance to its fellow European countries: its
unique geographic features, physical remoteness, and sparse population set
this relatively young nation state apart. Yet, its political system, economic
structure, and social concerns show only slight variations from those of the
mainland countries. Iceland obviously has the greatest communality with
Scandinavia, having been discovered and populated by Norwegians and then
ruled by Danes. Its language, literature, and culture have also been shaped by
this heritage. But it has often gone its own way, remaining steadfastly inde-
pendent and strongly nationalistic in certain fields, especially foreign policy
and defense of its economic base. As a result of this, while wholeheartedly
European, it has only partaken selectively in the wider European integration.
Thus, it remains a bit of an anomaly but in many ways an intriguing and
fairly successful one.
The purpose of this Historical Dictionary of Iceland is to inform outsid-
ers—and even Icelanders—about this rather special country. This is done,
first, through a chronology, which should be studied carefully, for without
closer knowledge of its history, it is hard to make sense of the present. The
introduction then builds on this, fleshing out the historical skeleton and ex-
plaining how things worked out as they have. The why is more difficult, but
several hundred dictionary entries provide many of the explanations. They
cover the more significant players, from old Norse times to the present day,
including not only kings and presidents, prime ministers and other politicians
but also leaders in many varied areas. Others describe basic institutions,
significant events, and essential economic, social, and cultural features. The
bibliography is a good starting point for further research. And it should be
noted that, in this third edition, all parts of the book have been expanded and
updated, providing much more than before.
The first two editions of the historical dictionary were written by
Guðmundur Hálfdanarson, who is presently a professor of history at the
Department of History of the University of Iceland. His specialization is
contemporary social history, with a particular interest in nationalism, but his
views are unusually wide, as can be judged by some of the books he has
written or edited and which deal with nationalities, citizenship, and ethnicity
and discrimination. The author of this third edition is Sverrir Jakobsson, also
a professor of history at the University of Iceland but with a very different
specialization, namely medieval history, with specializations in ecclesiastic
and social history, which is good in expanding the scope of the book. He, too,
ix
x • EDITOR’S FOREWORD
has written substantially. The final result is more than satisfactory and will
certainly help outsiders learn about this intriguing country while reminding
locals of some things they may have forgotten or perhaps did not even know.

Jon Woronoff
Series Editor
 Preface

Iceland is a small country remote from other countries, but its history has
been of constant interest to scholars and laypeople ever since the first over-
view of Icelandic history aimed at international readership was published in
1609, Crymogæa by Arngrímur Jónsson. However, general dictionaries of
Icelandic history have been few and far between, until the publication of the
first edition of this work in 1997. The aim of this dictionary is to provide up-
to-date and comprehensive information about issues and individuals in Ice-
landic history.
A book like this is, by the nature of things, a collective effort, although its
authors bear all responsibility for the final outcome. Thus, a number of
colleagues and fellow historians assisted Guðmundur Hálfdanarson in writ-
ing its first edition. Professor Guðmundur Jónsson, wrote, for example, the
first version of a number of entries on economic history, and Anna
Agnarsdóttir, Gísli Gunnarsson, Gunnar Karlsson, Ingi Sigurðsson, Már
Jónsson, and Þór Whitehead, all professors at the Department of History at
the University of Iceland, were consulted on entries in the first edition per-
taining to their respective fields of expertise, giving informed and friendly
advice. Ragnheiður Kristjánsdóttir and Haraldur Dean Nelson assisted in the
making of the original bibliography and on the collection of information for
some of the most difficult entries. Þórunn María Örnólfsdóttir read over
entries and updated them in the third edition.
Various historical and biographical dictionaries have been an invaluable
source of information, the most important are Íslandssaga a–ö by Einar
Laxness and Pétur Hrafn Árnason (1995, 2015) and Íslenzkar æviskrár by
Páll E. Ólason (1948–76). Helgi Skúli Kjartansson’s excellent survey of the
history of the 20th century (Ísland á 20. öld, 2002) made the revision of the
dictionary for the second edition much easier. The revolution in information
technology in the last years has also facilitated the revision, as most govern-
mental institutions, political parties, NGOs, newspapers, businesses, and so
forth now maintain websites with a wealth of useful information. This proved
particularly helpful when updating the third edition.

