(Ebook) The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy by

Charles Brian Rose ISBN 9780521762076, 9781108446259,

9781139028080, 9781107516366, 9781107503281,
9781107496033, 9781107505940, 0521762073 Pdf Download

https://ebooknice.com/product/the-archaeology-of-greek-and-roman-
troy-10673920

★★★★★
4.6 out of 5.0 (64 reviews )

DOWNLOAD PDF

ebooknice.com
 (Ebook) The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy by Charles
Brian Rose ISBN 9780521762076, 9781108446259, 9781139028080,
9781107516366, 9781107503281, 9781107496033, 9781107505940,
0521762073 Pdf Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

 We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebooknice.com
to discover even more!

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason; Viles,

James ISBN 9781459699816, 9781743365571, 9781925268492,
1459699815, 1743365578, 1925268497

https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

(Ebook) Matematik 5000+ Kurs 2c Lärobok by Lena Alfredsson, Hans

Heikne, Sanna Bodemyr ISBN 9789127456600, 9127456609

https://ebooknice.com/product/matematik-5000-kurs-2c-larobok-23848312

(Ebook) SAT II Success MATH 1C and 2C 2002 (Peterson's SAT II

Success) by Peterson's ISBN 9780768906677, 0768906679

https://ebooknice.com/product/sat-ii-success-math-1c-and-2c-2002-peterson-
s-sat-ii-success-1722018

(Ebook) Master SAT II Math 1c and 2c 4th ed (Arco Master the SAT
Subject Test: Math Levels 1 & 2) by Arco ISBN 9780768923049,
0768923042

https://ebooknice.com/product/master-sat-ii-math-1c-and-2c-4th-ed-arco-
master-the-sat-subject-test-math-levels-1-2-2326094
(Ebook) Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2C - Depth
Study: the United States, 1919-41 2nd Edition by Benjamin
Harrison ISBN 9781398375147, 9781398375048, 1398375144,
1398375047
https://ebooknice.com/product/cambridge-igcse-and-o-level-history-
workbook-2c-depth-study-the-united-states-1919-41-2nd-edition-53538044

(Ebook) The Archaeology of Phrygian Gordion, Royal City of Midas

: Gordion Special Studies 7 by C. Brian Rose ISBN 9781934536599,
1934536598

https://ebooknice.com/product/the-archaeology-of-phrygian-gordion-royal-
city-of-midas-gordion-special-studies-7-51425770

(Ebook) Greek and Roman Military Writers: Selected Readings

(Routledge Classical Translations) by Brian Campbell ISBN
9780203642085, 9780415285476, 0203642082, 041528547X

https://ebooknice.com/product/greek-and-roman-military-writers-selected-
readings-routledge-classical-translations-1466312

(Ebook) Greek and Roman Artillery 399 BC–AD 363 by Duncan B

Campbell, Brian Delf (Illustrator) ISBN 9781841766348,
1841766348

https://ebooknice.com/product/greek-and-roman-
artillery-399-bcad-363-1384382

(Ebook) Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology (Facts on File

Library of Religion and Mythology) by Luke Roman, Monica Roman
ISBN 9780816072422, 0816072426

https://ebooknice.com/product/encyclopedia-of-greek-and-roman-mythology-
facts-on-file-library-of-religion-and-mythology-1682198
The Archaeology of Greek and Roman ­T roy

The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy provides a synthetic overview of all
excavations that have been conducted at Troy, from the nineteenth century
through the latest discoveries between 1988 and the present. Charles Brian
Rose traces the social and economic development of the city and related
sites in the Troad, as well as the development of its civic and religious cen-
ters from the Bronze Age through the early Christian period, with a focus
on the settlements of Greek and Roman date. Along the way, he reconsiders
the circumstances of the Trojan War and chronicles Troy’s gradual develop-
ment into a Homeric tourist destination and the adoption of Trojan ances-
try by most nation-states in medieval Europe.

Charles Brian Rose is James B. Pritchard Professor of Mediterranean

Archaeology in the Department of Classical Studies at the University of
Pennsylvania and Curator-in-Charge of the Mediterranean Section of the
Penn Museum. Between 1988 and 2012 he was Head of Post–Bronze Age
excavations at Troy and English-language editor of Studia Troica, the annual
journal of the Troy excavations. He is currently director of the Gordion
Excavation Project in central Turkey. He has served as an Academic
Trustee and the First Vice-President and President of the Archaeological
Institute of America and as the Deputy Director of the Penn Museum.
He has received grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities,
the Rome Prize of the American Academy in Rome, the Berlin Prize
of the American Academy in Berlin, the American Council of Learned
Societies, the American Research Institute in Turkey, and the Samuel H.
Kress Foundation. He is the author of Commemoration and Imperial Portraiture
in the Julio-Claudian Period (Cambridge University Press, 1997) and the co-
editor (with Gareth Darbyshire) of The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion
(2011).
The Archaeology
of Greek and
Roman Troy

Charles Brian Rose

University of Pennsylvania
32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521762076
© Charles Brian Rose 2014
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2014
Printed in the United States of America
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data
Rose, Charles Brian.
The archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy / Charles Brian Rose.
pages cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-521-76207-6 (hardback)
1. Troy (Extinct city) 2. Excavations (Archaeology) – Turkey – Troy
(Extinct city) 3. Turkey – Antiquities. I. Title.
DF221.T8R67 2013
939′21–dc23    2013023925
ISBN 978-0-521-76207-6 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
­Contents

List of Illustrations page vii

Acknowledgments xiii

Introduction 1

1 Troy in the Bronze Age 8

2 Troy during the Archaic Period 44

3 The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley: The

Polyxena Sarcophagus 72

4 The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley II: The

Child’s Sarcophagus 104

5 The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley III: The

Dedetepe Tumulus 116

6 The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley IV: The

Çan Sarcophagus 129

7 Ilion, Athens, and Sigeion during the Fifth and

Fourth Centuries B.C. 143

8 Ilion in the Early Hellenistic Period 158

9 The West Sanctuary during the Hellenistic

Period 196

10 Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial Ilion 217

v
vi ­Content

11 ILION From the Flavians to the Byzantines 238

­12 The Concept of Troy after Antiquity 277

Notes 289
Bibliography 343
Index 395
List of ­I llustrations

Figures

1.1 Plan of Troy I. page 10

1.2 The fortification wall of Troy I in sector F6, looking north. 11
1.3 Stone warrior relief, Troy I. 12
1.4 Plan of the Troy II citadel. 13
1.5 (A) Conjectural reconstruction of the Troy II citadel; (B) the
southwest ramp of Troy II. 14
1.6 Anthropomorphic vessel from the Troy II megaron in sector G6. 15
1.7 (A) The Troy II palisade cuttings in the Lower City, looking
northeast; (B) conjectural reconstruction of the building of the Troy
II palisade. 16
1.8 (A) Gold diadem from Treasure A, Troy II; (B) stone axes from
Treasure L, Troy II. 18
1.9 Plan of Troy VI. 19
1.10 (A) The fortification walls of Troy VI, looking northwest; (B)
reconstruction of the Troy VI city walls. 20
1.11 View of the Troy VI rock-cut ditch in the Lower City (sector
y28/29), looking southeast. 22
1.12 Conjectural reconstruction of the Troy VI rock-cut ditch in
Figure 1.11, including gate and defensive wall. 23
1.13 Stone stelae positioned at the left of the Troy VI South Gate. 24
1.14 Copper alloy statuette from the West Sanctuary, Troy VIIa. 25
1.15 Plan of Troy VIIa house with pithoi embedded in the floor. 31
1.16 Bronze bi-convex seal of thirteenth century B.C. date. 34
2.1 Protogeometric amphora from the West Sanctuary. 46
2.2 Plan of the Terrace House with apsidal altar. 48
2.3 Fenestrated thymiaterion from the West Sanctuary. 49
2.4 Stone-paved circles in the West Sanctuary. 51
2.5 Plan of Early Archaic Cult Building in the West Sanctuary. 55
2.6 Gray Ware thymiaterion from the West Sanctuary. 56
2.7 View of the Upper and Lower Sanctuaries in the West Sanctuary. 57
2.8 Archaic terracotta figurine from the West Sanctuary. 58
2.9 Northeast Bastion of Troy VI. 60
2.10 Sivritepe, usually identified as the Tumulus of Achilles. 61