xi
 Reader’s Note

This dictionary uses the Icelandic alphabet consistently for all Icelandic
words. The main deviations from the English alphabet are threefold:

1. A diacritical mark (´) over a vowel indicates a change in pronunciation.

The vowel a is, for example, usually pronounced either as a short a in
English (as in act) or as a long a (as in father), while the normal
pronunciation of á is close to ow in now or ou in mouse.
2. Like Danish, Icelandic uses the diphthong symbol æ, but unlike Dan-
ish, it is pronounced similar to the English i in the words ice and bite.
Like German and Swedish, Icelandic uses also the letter ö, which in
Icelandic is pronounced as the English sound i in fir or e in her.
3. In addition, Icelandic uses one letter that is no longer found in any
other Latin-based alphabets, that is, the letter þ (Þ), and another one
that is only found in Faroese, that is, the letter ð (Ð). These two letters
correspond to the two th sounds in English: ð is pronounced as th in the
word this (voiced) and þ as the th in thin (unvoiced).

Following Icelandic custom, the letter þ is arranged after the letter z in the
alphabetical order in this dictionary. To avoid confusion, the letters æ and ö
are arranged as ae and o respectively in this dictionary (this is contrary to the
normal Icelandic practice where these two letters follow the þ to conclude the
alphabet), and for the same reason, the dictionary does neither distinguish
between vowels with and without diacritical marks nor between ð and d
when words are arranged in alphabetical order.
Finally, it should be noted that Icelandic retains the old Germanic custom
of using patronymics, while family names are rare. This means that a child
carries the first name of her or his father (sometimes mother) in genitive as
her or his last name, with the addition of dóttir (daughter) or son (son)
depending on the gender of the child. Thus, the daughter of Jón is Jónsdóttir,
while his son would be Jónsson. In accordance with this system, first
names—or the given names—are of much greater importance than surnames
in Iceland, and people are, therefore, never called by their last names only.
For this reason, Icelanders arrange persons by their first names in telephone
directories, library catalogs, and other such directories that use alphabetical
ordering. To avoid unnecessary confusion, however, this dictionary uses the
English practice of listing people in alphabetical order by their last names.

xiii
xiv • READER’S NOTE
In order to facilitate the rapid and efficient location of information and to
make this book as useful a reference tool as possible, extensive cross-refer-
ences have been provided in the dictionary section. Within individual entries,
terms that have their own entries are in boldface type the first time they
appear. Related terms that do not appear in the text are indicated in the See
also. See refers to other entries that deal with the topic.
 Acronyms and Abbreviations

ABI Agricultural Bank of Iceland (Búnaðarbanki Íslands)

ASÍ Alþýðusamband Íslands (Icelandic Federation of Labor, see IFL)
BF Björt framtíð (Bright Future)
BP British Petroleum
BSRB Bandalag starfsmanna ríkis og bæja (Federation of State and
Municipal Employees)
CBI Central Bank of Iceland (Seðlabanki Íslands)
CIE Confederation of Icelandic Employers (Vinnuveitendasamband
Ísland, see SA-CIE and VSÍ)
CP Conservative Party (Íhaldsflokkur)
CPI Communist Party of Iceland (Kommúnistaflokkur Íslands)
DV Dagblaðið Vísir (Vísir Daily)
EEA European Economic Area
EEC European Economic Community
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EU European Union
FBI Fisheries Bank of Iceland (Útvegsbanki Íslands)
FIYA Federation of Icelandic Youth Associations (Ungmennafélag
Íslands, see UMFÍ)
FME Fjármálaeftirlit ríkisins (Financial Supervisory Authority)
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GDP gross domestic product
GNP gross national product
GIA Government Import Authority (Landsverslun)
HÍ Háskóli Íslands (University of Iceland, see UI)
HÍB Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag (Icelandic Literary Society, see ILS)
HRP Home Rule Party (Heimastjórnarflokkur)
ICEX Iceland Stock Exchange