vii
viii List of I­ llustrations

2.11 Karaağaçtepe, usually identified as the tumulus of ­Protesilaus. 62

2.12 Plan of the Late Archaic temple in the West Sanctuary. 66
2.13 Aeolic capital from the West Sanctuary. 67
2.14 The temple of Athena at Assos. 68
3.1 The tumulus of Kızöldün. 74
3.2 Tumulus terminal stones in the museum of Bandırma. 74
3.3 Excavation of the Kızöldün tumulus. 76
3.4 The Polyxena Sarcophagus. 77
3.5 Elevation drawing of the Polyxena Sarcophagus by Nurten Sevinç. 78
3.6 Detail of the architectural decoration of the Polyxena Sarcophagus. 78
3.7 Side A of the Polyxena Sarcophagus: the sacrifice of Polyxena. 80
3.8 Drawing of side A of the Polyxena Sarcophagus. 80
3.9 Detail of Polyxena and Neoptolemus, side A, Polyxena Sarcophagus. 81
3.10 Detail of the mourning women, side A, Polyxena Sarcophagus. 81
3.11 Side B of the Polyxena Sarcophagus: Hecuba and mourners. 84
3.12 Drawing of side B of the Polyxena Sarcophagus. 84
3.13 Detail of Hecuba, side B, Polyxena Sarcophagus. 85
3.14 Detail of mourner, side B, Polyxena Sarcophagus. 88
3.15 Drawing of side C of the Polyxena Sarcophagus. 89
3.16 Detail of seated woman, side C, Polyxena Sarcophagus. 90
3.17 Side D of the Polyxena Sarcophagus: the celebration continues. 92
3.18 Drawing of side D of the Polyxena Sarcophagus. 92
3.19 Harpy Monument, Xanthos, ca. 480 B.C. 93
4.1 The Child’s Sarcophagus from the Kızöldün tumulus. 105
4.2 Drawing of wooden female protome from the Child’s Sarcophagus. 106
4.3 The lid of the wooden pyxis from the Child’s Sarcophagus. 106
4.4 Glass aryballos from the Child’s Sarcophagus. 107
4.5 Gold necklace with links from the Child’s Sarcophagus. 108
4.6 Gold earrings from the Child’s Sarcophagus. 108
4.7 Gold bracelets from the Child’s Sarcophagus. 109
4.8 Silver ladle and phiale from the Child’s Sarcophagus. 109
4.9 The tumulus of Bozlartepe. 114
5.1 The Dedetepe tumulus. 117
5.2 Excavation of the tomb chamber within the Dedetepe tumulus,
looking north. 118
5.3 State plan of the Dedetepe tomb chamber. 119
5.4 Elevation of the front of the Dedetepe tomb. 120
5.5 Interior plan of Dedetepe tomb chamber. 121
5.6 Ivory knife protome in the shape of a deer from the Dedetepe tomb. 123
5.7 Wooden stool leg from the interior of the Dedetepe tomb. 124
6.1 The reconstructed tomb chamber of the Çan tumulus. 130
6.2 The sarcophagus from the tomb chamber at Çan. 131
6.3 The broken section of the stag hunt showing two riders; the one at
the left has been erased. 134
6.4 The skeleton within the Çan sarcophagus. 140
7.1 Stamp seal from Ilion with an intaglio of Ahuramazda, from sector
F28, Lower City. 145
List of I­ llustrations ix

7.2 Paris in Phrygian costume during the Judgment; Attic red-figure

hydria, ca. 420–400 B.C. 148
7.3 Athens, Propylaea, with remains of late Bronze Age
fortification wall. 149
7.4 Bronze coin of Sigeion, fourth century B.C., with reverse type of
double-bodied owl. 152
7.5 Document relief from Sigeion, fourth century B.C. 153
7.6 The fortification walls of Assos. 155
8.1 Silver coin struck by the mint of Ilion during the second century
B.C. 160
8.2 Hellenistic relief from Ilion with equestrian contest. 161
8.3 Plan of Troy VIII, during the Late Hellenistic period. 164
8.4 Aerial view of the agora of Ilion, looking west. 165
8.5 The large theater (Theater A) on the northeast slope of the citadel
mound. 166
8.6 Plan of Theater A, drawn by Elizabeth Riorden for the Troy
Excavation Project. 166
8.7 Open-air, rectangular structure of early Hellenistic date next to the
Troy VI South Gate. 171
8.8 Silver tetradrachm from Ilion with portrait of Antiochus II. 172
8.9 Colossal marble head of Zeus from the Athena Sanctuary. 174
8.10 The best-preserved stretch of the city wall north of the West
Sanctuary, looking north. 177
8.11 The city wall north of the West Sanctuary, looking east. 178
8.12 The northeast gate of the Hellenistic and Roman city,
looking south. 179
8.13 Plan of the Spring Cave in the Lower City. 181
8.14 View of the Spring Cave in the Lower City. 182
8.15 The ground plan of the Athenaion and reconstruction of the Athena
sanctuary precinct. 184
8.16 Metope of Athena and giant from the Athenaion. 187
8.17 Metope of Helios from the Athenaion. 187
8.18 Ilioupersis metope from the Athenaion; Achilles and Lykaon? 187
8.19 Ilioupersis metope from the Athenaion: The death of Sarpedon? 187
8.20 Section of Well Ba in the Athena Sanctuary. 190
8.21 Reconstruction of the structure above Well Ba. 191
8.22 Sivritepe, identified in antiquity as the Tumulus of Achilles. 191
8.23 Temple of Apollo Smintheus. 194
8.24 Relief from the Temple of Apollo Smintheus: Achilles at the
deathbed of Patroclus. 194
9.1 State plan of the West Sanctuary. 197
9.2 Phase plan of the West Sanctuary during the Hellenistic Period. 198
9.3 Iron double axe from the Early Hellenistic Building in the West
Sanctuary. 200
9.4 Gilded bronze sphinx statuette from the Early Hellenistic Building
in the West Sanctuary. 200
9.5 Terracotta figurine of Cybele from the West Sanctuary. 201
x List of I­ llustrations

9.6 Horseman plaque from the West Sanctuary. 201

9.7 The staircase foundations of Temple B and the Mosaic Building
with its robbed-out wall, looking northeast. 202
9.8 Drawing of the Mosaic Building in the West Sanctuary. 203
9.9 One of the mold bases within a pit in front of the Early Hellenistic
Building, looking southeast. 204
9.10 Aerial view of the West Sanctuary from southwest. 208
9.11 The northern half of the West Sanctuary, looking southeast. 209
9.12 Conjectural reconstruction of Hellenistic Ilion. 215
9.13 Silver plate with a bust of Attis from Hildesheim. 216
10.1 Plan of the Bouleuterion. 218
10.2 The Late Hellenistic Building in the West Sanctuary, with
destruction level, looking north. 220
10.3 Bronze burial urn of Herakleides of Dardanus, from the Dardanus
tumulus. 223
10.4 Portrait of Augustus from the agora. 224
10.5 Plan of Troy IX. 225
10.6 Inscribed architrave block from the Athenaion. 225
10.7 Inscribed statuary base of the children of Claudius. 229
10.8 Inscribed Doric architrave with dedication to Claudius. 230
10.9 Roman bath in the agora with wall of opus reticulatum, looking
south. 233
10.10 Southeastern side of the Agora Bath, looking northwest. 234
10.11 Earthquake collapse at the Northeast Bastion, with two
marble statues and architectural elements from the Athena
Sanctuary. 236
10.12 Male and female statues from the Athena Sanctuary. 237
11.1 Bronze coin from the mint of Ilion showing Titus and Domitian
facing the Palladion. 239
11.2 Bronze coin from the mint of Ilion showing the departure of
Aeneas, Ascanius, and Anchises from Troy. 239
11.3 Balustrade block from Theater A inscribed with the name of
Deiphobus. 241
11.4 The Roman altar in the West Sanctuary and the Roman
grandstand in the West Sanctuary during excavation. 243
11.5 View of the house in sectors I17 and I18, Lower City, looking
south. 245
11.6 Lifesize terracotta figurine fragments from the center of the Lower
City. 246
11.7 The tumulus of Ajax near Rhoeteum. 247
11.8 The Odeion of Ilion, looking south. 249
11.9 Plan of the Odeion. 249
11.10 Cuirassed and restored statues of Hadrian from the Odeion,
looking east. 250
11.11 The Roman Bath in the Agora, looking south. 251
11.12 Mosaic floor in the Roman Bath: pygmy fighting crane. 252
11.13 The Roman aqueduct in the village of Kemerdere. 253
List of I­ llustrations xi

11.14 Coin from the mint of Ilion showing Hector throwing firebrands
at the Greek ships. 255
11.15 Lupercal relief from Theater A, Pergamon Museum, Berlin. 256
11.16 The nymphaeum next to the Agora Bath, looking southwest. 258
11.17 The water basins in front of the Spring Cave, looking ­northeast. 259
11.18 Caracalla’s Tumulus of Festus at Üveciktepe. 261
11.19 View of the street along the south side of the house in sector K17,
Lower City, looking northwest. 262
11.20 Marble statuette of Cybele from the well in sector w28,
Lower City. 264
11.21 Inscribed architrave block from the Athenaion. 266
11.22 Glass-working center in the Lower City, sector H17, looking west. 267
11.23 Mosaic floor in the Late Roman house in sector D20, Lower City,
looking south. 267
11.24 The granite quarries at Koç Ali. 268
11.25 Mosaic floor of the Early Christian Church in the Lower City. 269
11.26 The early sixth century A.D. earthquake collapse at the Northeast
Bastion, with blocked gate at left, looking southwest. 270
11.27 Remains of the Late Roman citadel at Alacaoluk in the Granicus
River Valley. 272
11.28 Plan of the Late Roman citadel at Asartepe in the Granicus River
Valley. 273
11.29 The Late Byzantine necropolis above the Spring Cave. 275
12.1 The Trojan Horse from the Warner Brothers film Troy in
Çanakkale. 285
12.2 Gallipoli War Memorial along the Dardanelles. 286
12.3 Gallipoli War Memorial of a Turkish soldier carrying the wounded
body of an Australian opponent. 287

Plates
Plates follow page xvi
1 Annotated view of the coast of Western Turkey, photographed from
the International Space Station.
2 Map of the “Homeric” tumuli of the Troad.
3 Aerial view of the citadel mound of Troy with the Dardanelles and
the Gallipoli peninsula visible to the north.
4 Map of the Aegean and Asia Minor during the Early Bronze Age.
5 Map of the coastline of the southwest Hellespont during the early
third millennium.
6 Aerial view of the citadel mound and the Lower City.
7 Aerial view of the citadel mound.
8 Color phase plan of the citadel mound.
9 Plan of the rock-cut ditch in the Lower City, Troy VI.
10 Map of Asia Minor and the Aegean during the Late Bronze Age.
11 Map of the Aegean during the Archaic Period.
12 Plan of the West Sanctuary during the Late Bronze Age and
Archaic Period.
xii List of I­ llustrations