xv
xvi • ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
IFL Icelandic Federation of Labor (Alþýðusamband Íslands, see ASÍ)
IHA Icelandic Historical Association (Sögufélag)
ILS Icelandic Literary Society (Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag, see
HÍB)
IMR infant mortality rate
INF intermediate-range nuclear forces
IP Independence Party (Sjálfstæðisflokkur)
ÍSAL Íslenska álfélagið (Icelandic Aluminum Company)
ISBS Icelandic State Broadcasting Service (Ríkisútvarpið, see RÚV)
ISC Icelandic Steamship Company (Eimskipafélag Íslands)
ISK The international currency code for the Icelandic króna, the
Icelandic monetary unit, see Kr.)
ISWR Icelandic Society for Women’s Rights (Kvenréttindafélag Íslands)
IWC International Whaling Commission
KHÍ Kennaraháskóli Íslands (The Iceland University of Education)
Kr. króna (see ISK)
Lbs Landsbókasafn Íslands-Háskólabókasafn (National and University
Library of Iceland)
LGM Left-Green Movement (Vinstrihreyfingin grænt framboð)
LP Liberal Party (Frjálslyndi flokkurinn)
Mbl Morgunblaðið (Morgunblaðið Daily)
MR Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík (secondary school in Reykjavík)
MRI Marine Research Institute (Hafrannsóknastofnunin)
NAI National Archives of Iceland (Þjóðskjalasafn Íslands, see ÞÍ)
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NBI National Bank of Iceland (Landsbanki Íslands)
NMI National Museum of Iceland (Þjóðminjasafn Íslands)
NPCI National Power Company of Iceland (Landsvirkjun)
NPPI National Preservation Party of Iceland (Þjóðvarnarflokkur
Íslands)
OECD Organisation for European Co-operation and Development
OEEC Organisation for European Economic Co-operation
OMX Nordic Exchange
 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS • xvii
OR Orkuveita Reykjavíkur (Reykjavík Power Authority, see RPA)
PA People’s Alliance (Alþýðubandalag)
PP Progressive Party (Framsóknarflokkur)
RDH Reykjavík District Heating (Hitaveita Reykjavíkur)
RPA Reykjavík Power Authority (Orkuveita Reykjavíkur)
RÚV Ríkisútvarpið (Icelandic State Broadcasting Service, see ISBS)
SA-CIE SA-Confederation of Icelandic Employers (Samtök atvinnulífsins)
SBI Statistical Bureau of Iceland (Hagstofa Íslands)
SDA Social Democratic Alliance (Samfylkingin)
SDP Social Democratic Party (Alþýðuflokkur)
SDU Social Democratic Union (Bandalag jafnaðarmanna)
SÍS Samband íslenskra samvinnufélaga (Federation of Icelandic
Cooperatives)
SUP Socialist Unity Party (Sameiningarflokkur alþýðu-
Sósíalistaflokkurinn)
ULL Union of Liberals and Leftists (Samtök frjálslyndra og vinstri
manna)
UI University of Iceland (Háskóli Íslands)
UMFÍ Ungmennafélag Íslands (Federation of Icelandic Youth
Associations, see FIYA)
UN United Nations
UNU United Nations University
US$ U.S. dollar
VG Vinstrihreyfingin grænt framboð (Left-Green Movement, see
LGM)
VSÍ Vinnuveitendasamband Íslands (Confederation of Icelandic
Employers, see CIE and SA-CIE)
WA Women’s Alliance (Kvennalistinn)
WTO World Trade Organization
ÞÍ Þjóðskjalasafn Íslands (National Archives of Iceland, see NAI)
 Chronology