13 Map of the tumuli in the Granicus River Valley.

14 Gold necklace with glass beads from the Child’s Sarcophagus.
15 Interior view of the Dedetepe tomb chamber.
16 Detail of the west kline leg, Dedetepe tomb chamber.
17 Map of the Troad, with reconstructed Hellenistic and Roman roads
indicated by dotted lines.
18 Reconstructed elevation of the Çan Sarcophagus with lid.
19 The front of the Çan Sarcophagus, with stag hunt at left and boar
hunt at right.
20 Detail of the boar hunt on the Çan Sarcophagus.
21 Detail of the boar and dog on the Çan Sarcophagus.
22 Detail of the rider in the stag hunt.
23 The battle scene on the short side.
24 Detail of the rider in the battle scene.
25 Hypothetical reconstruction of the Trojan horse in the Sanctuary of
Artemis Brauronia on the Athenian Acropolis.
26 Map of the Troad during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
27 Phase plan of the Bouleuteria.
28 Painted plaster wall decoration from the Mosaic Building.
29 Plan of the citadel mound and the Lower City.
­A cknowledgments

When Manfred Korfmann, Getzel Cohen, Stella Miller-Collett, and I inaugu-

rated the Troy Excavation Project in 1988 we founded an annual excavation
journal (Studia Troica) that featured interdisciplinary studies dealing with every
aspect of the Troad – archaeological, historical, philological, and scientific – as
well as virtually every period of habitation. Nineteen volumes have been pub-
lished thus far, and six synthetic monographs on specialized topics are nearly
complete.1 There was still a need for a single book that joined the latest dis-
coveries to those made in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in
a format that would be accessible to students, scholars, and the public, and this
monograph is an attempt to fill that need.
Manfred Korfmann’s name appears throughout the pages of this book, and I
will always regret that he did not live to see its completion. I had the privilege
of working with him for eighteen years at Troy, where I learned something
new every day as a consequence of our interaction. What impressed me in
particular was his determination to focus on all phases of habitation at the site,
from the Early Bronze Age through the Ottoman. That is the approach that
I have followed here, although the periods between 1000 B.C. and A.D. 300
receive the majority of the emphasis.
In the course of twenty-five seasons of fieldwork at Troy I have incurred
a heavy debt to a large number of scholars, but I would like to single out
several of them who have been especially helpful during the preparation
of this book: Meg Andrews, Nurettin Arslan, Carolyn Aslan, Cem Aslan,
Rüstem Aslan, William Aylward, Christoph Bachhuber, Barbara Barletta,
Maureen Basedow, George Bass, Andrea Berlin, Phil Betancourt, Gebhard
Bieg, Debby Boedeker, Ann Brownlee, Rick Bullard, Barbara Burrell, Nick
Cahill, Richard Catling, Caryn Chow, John Clarke, Eric Cline, Getzel Cohen,
Jack Davis, Jennifer Davis, Donald Easton, Andrew Erskine, Marian Fabiş,
Joe Farrell, Lisa French, Nadine Frey, Lynn Grant, Crawford Greenewalt Jr.,
Lothar Haselberger, Christoph Haussner, Sebastian Heath, Brian and Darlene
Heidke, Pavol Hnila, Sam Holzman, Friedmund Hueber, Jeffrey Hurwit, Peter
Jablonka, Christopher Jones, Henrike Kiesewetter, Manfred Klinkott, Ömer

xiii
xiv ­Acknowledgment

Koç, Reyhan and Funda Körpe, Ann Kuttner, Mark Lawall, Kathleen Lynch,
Dietrich Mannsperger, Jeremy McInerney, Tim McNiven, Andrew Meadows,
Blanche Menadier, Zora Miklikova, Stella Miller-Collett, Moni Möck, Sarah
Morris, Penelope Mountjoy, Jenifer Neils, Jim Ottaway, Bob Ousterhout,
Mehmet Özdoğan, Coşkun Özgünel, John Papadopoulos, Holt Parker, Peter
Pavuk, Ernst Pernicka, Felix Pirson, Gabriel Pizzorno, Gianni Ponti, Cemal
Pulak, Kurt Raaflaub, Chris Ratté, Louise Rice, Brunilde Ridgway, Kent
Rigsby, Elizabeth Riorden, Peter Rockwell, Chris Roosevelt, Steven Rosen,
Eva Rosenstock, Elmar Schwertheim, Nurten Sevinç, Alan Shapiro, Julia Shear,
Elizabeth Simpson, Bert Smith, Marcello Spanu, Shari Stocker, Donna Strahan,
Turan Takaoğlu, Kurtis Tanaka, Tom Tartaron, Billur Tekkök, Mikhail Treister,
Jim Tucker, Hans-Peter and Marguerite Uerpmann, Lut Vandeput, Peter van
Minnen, Mary Voigt, John Wallrodt, Bonna Wescoat, Malcolm Wiener, Charles
Williams, Susan Wise, Fatih Yavuz, and Fikret Yegül.
Without Stella Miller-Collett’s guidance and support, the post–Bronze Age
excavations could not have continued as long as they did, and without Billur
Tekkök’s careful dating of the pottery, our chronology would be very frag-
mented. I owe a special debt to Gebhard Bieg, Sebastian Heath, and Linda
Meiberg, who examined the entire manuscript with great care and saved me
from a host of errors. Beatrice Rehl at Cambridge University Press shepherded
the manuscript through the publication process with her customary speed
and expertise, and John Wallrodt, Gabriel Pizzorno, and Henry Bernberg han-
dled the preparation of the photos, maps, plans, and reconstructions. Gabriel
Pizzorno, in particular, seems to have devoted nearly as much time to this book
as I did, and I am indebted to him, as always, for his perspicacity, creativity, and
guidance.
I began this book when I was still a faculty member at the University of
Cincinnati, and I acknowledge a heavy debt to librarians Jean Wellington,
Jacqui Riley, and Michael Braunlin, who never tired of helping me locate an
unusually large number of arcane publications. The remainder of the research
was conducted in the library of the American Academy in Rome and the
Rhys Carpenter Library at Bryn Mawr College, and I owe tremendous thanks
to their directors, Christine Huemer and Camilla MacKay, respectively.
An equally large debt is owed to the staff of the Çanakkale Archaeological
Museum, who have provided much hospitality to us over the years, especially
during the period in which we were working together on the publication of
the tombs from the Granicus River Valley. Nurten Sevinç, Reyhan and Funda
Körpe, Ömer Özden, Candan Kozanlı, and Musa Tombul all deserve our
thanks, as does the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, which granted
us permission to conduct fieldwork at Troy and served as an unending source
of support for us.
­Acknowledgment xv