THE SETTLEMENT AND COMMONWEALTH PERIODS,

CA. 870–1264

ca. 870–end of 1100 Settlement of Iceland from Norway and the British
Isles. The first permanent settler, Ingólfur, is claimed to have come around
870.
ca. 930 A general assembly for the whole of Iceland, called Alþingi, con-
venes at Þingvellir for the first time. It met every year for a few weeks in this
place until 1798. This is conventionally seen as the beginning of the Com-
monwealth Period, lasting until 1262/1264, when Iceland entered into the
Norwegian monarchy.
999/1000 Leaders of Icelandic society accept, peacefully at Alþingi, to con-
vert to Christianity to avoid civil war.
1056 Ísleifur Gissurarson ordained as the first Catholic bishop in Iceland.
1096 Icelanders agree to pay tithe to the church.
1104 A major volcanic eruption in Mt. Hekla destroys the settlement in
Þjórsár Valley in South Iceland.
1106 Jón Ögmundsson ordained as the first bishop of the Hólar Diocese.
Iceland divided into two bishoprics, Skálholt—extending over the eastern,
southern, and western quarters of the country—and North Iceland under
Hólar.
1133 The Benedictine monastery at Þingeyrar founded, the first of its kind in
Iceland.
ca. 1220–1262 The so-called Age of the Sturlungs. A very turbulent period
of almost constant civil war between the leading families in Iceland. The
period is named after the Sturlung family, one of the most powerful of these
clans.
1238 21 August: A major battle at Örlygsstaðir in the north of Iceland,
where the forces of Gissur Þorvaldsson and Kolbeinn the Younger Arnórsson
defeat the army of Sighvatur Sturluson and Sturla Sighvatsson.

xix
xx • CHRONOLOGY
1241 23 September: Snorri Sturluson, the best-known literary figure of
medieval Iceland, killed at his home, Reykholt, at the behest of the Norwe-
gian king.
1244 25 June: A major sea battle at Húnaflói in the north of Iceland between
Kolbeinn the Younger and Þórður Sighvatsson, the son of Sighvatur, with
inconclusive results.
1246 19 April: The forces of Þórður Sighvatsson defeat the army of Brandur
Kolbeinsson at Haugsnes in the north of Iceland. Following the battle, Þórður
Sighvatsson and Gissur Þorvaldsson decide to appeal to the Norwegian king
Hákon Hákonarson to adjudicate between them.
1258 Gissur Þorvaldsson appointed the first (and only) earl of Iceland by
King Hákon.

ICELAND UNDER NORWEGIAN AND DANISH KINGS, 1262–1874

1262/1264 Icelandic chieftains accept to enter the Norwegian monarchy.