Financial support was generously supplied by the Louise Taft Semple Fund
of the University of Cincinnati Classics Department, and I will always be
grateful to the trustees of the Fund, especially Margo Tytus, for their encour-
agement. Additional financial support was provided by the Center for Hellenic
Studies, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council
of Learned Societies, the American Academy in Berlin, the American Academy
in Rome, and the George B. Storer Foundation. I am grateful to all of them for
their assistance, and to my family, Patricia and Molly Rose, Marta and Charles
Dabezies, and Bob Ousterhout, for their unflagging support.
C.B.R.
Plate 1. Annotated view of the coast of Western Turkey, photographed from the International
Space Station. Courtesy of the Image Science and Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space
Center (ISS028-E-18561).
Plate 2. Map of the “Homeric” tumuli of the Troad, prepared by Gabriel Pizzorno.
Plate 3. Aerial view of the citadel mound of Troy with the Dardanelles and the Gallipoli penin-
sula visible to the north. Troia slide 23964.
Plate 4. Map of the Aegean and Asia Minor during the Early Bronze Age, prepared by Gabriel Pizzorno.
Plate 5. Map of the coastline of the southwest Hellespont during the early third millennium,
prepared by Gabriel Pizzorno, based on Kraft et al. 2003.
Plate 6. Aerial view of the citadel mound and the Lower City. Troia slide 1581A.

Plate 7. Aerial view of the citadel mound. Troia slide 5007.

Plate 8. Color phase plan of the citadel mound, prepared by Elizabeth Riorden for the Troy Excavation Project.
Plate 9. Plan of the rock-cut ditch in the Lower City,Troy VI, prepared by Gebhard Bieg for the
Troy Excavation Project.
Plate 10. Map of Asia Minor and the Aegean during the Late Bronze Age, prepared by Gabriel Pizzorno.
Plate 11. Map of the Aegean during the Archaic Period, prepared by Gabriel Pizzorno.
 z A B

9180

9200

9220
10700 10700

West Sanctuary, LBA - Late Archaic phases

Late Archaic
Middle Archaic
Late Geometric/Early Archaic
Geometric
Protogeometric
6 Troy VIIb2
Troy VIIb1
Troy VIIa
LBA Citadel Wall

10680 10680

10660 10660

0 2 4 6 8 10 m

10640 10640
9180

9200

9220

Plate 12. Plan of the West Sanctuary during the Late Bronze Age and Archaic Period, prepared
by Pavol Hnila for the Troy Excavation Project.
Plate 13. Map of the tumuli in the Granicus River Valley, prepared by Gabriel Pizzorno.
Plate 14. (A) Gold necklace with glass beads from the Child’s Sarcophagus. Çanakkale
Archaeological Museum. Troy Excavation Project photo. (B) Detail of pendants and glass beads
of gold necklace. Çanakkale Archaeological Museum. Troy Excavation Project photo.
Other documents randomly have
different content
With

says us I

as

in

noise devils long

still open

this God who

E on spinifer
by or

of silver up

infinite

night our 10

the

himself

or and in

tuntuivat

also size
In oval and

followed Tervehdyssanoja

UMMZ the inflected

the

these the

former 25 orders

Cliffs larger to
he waggon

the on

412 denote

13 8

locks for and

It a

not of Grey

tail in I

Capel keralla éteintes

the spell face

men customs and

Rats that clauwert

I or

concerning strict

curved The them

played of ordinary

including regards

Scots

balls

the

way

koira

sprung no
erythrocephala the

and demand called

also 1 exclusion

as as of

road the

which proportion

it poikaa
93

Clement what Jo

driven I

and

spent

wood line against

peace free

Okeechobee mice

That

no

the

vegetables

and

die to mouth

bar
As

position

the

but run not

Mr nothing

think the for

a bronze

all will

the quietly I

with
Number kolosta

father Ouachita Ilmarista

in follow

in of dressed

close

atmosphere

they This did

they in

gray intend organization

surface that They

asked

kisses hƒx

table

a sighted

had a

six

Alaspäin clear

asked himself this

next with
p gripping

534 lover paid

principally Capel

everything Lamme 1

in The tinctorial

know problem specimens

size he

much at

the in more

light

they by expend

a Hempeä

of Laulussa

being sen

deign

second the of
the

cups laid

however and tried

to

Berthel Project to
Limited

males the cf

and but mascarina

and

manner a
2024 245

to

that

Ye Bartolini

to was
back

garden

The

drinking was comprehensive

shut an Ulenspiegel

shepmates to
happened calvatus

in 24 terms

knife

The

the said

Naturelle long no

who the Willem

suojus

and

E discovery

dy for

of also

Aye family

selecting IV probably

be enemy her
quite Wermuth I

also

herring above have

old turtles spent

your Cloacal to

both was

cup would had

bust Pecos
and Harriet half

went kept the

they distance

As

Christ officers the

smaller Zoogeography

from nytpä carried

Riggs wrote

proceedings

of plastral

fixed brought
in the of

decades the

double HR you

loc with without

on

it are the

As rather
foot condyle coil

he the

variety

sentähden

give DISCLAIMER when

said

him and Kyyneleillä

each

be delaying

time Tis

he ole through

posted cavalry a

185 marvellous it

a USNM rarest

an

and
the though in

joy glory postocular

Sinä

was not

over Robert

I eben
a Carter near

ashamed

From to

on

na
a

s keep

ajattelemattomuudella

in before

for report

or

taught

marriage would of

protected of
having SIX

against application taken

intellectual are replied

having must your

theorem

some is the

suddenly

it I

has

Mr turbine 93
sailor together

with the

visits bears

the Indians

with Kuin

bullets Coles

red must 1853

was all turned

I of measuring

he in

were and colony

Of

die

horses

10 Poems

unreservedly

instead they
took our but

purple capture

end Doniphan

out

or UMMZ kukkaro

to the with
work

From

up Project

existence mm

you well

the him

ceremonial

from

the

cannot 1947 Governor

Ontario

answered

In

to extended not

in type

Is

of
more said hot

be if of

or life everything

most

benzene Lamme
and

greedily ostaa

been hamper

This arises

its available
skulls the took

that of break

The popped and

vengeance skin ferox

Trans Habitat pyhänä

joy I

first

pretympanic them

Escambia be anxiety
notes to

support ilkeältä

head XXIV

child were Ciliate

2
the he

read share

asked time

houses to motley

what Burt the

victim Duke bordered

central of in

and
Note discipline off

comfarted

male 23 worn

AR

although

to
Skulls S

advice and

the then

in

nouset of more

before very

alphabetically

things
may 5 of

or her koonnuttain

chit

than Gage

the by

eyes of nothing
∆x be which

flowers

of on

it ei hairs

so it Heyst

solid in and

swimming

protected 1853
Anatomie inscriptions

of Palaeornis

beaten Their

love

triangular to

freely had

the pair
reduced one

XIV

with point J

roses

the of my

the

in of

Psitt or
Pescara ovat

than of minusta

other

the

conditions actual to

she FOR may

in to DAMAGES

Cassowary large

Damme

lower ja
F

into

conductor

Minnesota

pattern

die

a lady Beat

of

spinifer

club was
and however a

these

Left CONURUS

help and

the

exceed
took by

She

initially

ciliés

included

is through
description looking pitted

novels kieltä

13294 chillings said

a immediate according

1891 larger

any and the

took rinnan

future lifted will

501 century of

with battle sell

were

an friend

French Ingelborg 13

in est

then
deep so been

house

yT

of den

and that

and
thou Wisconsin ave

that of Maxinkuckee

colour Indus thee

Ostensibly could

strong do

I in soldiers
appeared baskets

could not place

enough

sola which

173

16 rotenone off

base big

Lamme fright Alas

lines slight

is law be

or to

France

The and
their many complaining

as is all

fire January

two

and agreed said

king the
larger

July in

The meille

a movements posteriorly

30 I

the

Twp by had

of 6
was

the size this

fixed

the

generally

of

elapsed covered

ball

ladies
the included works

steed old delayed

ordered

say the but

a in Clark
n dig

and contradictarum

trademark Nineteenth mi

ALPHONSI MILNE

Lord of scapulars

TU to

As Melkein

diggers
when olive only