1271 A new legal code adopted in Iceland, called Ironside (Járnsíða). This
law code moved Icelandic legal practices and administration closer to Nor-
wegian norms.
1281 Jónsbók (John’s book), a new law book, adopted in Iceland. It served as
one of the main foundations for the Icelandic legislation until the 19th centu-
ry.
1380 The Norwegian and Danish monarchies unite under the Danish king.
This brought Iceland under the authority of the Danish king.
1402 Svarti dauði (the Black Death), a plague epidemic devastates Iceland.
1467 The slaying of Björn Þorleifsson.
1468–1473 War between Denmark and England.
1490 New law accepted at Alþingi, in the form of a court ruling—commonly
called the Pining ruling (Píningsdómur)—prohibiting foreign merchants to
stay in Iceland over the winter and requiring cottagers to own livestock of the
minimum value of three cows.
1494 Another plague epidemic strikes in Iceland.
 CHRONOLOGY • xxi
ca. 1410–1530s The English Century. During this period, Iceland was fre-
quented by English fishermen, merchants, and adventurers. The Danish king
tried to assert his authority in Iceland, and, with the help of German mer-
chants, he managed to drive the English out during the first half of the 16th
century.
1539 Gissur Einarsson, the first Lutheran bishop in Iceland, takes over the
Skálholt diocese.
1540 An Icelandic translation of the New Testament published in Denmark.
1550 7 November: Jón Arason, the Catholic bishop of the Hólar diocese,
executed. The Lutheran Reformation in Iceland is completed.
1564 30 June: Stóridómur. A new moral code approved in Alþingi and
ratified by the Danish king in 1565.
1584 Guðbrandsbiblía, the first complete Icelandic translation of the Bible,
named after Bishop Guðbrandur Þorláksson, printed at Hólar.
1602 20 April: A Danish trade monopoly established in Iceland with a royal
decree. The monopoly lasted until 1787 and was not fully abolished until
1855.
1627 June–July: Corsairs from the Barbary Coast, led by the Dutchman Jan
Janszoon, attack the eastern and southern coasts of Iceland, in the so-called
Raids of the Turks.
1662 26 July: Representatives of the Icelandic elite accept Danish absolut-
ism at a meeting in Kópavogur.
1703 The first census taken for the whole of Iceland, listing everyone by
name, place of residence, age, family status, and occupation.
1707–1709 A serious small-pox epidemic hits Iceland; between 20 and 30
percent of the population is believed to have perished.
1751 The Innréttingar, a state-supported economic project, starts in Iceland.
The centerpiece of the project was a small textile factory in Reykjavík.
1770 20 March: King Christian VII appoints a royal commission (Land-
snefnd) to investigate the economic and social situation in Iceland.
1783–1784 One of the largest volcanic eruptions in Icelandic history starts in
the mountain Laki in southeast Iceland on 8 June 1783; it lasted until Febru-
ary the following year.
1784–1785 Around 20 percent of the Icelandic population dies of hunger and
other causes during the so-called Famine of the Mist (Móðuharðindi), caused
by the volcanic eruption in Laki.
xxii • CHRONOLOGY
1785 The Skálholt bishop’s seat moved to Reykjavík. 2 February: The king
appoints a new royal commission to investigate the economic situation in
Iceland and to propose solutions to the serious crisis in the country.
1786 18 August: The Danish king publishes a royal charter for Reykjavík.
1787 13 June: The king issues a decree allowing all of his subjects to trade
in Iceland. This is the first step in abolishing the hated monopoly trade in the
country.
1795 Icelanders demand total freedom of trade in a public petition to the king
called the Common Petition (Almenna bænarskráin).
1798 20 July: Alþingi meets for the last time at Þingvellir, as the assembly is
moved to the emerging capital, Reykjavík.
1800 6 June: The king abolishes Alþingi. 11 July: A new High Court in
Reykjavík takes over the responsibilities of Alþingi.
1801 The bishop’s seat in Hólar abolished. Iceland becomes one diocese
under the bishop in Reykjavík.
1809 25 June–22 August: The so-called Icelandic Revolution; a Danish
adventurer declares independence of Iceland, calling himself the “protector”
of the country.
1811 17 June: Jón Sigurðsson, the future leader of the Icelandic nationalist
movement, born in northwestern Iceland.
1830 12 January: The last execution in Iceland, as the murderers Friðrik
Sigurðsson and Agnes Magnúsdóttir were decapitated in Húnavatns County
in northern Iceland.
1840 20 May: King Christian VIII asks a meeting of Icelandic royal officials
to discuss the foundation of an elected assembly in Iceland, which was to be
named Alþingi.
1843 8 March: The Danish king signs a law founding a new consultative
assembly in Iceland, called Alþingi. This may be seen as the first step toward
democracy in Iceland because, although the franchise was very limited, all
but six of the representatives were popularly elected.
1845 1 July: Alþingi meets for the first time as a democratically elected
assembly in Reykjavík.
1846 The Latin School at Bessastaðir moved to Reykjavík.
1847 The College of Theology founded in Reykjavík; this was the first
institution of higher learning in Iceland and later became one of the faculties
of the University of Iceland.
 CHRONOLOGY • xxiii
1848 5 November: The first issue of Þjóðólfur, a semimonthly newspaper,
published in Reykjavík.
1851 5 July: An elected assembly meets in Reykjavík to discuss a new
constitution for Iceland. It ends in an impasse on 9 August.
1855 1 April: The last vestiges of the Danish monopoly trade in Iceland are
abolished as merchants from outside the Danish monarchy are allowed to
trade freely in the country.
1871 2 January: King Christian IX ratifies the so-called Status Law
(Stöðulög). The law, which had passed in the Danish parliament the year
before, defined the status of Iceland in the monarchy and the amount of royal
subsidies to be paid into the Icelandic budget.