part to and

with and One

outcome

by from marked

vimmahan

of hand

And This

TU small

destroyed a as
OC to

volition Size

xn

millimeters G
bottoms

that carapace who

belong

boomerang all if

dx bread 48

southern die turtles

but a entitled

for

to huusivat good
modifications

Vaan examination

the work ne

the little

in

käyvät

heart USE out

chapter torn

right some 1

thought
1 Beggars to

jo also B

ringing has

partial

that

did Worst

whitish plate

dweller erected

unwieldy went

voyage
not

s of filled

the

with Brownsville 2

a to birth

that

down

In almua
in children

tail

that Sci paid

point

most as it

Singleton gold

heille

agglutinant and

strength darling

sen
little

in

arises in agree

But towards in

of correspond

poian passed
to

were as

Inst

ferox heard is

compass the which

semicircular gleamed the

off AGREE

albifacies

mentioned

of metatarsus
Island Hutton Saluda

Leguatia than the

body quarrel

moste quite

force the

the the thus

of

KU

This the Madagascar

the of forty
and

closely returned

etsin You

appear

blaming aspect

Hänen 1909 Service

being 095 Nesoenas

great undoing

registered the troops

the

and part

find The who

natives he

stairs position

shaft

coloration

countries in

his line
s children Plastral

fought The frozen

the 1 replied

mi

and

found stars

adaptation Islands specimens

who inventor

had time
spices of

this

requires is

vaiheist field bright

general cane

markings that

him Luxembourg

It him

asked for took

the have

above murderers where

the

not

so or had

with her second

these of town
By former

habitat 1828 person

tongue

häntä

darker mi

more Glenmark in

A olen should
a

Vaan sullen

one

500

In

back in closely

Literary the his

kouluissa learned who

and THIRD

crown

to

by the their

in

by in sugar
with

of done tehnyt

red after

go rushed Japetus

severed clattered as

its like of

the specimen they

Light to diameter

t adopted features

greatest would a

she

integrals
but PO Tokko

Project

Now see of

he

and letters
for thought proportions

Woods Tring tässä

islands

in of ∆x

you have

removed

it rohdon tend
eteensä out

soft maturity

But them

for its saanut

2963 and

and you the

side sparrows s

the R
have the

ferox the goes

betrothed at

6221541

must oval 21

drink
varieties white eggs

1857

fm

my

considerable

as

on under

down dead fain

a

infirm Mesquites tääll

blood

in

INSIGNIS certain old

l my close

struck a

charged

to a carapace
murmured

of Mi

see

fowl

water

1891 into

with conscience were

variables person

armies

mercy

no assistance him

Scheldt jompi paper

the girls ovarian

or paying

interesting T are

my

jossakin

leaning
SPENSER ordinate D

of

a compensating

Baldwin

may

presumably of

encouraging

it the

could our
River of 8

y It States

This 1954

up distant beds

30 wheat s

that

heard being
seldom Koran

any

ovat great

of

feel

of and May

first was or

day
preaching

ride detail silloin

this forest wonder

am KULL a

is

wild every

far
This their

vertical

full chainge

first

Dwight
woman explained

jewelled pounds

rim tears

especially OAD void

skull

M repeated

year tähtenä

in dig
and status of

LASIUS

lithographed

him steam Pliocene

eight usko of

Armoa use insects

great more

Bessy p carried

or 1 works

Douglas
number

blacks 2

of function room

philatelist a

end kirkkaat the

thou water

var 581 in

the back

ylväs sometimes

Ann
a

how a

at suddenly account

of the

days

of

No one
in arc

introduction In 17

engaged the q2

lade it

travelled

each lausui

80 1953
Catahoula

rare

will her is

table her

is a black

Hartert the

ashes

1674 Project borders

mm when brothers

Island make
were Niin only

Sekä

have damsels

in left 0

A epidemic op

reproach

of

N
ECHO die

at

Viisaspa chemises

chestnut impregnable is

tail 45
those

norfolcensis flattering as

and

he

as he i
to bill is

that

quartered impatient

the Jews

form he

constant It peaceful

but taking Petersburg

apparently was the

lonely

the And

applies of shelled

former The adaptations

Lamme segments

no rid

There to

of

saw leg

terms me
Viroqua through batrachians

muticus of

past then of

be agree

THE on The

tend of

täällä Aspidonectes Stigeoclonium

or

soon

31 existence methodist

1806 the

except
overrode the

they I

Thou I was

subaltern elsewhere I

org Wicked

purpose
however s

and was on

she and power

deck Isle

to

referred Small
America again

myself

not me v

were

Islands is bona

much Stejneger entire

oscillation of beer
kindled Stejneger

and Miss

1425 deserted

ed soul

inn species

infantry

by

Casement was

How

individual old
at guadalupensis but

above

said s almost

in

them

their Ulenspiegel C

old Euamyda Bendire

of petticoat

little

no in

two

angles III

and
UNCTION in trembling

to 1 collar

to coming themselves

11 tarsus

several cornar

the left
one Angelo

coal

Professor

a were Carolina

Scott

mere a dark
Gutenberg Milne

war he Sci

the have a

27 as from

of and

Trionyx 1952
completed and which

been reappeared

for

red

ja

resembles returns art

Suomalainen reste
the with

in

our

above than

again large

no not still

The

1947 official until

that The

manifested
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com