THE GOVERNOR’S PERIOD, 1873–1904

1873 Immigration to North America begins for real, as the first large groups
of emigrants leave Iceland. 1 April: Hilmar Finsen assumes the office of
landshöfðingi, or governor of Iceland, according to the Status Law of 1871.
This begins the Governor’s Period (Landshöfðingjatími) in Icelandic history.
1874 5 January: King Christian IX signs the first Icelandic constitution into
law, thus ending Danish absolutism in Iceland. The Icelandic parliament was
given limited legislative power in Iceland’s domestic affairs, and basic civil
liberties were secured. 5–8 August: Icelanders celebrate the 1,000th anniver-
sary of the Icelandic settlement at Þingvellir with Christian IX attending.
This was the first visit of a Danish king to Iceland.
1879 7 December: Jón Sigurðsson passes away in Copenhagen.
1881 Alþingi discusses a revision of the constitution for the first time, which
would have moved the executive power into the country. The debates were
not completed, but the constitutional revision remained the most important
political issue in Iceland until the beginning of the 20th century.
1882 12 May: Farming widows granted the right to vote in local elections in
Iceland. This was the first step toward enfranchising women in Iceland.
1885 27 August: Alþingi passes the first bill to amend the constitution of
1874.
1886 1 July: The National Bank of Iceland (Landsbanki Íslands) opens its
first office in Reykjavík. 29 September: King Christian IX vetoes the consti-
tutional revisions for Iceland.
xxiv • CHRONOLOGY
1901 24 July: A new liberal government is formed in Denmark, opening the
way for home rule in Iceland.
1902 The first motor put into an Icelandic fishing boat marks the first step
toward increased mechanization of the Icelandic fisheries. 20 February: The
Federation of Icelandic Cooperative Societies founded by representatives of
three cooperatives in the northeast. The federation was later to become one of
the largest companies in Iceland.
1903 3 October: King Christian IX ratifies a constitutional amendment,
granting Iceland a Home Rule government.

THE HOME RULE PERIOD, 1904–1918

1904 1 February: Hannes Hafstein assumes his post as the first minister of
the new Icelandic Home Rule. 7 June: The Bank of Iceland (Íslandsbanki), a
private bank, in majority ownership of Danish investors, opens its first office
in Reykjavík. 28 September: The first Icelandic trawler company founded in
Hafnarfjörður.
1905 6 March: Coot, the first Icelandic trawler, comes to Hafnarfjörður.
Industrial fisheries begin in Iceland for real.
1906 25 August: A telegraph cable connecting Iceland with the rest of Eu-
rope completed.
1907 22 November: King Frederic VII signs the first law stipulating com-
pulsory and free schooling for most Icelandic children between the ages of
10 and 14. The same day, he signed a law giving women equal political
rights to men in the towns of Reykjavík and Hafnarfjörður.
1908 24 January: Four women elected to the city council of Reykjavík from
a women’s ticket. 10 September: Opponents of the “Draft”—a bill that was
to replace the Status Law from 1871—win a majority in Alþingi. The same
day, a total ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages accepted in a referendum.
1909 Björn Jónsson becomes the second minister of the Icelandic Home Rule
as the opponents of the Draft defeat Hannes Hafstein in parliament. 30 July:
Women granted the right to vote for and serve in all local councils in Iceland.
1911 17 June: The University of Iceland founded in Reykjavík on the 100th
anniversary of Jón Sigurðsson, the Icelandic national hero.
1913 2 November: The Morgunblaðið daily comes out for the first time.
 CHRONOLOGY • xxv
1914 17 January: The Icelandic Steamship Company (Eimskipafélag
Íslands) founded in Reykjavík. 12 September: Eric G. Cable comes to Ice-
land as British consul.
1915 1 January: The ban on alcohol comes into effect. 19 June: A new
constitution for Iceland grants women over 40 the right to vote in parliamen-
tary elections.
1916 12 March: The Federation of Icelandic Labor and the Social Demo-
cratic Party founded in Reykjavík. 22 June: A new trade agreement between
Great Britain and Iceland comes into effect. 16 December: The Progressive
Party founded.
1917 4 January: Jón Magnússon becomes the first prime minister of Iceland
as the number of ministers is increased from one to three.

ICELAND: A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY, 1918–1944

1918 1–18 July: A committee of Icelandic and Danish parliamentary repre-

sentatives meets in Reykjavík to discuss the relations between the two coun-
tries. The negotiations end with a proposal for a new Act of Union, regulat-
ing Iceland’s position in the monarchy. 1 December: The Act of Union
between Iceland and Denmark comes into effect. Iceland declared a sove-
reign state in union with Denmark.
1920 16 February: The Icelandic Supreme Court meets for the first time. All
three branches of government were, from that time, in Icelandic hands. 18
May: Women granted the same rights to vote as men.
1922 8 July: Ingibjörg H. Bjarnason is the first Icelandic woman to be
elected to parliament.
1923 The Citizens’ Party, a coalition of liberal and conservative parliamen-
tary representatives, formed as a counterbalance to the Social Democratic
Party and the Progressive Party.
1924 24 February: Foundation of the Conservative Party.
1928 Iceland becomes the first country in Europe to abolish capital punish-
ment. The last execution in Iceland took place in 1830.
1929 25 May: The Independence Party founded as the Conservative Party
and the small Liberal Party merge.
xxvi • CHRONOLOGY
1930 The National Hospital (Landspítalinn) opens in Reykjavík. The
Reykjavík District Heating starts operations, using geothermal water to heat
a few houses in the capital. 26–28 June: Icelanders celebrate the 1,000th
anniversary of Alþingi at Þingvellir. 29 November–3 December: Founding
of the Communist Party of Iceland. 21 December: The Icelandic State
Broadcasting Service begins radio transmissions in Reykjavík.
1932 9 November: Gúttóslagurinn, a violent scuffle between workers and
police in Reykjavík.
1934 23 July: The Society of Icelandic Employers founded by 82 employers
in Reykjavík. The society is now called the SA-Confederation of Icelandic
Employers and represents most employers on the private market. 29 July:
Formation of the so-called Government of the Laboring Classes, a red–green
coalition government of the Progressive Party and the Social Democratic
Party.
1936 1 April: Comprehensive welfare legislation comes into effect, estab-
lishing a modern welfare state in Iceland.
1938 24–27 October: Foundation of the Socialist Unity Party of Iceland, as a
splinter group from the Social Democratic Party, unites with the Communist
Party of Iceland.
1940 9 April: Germany occupies Denmark, severing the ties between Ice-
land and Copenhagen. 10 May: Iceland occupied by British military forces,
preventing German invasion of Iceland.
1941 15 May: Alþingi elects Sveinn Björnsson as governor of Iceland, who
effectively replaces the Danish king as the head of the Icelandic state. 7 July:
The U.S. military forces take over as the main defensive force in Iceland. 10
July: Alþingi ratifies a defense treaty between the governments of Iceland
and the United States.

THE REPUBLIC OF ICELAND, 1944–

1944 20–23 May: The constitution of the Republic of Iceland accepted by an

overwhelming majority in a general referendum. 17 June: The Republic of
Iceland founded with a public ceremony at Þingvellir; Alþingi elects Sveinn
Björnsson as the first president of the republic. 21 October: The so-called
Modernization Government of the Independence Party, the Socialist Unity
Party, and the Social Democratic Party of Iceland formed under the leader-
ship of Ólafur Thors, chairman of the Independence Party.
 CHRONOLOGY • xxvii
1946 19 September: The Keflavík Treaty between Iceland and the United
States passed. The Socialist Unity Party resigns from the Modernization
Government to protest the treaty. 9 November: Iceland enters the United
Nations.
1948 5 April: Law on the Scientific Conservation of the Icelandic Continen-
tal Shelf Fisheries passed in Alþingi. All future expansions of the Icelandic
fishing limits are based on this law.
1949 30 March: Iceland becomes a founding member of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO). Violent clashes between police and leftist
demonstrators outside of the parliamentary building in Reykjavík.
1951 5 May: The governments of Iceland and the United States sign a
defensive treaty whereby the United States assumes the responsibility of
defending Iceland from foreign aggression. 8 May: American military forces
establish a base at Keflavík Airport.
1952 15 May: The Icelandic government extends the Icelandic fishing limits
to four nautical miles. 29 June: Ásgeir Ásgeirsson elected second president
of the Republic of Iceland.
1953 14 February: Icelandic representatives take part in the opening of the
first Nordic Council meeting in Copenhagen.
1955 28 October: The Icelandic writer, Halldór Kiljan Laxness, receives the
Nobel Prize for literature in Stockholm.
1956 29 March: The majority in Alþingi demands the closing down of the
NATO base in Keflavík. 4 April: The People’s Alliance formed by the
Socialist Unity Party and a splinter group from the Social Democratic Party.
24 July: The first so-called Leftist Government formed in Iceland. This was
a coalition government of the Progressive Party, the Social Democratic Party,
and the People’s Alliance, under the leadership of Hermann Jónasson, the
chairman of the Progressive Party.
1958 1 September: The Icelandic fishing limits extended to 12 nautical
miles, starting a so-called cod war between Iceland and Britain.
1959 21 November: The so-called Reconstruction Government of the Inde-
pendence Party and the Social Democratic Party formed under the leadership
of Ólafur Thors, chairman of the Independence Party.
1961 11 March: The British government accepts the extension of the Ice-
landic fishing limits to 12 nautical miles, ending the cod war between Iceland
and Great Britain.
xxviii • CHRONOLOGY
1963 14 November: A volcanic eruption begins under the ocean to the south
of the Vestmanna Islands. A new island, Surtsey, is formed.
1965 1 July: The National Power Company of Iceland (Landsvirkjun) estab-
lished by the Icelandic state and the city of Reykjavík. The function of the
company was to run the largest hydroelectric power stations in Iceland and to
build a new station in at Búrfell in the river Þjórsá, which was to open the age
of energy-intensive industries in Iceland.
1966 28 June: The Icelandic Aluminum Company (ISAL) established as a
subsidiary of the Swiss aluminum corporation Alusuisse.
1968 30 June: Dr. Kristján Eldjárn elected the third president of the Repub-
lic of Iceland.
1970 1 March: Iceland joins the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
2–3 May: The Búrfell hydroelectric Sverri and the ISAL Aluminum factory
at Straumsvík formally opened.
1971 21 April: The first Old Norse manuscripts returned from Denmark and
handed over to the Icelandic authorities in Reykjavík. 13 July: The second
so-called Leftist Government formed, as a coalition of the Progressive Party,
the People’s Alliance, and the Union of Leftists and Liberals. Ólafur
Jóhannesson, chairman of the Progressive Party, serves as prime minister.
1972 2 July–5 September: World Championship in Chess between the Rus-
sian world champion Boris Spassky and the American challenger Bobby
Fischer held in an indoor sporting arena in Reykjavík. Fischer won the title in
this epic encounter, which has been dubbed “the Match of the Century,” with
12.5 points in 21 games. 1 September: The Icelandic fishing limits extended
to 50 nautical miles.
1973 23 January: Volcanic eruption begins in Heimaey, the largest island of
the Vestmanna Islands’ archipelago. All the 5,500 inhabitants have to be
evacuated. 20 May: A British squadron enters the Icelandic 50-mile fishing
limits with the intention of protecting British trawlers fishing illegally—
according to the Icelandic authorities—in the Icelandic fishing grounds. 31
May: The presidents of the United States and France, Richard Nixon and
Georges Pompidou, hold a summit in Reykjavík. 1 August: Icelandair is
formed through a merger of the two largest Icelandic airlines.
1974 29 July: Icelanders commemorate the 1,100th anniversary of the settle-
ment of Iceland at Þingvellir.
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